- •1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics, its aims and significance. Links with other branches of linguistics. Synchronic vs diachronic approaches to the language study.
- •2. Words of native origin and their distinctive features.
- •3. The borrowed element in the English vocabulary. The distinction between the terms origin of borrowing and source of borrowing. Translation loans. Semantic loans.
- •4. Types of borrowed elements in the English vocabulary. Etymological doublets, hybrids, international words, and folk etymology.
- •5. Assimilation of borrowings. Types and degrees of assimilation.
- •6. Latin borrowings. Features of Latin borrowings. Periods of borrowings from Latin.
- •7. Celtic elements (5-6 c. Ad) in the English vocabulary.
- •8. Scandinavian loan-words(8-11 c.Ad) in Modern English.
- •9. French elements in the English vocabulary. Features of French borrowings. Periods of borrowings from French.
- •10. Greek borrowings. Features of Greek borrowings.
- •11. The morphemic structure of English words. Typology of morphemes. Structural and semantic classifications of morphemes.
- •Inflections
- •12. The derivative structure of English words. The distinction between morphological stem and derivational base. Morphemic analysis vs derivational analysis.
- •23. The nature and causes of semantic change. Types of semantic change.
- •24. Transference of meaning.
- •25. Traditional lexicological groupings of words: thematic and ideographic groups, lexicosemantic groups, semantic fields.
- •26. Dynamics of the English vocabulary. Neologisms: their sources and formation.
- •Idiomatic Neologisms
- •27. Polysemy. Semantic structure of English words. Diachronic and synchronic approaches to polysemy. Types of polysemy.
- •28. Homonyms. Classifications and sources of homonyms.
- •29. Syntagmatic vs paradigmatic relations among English words.
- •In psycholinguistics these terms are used in a different sense.
- •30. Synonyms. The notion of a synonymic dominant. Types of synonyms. Sources of synonymy.
- •31. Antonyms. Definition. Morphological and semantic classifications of antonyms.
- •32. Grammatical and lexical valency. Grammatical and lexical context.
- •33. Lexical syntagmatics. Free word-groups vs phraseological units.
- •34. Free word-groups. Definition. Classifications.
- •35. Phraseological units: a variety of terms and the problem of definition. Characteristic features of phraseological units.
- •36. Approaches to the classifications of phraseological units in modern linguistics.
- •37. Polysemy, synonymy and stylistic features of phraseological units.
- •38. Origins and sources of phraseological units.
- •39. Dialectology as a branch of linguistics, its aim and basic notions. A dialect vs a variant.
- •40. Standard English: characteristic features and the problem of definition.
- •41. Local dialects in the British Isles. Scottish English. Irish English.
- •Variants
- •42. Characteristic features of the American English lexicon.
- •43. Lexicography as a branch of linguistics, its aim, basic notions and main problems.
- •44. Typology of dictionaries.
- •45. Important milestones in the history of British and American lexicography.
44. Typology of dictionaries.
A unilingual (explanatory) dictionary is a dictionary in which the entry usually presents the following data: spelling, pronunciation, grammatical characteristics, meanings, illustrative examples, derivatives, phraseology, etymology, synonyms and antonyms, e.g. Collins COBUILD Essential English Dictionary.
A bilingual (translation) dictionary is a word-book containing vocabulary items in one language and their equivalents in another language, e.g. N. I. Balla Modern English-Ukrainian Dictionary.
A polyglot (multilingual) dictionary is dictionary in which information is given in several languages (more than two), e.g. ABBYY Lingvo 10 багатомовна електронна версія.
A general dictionary represents vocabulary as a whole. Some of these dictionaries may have very specific aims and still be considered general due to their coverage. They include:
-a pronouncing dictionary is a dictionary recording contemporary pronunciation, e.g. Jones D. Everyman’s English Pronouncing Dictionary;
-a rhyming dictionary is a list of words in which headwords are arranged in alphabetical order starting with their final letters, e.g. Walker’s Rhyming Dictionary of the English Language;
-a frequency dictionary is a list of words, each followed by a record of its frequency of occurrence in one or several sets of reading matter;
-a dictionary of spelling records contemporary spelling, e.g. Maxwell C. The Pengamon Oxford Dictionary of Perfect Spelling;
-a pictorial dictionary contains graphic illustrations to all topics, e.g. The Oxford-Duden Pictorial English Dictionary.
A special dictionary provides information limited to one particular linguistic aspect. Special dictionaries may be further subdivided depending on whether the words are chosen according to:
-the sphere of human activity in which they are used (linguistic dictionary, medical dictionary);
-the type of the units (phraseological dictionary, dictionary of abbreviations);
-the relationships existing between them (dictionary of synonyms and antonyms).
A concordance (O.Fr. concordance (12c.) ‘agreement, harmony’) is a list of all the words which are used in a particular book or in the works of a particular author, together with the contexts in which each word occurs, e.g. The Concordance of the Bible, The Concordance to Shakespeare.
One and the same dictionary can be described as general and special, e.g. a pronouncing dictionary.
45. Important milestones in the history of British and American lexicography.