- •1. Check to see if you know the meanings of these key words for discussion:
- •2. Read and translate the text. My Future Profession
- •3. Give the corresponding equivalents to the following words and word combinations.
- •4. Match the words with their definitions
- •5. Answer the questions.
- •6. Read and translate the text.
- •7. Problem-solving:
- •9. Read and translate the text.
- •10. Match the words on the left with the correct definitions on the right:
- •11.Translate the following sentences into English.
- •12. Find the definition for each term.
- •13. Complete the following text about basic legal concepts using the following words and phrases. Use each term once.
- •Intellectual property plaintiff police private individual
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Choose the correct definition for each legal profession mentioned in the text.
- •3. Read and translate the text.
- •4. Answer the questions.
- •5. Read and translate the text.
- •6. Answer the questions.
- •Solicitors
- •Barristers
- •The English Court System
- •7. Look at the chart above and then complete the description that refers to each court.
- •8. Below are 10 people (or groups of people) who work in the different courts. Can you find them in the word square below?
- •9. Complete the following text choosing from the words in the square.
- •10. Below is a list of tasks carried out by solicitors and barristers. Classify them into the appropriate column.
- •12. Below are some typical legal phrases. What preposition do you use with the following phrases?
- •13. Use the clues on the left to complete the words on the right.
- •14. Discuss the following questions with your groupmate.
- •15.Read through the sentences, trying to imagine which words would fit in the blanks. Then listen to a dictation of the full sentences, and write the missing words in the blanks.
- •18. Look at the following illustration of a typical courtroom scene. Work with a partner to answer the following questions.
- •19. Listen to the lecture on the usa legal system.
- •20. Listen to the following questions, and write short answers. You will hear cach question one time only.
- •21. Prepare a short oral report about the legsaI system of your country, comparing and contrasting it to the legal sys tem of the United States.
- •22. Discuss these questions in small groups. Appoint one person to report your group's responses for each question to the class.
- •Constitution The Fundamental Law of Ukraine
- •1. Answer the following questions:
- •2. Fill in prepositions:
- •3. Find the English equivalents for the following:
- •Individual work
- •Module 2.2
- •Legal professions
- •The devil’s advocate
- •75-Year-old caught shoplifting in supermarket
- •Crime and punishment kramer vs. Kramer
- •In divorce cases, as in society, rules are changing
- •Entertainment the phantom of the opera
- •Globe Theatre From Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia
- •The original Globe
- •Layout of the Globe
- •The modern Globe
The English Court System
The most common type of law court in England and Wales is Ihe court Thcrc are 700 magistrales' courts aod about 30,000
More serious çriminal cases ihen go lo ihe Crown Court, which lias 90 ss in différent towns and cities. Civil cases (for exemple, divorce or
zy cases) are dealt with in County courts. Appeais are beard by higher courts. For example, appeais from couru are heard m tbe Crown Court, unlcss tbey are appeab on ; of law. The highest court of nppeal in England and Wales is the House of (Scotland has its own High Court in Edinburgh, which hears ail appeais Scottish couru.) Certain cases may bc referred to the European Court of Luxembourg. In addition, individuels have made the British lent change its practices in a number of areas as a resuit of pétitions to (Européen Court of Human Righis
The légal system also includes juvénile courts (which deal with offenders seventeen) and coroners' courts (which investigate violent, sudden or irai deaths). There are administrative tribunnli which make quick, cheap (air décisions with much less formaiity. Tribunak deal with professional disputes between individuels, and disputes between individuels and lent departments (for example, о ver taxation).
5. What does the word "to appeal" mean?
TÀSK 4. FUI in the Ыапкл.
The Fédéral and State Court Systems
The fédéral courts hâve three tiers: (a) courts, courts
of (b) and the (c) Court The (d)J Court
was created by the Constitution; ail other (e) courts wcre
creaied by Congrcss. Most lilîgalion océan in (0 courts. The
structure of (g) courts varies froo state to sîate: usually therc are
. (ii) for less serious cases, (i) for more serions cases.
intcrmediate (j) courts, and courts of iast (k) . State courts
were created by state constitutions.
Unit VI
ATTORNEYS IN THE USA
TASK /. Read the following text
Growth of the Profession
Today, the number of lawyers
in the United States exceeds 675.000.
This translates
to one lawyer for every 364
people.
Twenty-five yean ago. (here was one lawyer for every 700
people. The
rate at which the legal profession is growing
will probably continue to outpace rate of population growth through
the end of the century.
