Etymology and history of the english vocabulary

period	event	Borrowed element (about 70%)
Ist c. BC	Roman-Germanic contacts	Latin 1^st group (names of fruits, vegetables) butter, beet, pea, pear, cherry, plum. Pepper; wine, plant; cup, kitchen port
5^th – 6^th c. AD	Celtic–Germanic contacts	Celtic (nature, culture, modern proper names) bald, druid, glen, down, bard, cradle; Avon, Dover, Kent, Devon, Dunwich, Duncombe, Holcombe, London Latin street, wall
7^th c. AD	The Roman. Adoption of Christianity	Latin 2^nd group and Greek (church, education) alter, apostle, bishop, candle, cross, dean, mass, monk, nun , pope, priest, verse; school, magister.
end of the 8^th - middle of the 11 th c.	The Viking Age	Scandinavian (sea, law, everyday objects, activities, qualities; modern proper names; nouns, adjectives, verbs, pronouns and connective words, pronominal forms with ‘th’; hybrid formations; semantic loans; ) band, bank, both, bull, cake, egg, fellow, fish, flat, fro, happy, husband, ill, kid, knife, law, low, meek, odd, roo, same, sister, skill, sky, steak, their, them, they, though, till, to call, to die, to get, to give, to give in, to guess, to scream, to take, to take off, to want, ugly, weak, window, wrong; Derby, Rugby, Whitby, Grimsby, Althorpe, Bishopthorpe, Linthorpe, Braithwaite, Cowperthwaite, Langthwaite, Brimtoft, Eastoft, Langtoft, Nortfort; Harald, Hacun, Asa, Brunild, Eric, Guthrun, Ingede, Rainald, Sigwar; Goldcytel, Leofstegen, Swartric; bread, drem, to dwell, gift
The 11^th /1066/ - 13^th c. the 2nd half of the 13^th c.	The Norman Invasion	French /Norman/ (administrative, military, law, fashion, food and cooking terms) administer, council, empire, parliament, power; army ,banner, battle, officer, soldier, war; advocate, petition, inquest, sentence, barrister,; coat, collar, lace, pleat, embroidery; topaz, emerald, pearl; appetite, to roast, to stew, dinner, lunch Parisian through literature/ regime, routine, police, machine, ballet, matinee, scene, technique, bourgeoisie; callange vs challenge; campion vs champion; convey vs convoy; warden vs guardian; plenty of, because of, to take leave, to hold one’s peace, to do justice, according to, subject to, in vain, by heart, at large
The 14^th c. and later	Renaissance	Latin 3^rd group through literature (law, theology, medicine, literature, science) allegory, history, script, solar, tract. Ulcer, major, minor, music, datum, to elect, to create, method Greek (scientific, artistic terms) atom, cycle, ethics, esthete Low German, Dutch skipper, dock, reef, deck, leak, nap, kit, mast Italian bank, bankrupt, volcano, manifesto, grotto, fresco, carnival, gondola, bandit, contraband, balcony, portico, violin, parapet Spanish and Portuguesealligator, apricot, armada, banana, bravado, cocoa, embargo, mosquito, negro
The 16^th – 17^th c.		French anatomy, bizarre, duel, genteel, judge, invoice, naturalize, progress Low German and Dutch yacht, smuggler, smack, brandy-wine, sketch, easel. Landscape North and South America potato, tobacco, hammock, hurricane, cannibal, pineapple, chocolate, tomato, wigwam, squaw, tomahawk, squash, powwow Also: Chaucerisms blameful, enroot, doom, forby, displeasance
The 18^th c.	The New World Investigation	Canadian Eskimo amisk, atigi Amerindian Canada, canoe India polo, pajamas, veranda, toddy
The end of the 18^th – 20^th c 1917 1941-1945 1960s	Investigations of the Southern hemisphere and Asia The Great October socialist Revolution The Pacific War Vietnamese War perestroika	Australian Aboriginal kangaroo, koala, dingo, tattoo, boomrang Maori kiwi, Maori, moa South African Dutch, Afrikaans dropper, pedicant African languages eat-up Chinese ketchup, mandarine, tea, chow-chow Russian narodnik, moujik, duma, volost, ukase; (revolution words) collectivization, komsomol, udarnik Philippine boondock Japanese banzai, tatami, kamikadze; papa-san, mama-san, baby-san Vietnamese ao dai Also English: body bag, body count Russian glasnost, nomenclatura, apparatchik