- •2. Word stress in Proto-Germanic and its morphological consequences.
- •Voicing of fricatives in Proto-Germanic (Verner’s Law).
- •6. The West Germanic lengthening of consonants or Germination
- •7. The second consonant-shifting (High German).
- •8. The ablaut in the Indo-European languages and Germanic languages.
- •9. The Proto-Germanic phonology. The vowels.
- •Vowel Triangle Front Back
- •Vowel system’s Processes :
- •10. The umlaut in Old Germanic languages.
- •11. The inflectional system of Proto-Germanic: general concept.
- •12. The verb categories in Old Germanic languages.
- •13. Strong verbs in Gothic language.
- •I minor class – haitan
- •II minor class – letan
- •14. The weak verbs in Old Germanic languages.
- •2. Second Weak Conjugation.
- •3. Third Weak Conjugation.
- •4. Fourth Weak Conjugation
- •15. Preterite-present verbs in Old Germanic languages.
- •16. The verbals in Old Germanic languages. Infinitive and participle: their origin and morphological categories.
- •17. Nominal parts of speech in Old Germanic languages, their morphological categories.
- •18. Old Germanic noun and its morphological categories.
- •19. The morphological structure of the noun in Proto-Germanic.
- •20. Old Germanic strong declension of nouns. P. 73
- •21. Old Germanic weak declension of nouns.
- •22. Old Germanic strong and weak declension of adjectives.
- •23. The pronoun in Old Germanic languages: its morphological categories.
- •Demonstrative
- •24. The vocabulary of Proto-Germanic. (p 101-103)
- •25. The Indo-European legacy in the Germanic vocabulary: the notion of isogloss.
- •Western branch ( Centum): Celtic, Italic (Latin), Germanic, Anatolian, Hellenic, Tocharian Eastern branch (Satem): Baltic, Slavonic, Arminian, Albenian, Aranian, Indo-aryan (Indic), Thracian
- •27. Old Germanic vocabulary: borrowings. The notions of substratum and superstratum.
- •28. Simple and composite sentence characteristics in Old Germanic languages.
- •29. The concept of the comparative method: reconstruction and asterisk. P 20.
- •30. The concept of the Indo-Europeans and Indo-European family of languages.
- •31. The Indo-European tree-diagram of languages: the notions of parent language, daughter languages and dialect; genetically related languages and closely related languages.
- •32. The home of the Indo-Europeans: the existing concepts.
- •33. The concept of Centum and Satem languages.
- •34. Old Germanic of the Indo-European languages. Basic division. The concept of Proto-Germanic.
- •35. Periodization of Old Germanic languages. Old North Germanic languages: general characteristics.
- •37. The West Germanic tree-diagram of languages.
- •38. The East Germanic branch of languages: general characteristics.
- •39. The North Germanic branch оf languages: general characteristics.
- •40. Old Germanic alphabets. The distinguished written records.
- •41. The Runic alphabet, its origin.
- •42. Old English literary monuments.
- •43. Old Icelandic and its literary monuments.
- •The Eddas
- •Skaldic poetry
- •44. Old Saxon and its written records.
- •45. Pliny’s classification of the Germanic tribes.
- •47. The age of migrations: the Visigoths.
- •49. Division of the Frankish Empire and its linguistic consequences.
- •IiIc ad…..Vc – started the creation of Frankish empire
- •50. Old Germanic mythology and beliefs (general outline).
- •Viking:
- •53. Old Frisian ethnic community: geographical, cultural, and linguistic evidence.
- •55. Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians: their original home and migration to the British Isles.
- •56. Paganism vs. Christianity in Old Germanic ethnic communities.
- •57. Old Germanic peoples’ beliefs and mythology.
44. Old Saxon and its written records.
Old Saxon, also known as Old Low German, is the earliest recorded form of Low German, documented from the 8th century until the 12th century, when it evolved into Middle Low German. It was spoken on the north-west coast of Germany and in Denmark by Saxon peoples. It is close enough to Old Anglo-Frisian (Old Frisian, Old English) that it partially participates in the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law; it is also closely related to Old Low Franconian ("Old Dutch"). It is separated from Old High German by the High German consonant shift.
Only a few texts survive, predominantly in baptismal vows the Saxons were required to perform at the behest of Charlemagne. The only literary text preserved is “Heliand” – IX c A.D. Also there is “Genesis”, a poem of religious character – IX c A.D.
45. Pliny’s classification of the Germanic tribes.
Pliny the Elder, the Roman scientist and writer. (I century AD)
Made a classified list of the Germanic tribes grouping them under six headings in “Natural History”
He was the first who enumerated and classified the military tribes. It was proved by many scientists. According to Pliny there were several Germanic tribes:
The Vindili. They lived in the eastern part of the territory inhabited by the Germanic tribes. They consisted of the Goths, the Burgundians and the Vandals.
The Burgundians came to the continent from the island of Bornholm. It was in the Baltic Sea. Later they moved to the west and settled in south-eastern part of France in the area called Burgundia.
The Goths first inhabited the lower coast of the river Vistula. Later they moved to the south and formed powerful tribal unions of Ostrogoths and Visigoths.
The Ingvaenoes. They lived in the north-western part of the Germanic territory. They inhabited the Jutland peninsula and the coast of the North Sea. The tribes of Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians were formed later of this group.
The Istaevones. They lived on the Rhine. Later they formed a very powerful tribal union of Franconians. The Herminones lived in the centre of Germany and later the German nation was formed of these tribes.
The Hilleviones were isolated from other Germanic tribes. They inhabited Scandinavia. Modern Scandinavian nations are the descendants of these tribes.
46. Main sources of information about the Germanic tribes. The Germanic tribes in the I AD (p. 15,21,22-25)
Archeology and ethnography data
Borrowing in the lang-es of the neighbouring nomadic tribes
Written records
The written records are as follows:
PYTHEAS from Massilia, the Greek astronomer, traveler and geographer |
IV c BC |
An account of a sea voyage to the Baltic Sea. Has not come down to us. Was used by Greek and Roman writers, historians, geographers. |
JULIUS CAESAR, the Roman general, writer and statesman |
I c BC |
Described some militant Germ. tribes who bordered on the Celts of Gaul in the North-East in his “Commentaries on the War in Gaul” (“Записки про галльську війну”). |
PLINY THE ELDER, the Roman scientist and writer |
I c AD |
Made a classified list of the Germ. tribes grouping them under six headings in “Natural History” (“Природна історія”). |
CORNELIUS TACITUS, the Roman historian and senator |
I-II c AD |
Complied a detailed description of the life and customs of the ancient Germans. Reproduced Pliny’s classification of the Germ. tribes, characterized their social culture. “Germania” (“Германія”), “Annales” (“Анали”). |
JORDAN, the Gothic historian |
VI c AD |
His work “On the Origin and History of the Goths” (“Про походження та історію готів” чи “Гетика”) was written in Latin and comprised the description of historical events from Cassiodor’s history (533) and legends of the Goths of those times. Cassiodor’s history has not come down to us. |
BEDE the Venerable, the English scholar and monk |
VIII c D |
“Ecclesiastical History of the English People” (“Церковна історія народу англів”). |
SNORRI STURLUSON, the Old Icelandic statesman, poet and historian |
XIII c AD |
“Younger Edda” (“Молодша Едда”) – prose Edda. |