Why is a career in law so popular? Market forces account for some of the allure. We know that in 1984 the average salary of experienced lawyers was 18,000 dollars. If we could include in this average the salaries of all lawyers, whatever their experience, the figure would probably be much lower, certainly well below the 108,000 dollars average salary of physicians. But lawyers' salaries are still substantially greater than those of many other fessionals. Salaries for newly minted lawyers heading for elite New York ' (inns exceeded 71,000 dollars in 1987; some firms offered additional soses for clerkship experience in the federal courts and state supreme courts, e glamour of legal practice strengthens the attraction of its financial rewards. There arc other reasons for the popularity of the legal profession and зе unquenchable demand for legal services. Materialism and individualism American culture encourage dispute. Federalism gives separate legal
systems for cach state plus thc national govcrnmcnt. Advertisirig can crcate dcmaiid for légal services, too. Final ly, thc principles of scparaiw of powcrs and of checlcs and balances make governing difficult ani somctimes impossible. Whcn political institutions act, they often are fo to compromise, deferring critical issues to the courts. Plural ist demc opérâtes whcn groups are ablc to press their interests on, and even challenge thc govemment The expression of group demands in a culture tl encourages lawsuits thrusts on the courts ail manner of disputes and intereist (s it any wonder that America needs ail the lawyers it can train?
TA S К 2, Flnd in the text the English équivalents for the words below
превышать;
премия;
адвокатская практика;
уровень роста населения;
средняя заработная плата;
опытные юристы;
система сдержек и противовесов;
оставить спорные вопросы на рассмотрение суда;
создать спрос на что-либо.
TASK 3. Answer the questions.
Why is thc number of lawyers in the US increasing?
What factors crcate don and for légal services?
TASK 4. Read the text.
US Attorneys
Thc Justice Department is responsible for faithful exécution of thé., laws undor the présidents authority. The main administrators of fcdcral law en forcement are the nlnety-four US attorneys, appointed by the présidait wlth thc advice and consent of the Senate. Unlike fédéral judges, thèse; f appointées serve at the plcasuro of the président and are expectcd to relinquish their positions whcn thc reins of govemment change hands.
There is a US attorney in each fédéral judicial district Their staffs of | assistant anomeys vary in size with the amount of litigation in the district. USj attorneys have considérable discrétion, which makes them powerftil politicaj figures in any community. Their décision to prosecuteor not aftccts the wealth J freedom, rights, and réputation of individuels and organisions in the: district
US
attorneys are political appointees who often harbour political
ambitions. Their position commands media attention and can serve
political goats. In 1983
President
Reagan appointed Rudolph Giuliani as US attorney for the Southern
District of New York (covering a large portion of the Kew York
metropolitan area). Over the next Ave years, Giuliani notched his
briefcase with dozens of successful
prosecutions of elected officials, judges, organized
favourable press coverage, he even appeared on a Newsweek cover. This kind of public exposure can help a US attorney launch a successful career in elected office. As a powerful prosecutor or potential opponent, Giuliani's name must make some politicians shudder.
TASK 5. Paraphrase the following expressions.
faithful execution of laws;
under somebody's authority;
consent;
appointee;
to relinquish;
0 amount of litigation;
to prosecute;
elected office;
inside traders; j) press coverage;
k) to harbour political ambitions; I) to launch a career.
TASK 6. Answer the questions.
What is an attorney in the US? How is he appointed?
When does an attorney resign?
What does the number of assistant attorneys in federal judicial districts depend on?
What makes attorneys so important in American communities?
How do attorneys in the US realize their political ambitions?
What example in the text proves that US attorneys harbour political ambitions?
Revision
TASK I. Complete the following sentences with the correct names of courts.
The most common type of Law Court in Great Britain is the
(в) court. More serious criminal cases then go to (b) 1 court.
Civil cases are dealt with in (c) courts. Appeals arc heard by
) courts. The highest court of appeal in England and Wales is
Certain cases may be referred to (0 in Luxembourg. ,
The legal system also includes (g) courts (which deal with
ст.34
) courts. The highest court of appeal in England and Wales is
Certain cases may be referred to (0 in Luxembourg. ,
The legal system also includes (g) courts (which deal with
offenders under seventeen) and (h) courts (which investigate violent,
sudden or unnatural deaths). There are also administrative ffl which deal with professional standards, disputes between individuals, and disputes between individuals and government departments.
Most litigation in the US occurs in courts.
The Court was created by the Constitution, all other -
courts were created by Congress.
At the bottom of the system of American courts are courts. In
the middle there are .
To appeal means to take a case to a court Ikjreview cases
that have been decided in courts.
TASK 2. Complete the following sentences with the words and phrases from the box, using them In the correct form:
Court of Justice of the European Communities
House of Lords
Court of Appeal, Criminal Division Court of Appeal,
Civil Division
Crown court High Court
Magistrates Court County Court