47. The age of migrations: the Visigoths.

The GOTHS. I c. AD Settled in the mouth of Vistula river. Moved to the area north of the Black Sea (170). A split between large Gothic groups. (270)

The Visigoths.(Aquitaine - kingdom)

SABO p. 22

48. The age of migrations: the Ostrogoths. (p. 22)

The GOTHS. I c. AD Settled in the mouth of Vistula river. Moved to the area north of the Black Sea (170). A split between large Gothic groups. (270)

SABO p.22

49. Division of the Frankish Empire and its linguistic consequences.

IiIc ad…..Vc – started the creation of Frankish empire

The Frankish Empire was the territory inhabited and ruled by the Franks from the 3rd to the 10th century. Under the nearly continuous campaigns of Charles Martel, Pepin the Short, and Charlemagne—father, son, grandson—the greatest expansion of the Frankish empire was secured by the early 9th century.

Charlemagne had several sons, but only one survived him. This son,  Ludwik the fair (814-840), followed his father as the ruler of a united empire. When Louis died in 840, the Carolingians adhered to the custom of partible inheritance, and after a brief civil war between the three grandsons, they made an agreement in 843, the Treaty of Verdun, which divided the empire in three:

1. Louis' eldest surviving son Lothair I became Emperor in name but de facto only the ruler of the Middle Frankish Kingdom, or Middle Francia or King of the Central or Middle Franks. These areas with different cultures, peoples and traditions would later vanish as separate kingdoms, which would eventually become Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Lorraine, Switzerland, Lombardy

2. Louis' second son, Louis the German, became King of the East Frankish Kingdom or East Francia. much of these territories eventually evolved into modern Austria, Switzerland and Germany.

3. His third son Charles the Bald became King of the West Franks, of the West Frankish Kingdom or West Francia. This area, most of today's southern and western France, became the foundation for the later France under the House of Capet.

The expansion and consequent division of the Frankish Empire had a big influence on the development of languages in that region. As the Empire was gaining new territories it brought the franconian language to them, and overtime the substratum language became overshadowed, resulting in phonetical, lexical and grammatical changes.

50. Old Germanic mythology and beliefs (general outline).

Continental Germanic mythology is a subset of Germanic mythology, going back to Proto-Germanic polytheism as practiced in parts of Central Europe before gradual Christianization during the 6th to 8th centuries, and continued in the legends, and Middle High German epics during the Middle Ages, also continued although in a recharacterized and less sacred fashion in European folklore and fairy tales.

Unlike North Germanic, and to a lesser extent Anglo-Saxon mythology, the attestation of Continental Germanic paganism is extremely fragmentary. Besides a handful of brief Elder Futhark inscriptions, Mythological elements were however preserved in later literature, notably in Middle High German epic poetry, but also in German, Swiss, and Dutch folklore.

Gods and heroes The major gods can be identified by their influence on the English weekday names Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday which come from Tiw, Wóden, Þunor, and Fríge respectively, through the Old English names Tíwesdæg, Wédnesdæg, Þunresdæg and Frígedæg.

Sunday	OE sunne – the sun The first day of the week was named for the sun god
Monday	OE mona – the moon Was devoted to the goddess of the moon
Tuesday	OE Tiw – the war-god Named in honour of the Anglo-Saxon god of war (ON Tyr)
Wednesday	OE Wodan – the god of divination and the dead Was named for the chief god and the giver of wisdom (ON Odin)
Thursday	OE Thunor – the storm-god Was named in honour of the ancient Germ. God of thunder
Friday	OE Fri – the fertility goddess (ON Frigda), goddess of the household and marriage, Oddin’s wife. Later became as Freya, goddess of the Earth
Saturday	OE Setern – Saturn, Jupiter’s father, the god of agriculture and sowing of seeds in Roman mythology.

51. Gods of the Germanic pantheon: the days of the week, names of months. (p. 47)

Balder was the god of light. He was the son of Odin and Frigga. Odin’s battle maidens were called the Valkyries; they protected his favourite warriors and granted them victory. Odin held his court at Valhalla. This was the place where all brave warriors went when they died. Odin was usually pictured with a raven upon each shoulder. Loki was a great godlike giant, ‘the spirit of evil’. He was always ended up doing cruel and destructive things.

Sunday	OE sunne – the sun The first day of the week was named for the sun god
Monday	OE mona – the moon Was devoted to the goddess of the moon
Tuesday	OE Tiw – the war-god Named in honour of the Anglo-Saxon god of war (ON Tyr)
Wednesday	OE Wodan – the god of divination and the dead Was named for the chief god and the giver of wisdom (ON Odin)
Thursday	OE Thunor – the storm-god Was named in honour of the ancient Germ. God of thunder
Friday	OE Fri – the fertility goddess (ON Frigda), goddess of the household and marriage, Oddin’s wife. Later became as Freya, goddess of the Earth
Saturday	OE Setern – Saturn, Jupiter’s father, the god of agriculture and sowing of seeds in Roman mythology. His feast, called the Saturnalia, began on December 17 and was a time of rejoicing and feasting.

There were different versions of old Germanic names of months but in general they reflect the economical activities of the Germans. April was called grasmaand ( «a month of grass").

Farming has been reflected in the names brachmanoth (June - "the time of sowing after the harvest of the first harvest»), aranmanoth (July - "the month of harvest").

Months were devoted to the gods: April (eosturmanoth, ôstarmanoth) - the goddess Ostara, March (hredmanoth) - goddess Hrede etc.

Very soon, along with starogermanskimi names of months have been used in Latin (and later all regions of Europe, in Iceland, from the XIII century.)

52. The Époque of Vikings. (p. 27,28)