Unit 1. Pharmacology and Pharmacy

Grammar: Present Simple Active and Passive

Exercise 1. Answer the questions:

Where do you study? Do you like studying at the Pharmaceutical Department of ONMU? What subjects did you have last year? What subjects do you have this year? What subjects do you find really interesting?

This year our subject has a different name – English for Professional Use. What do you expect to learn in this course? Why do pharmacists need to know English? What do you have to do to improve and master your knowledge of English?

Exercise 2. Read and translate the words with the root pharma- :

Pharmaceutical [ˌfɑːməˈsjuːtɪk^əl], pharmaceutics, pharmaceutist (pharmacist), pharmacodiagnosis [ˌfɑːməkəʊˌdaɪəgˈnəʊsɪs], pharmacodynamics [ˌfɑːməkəʊdaɪˈnæmɪks], pharmacoepidemiology, pharmacogenetics[ˌfɑːməkəʊ ,dʒɪˈnɛtɪks], pharmacognosy [ˌfɑːməˈkɒgnəsɪ], pharmacokinetic, pharmacokinetics, pharmacologist, pharmacology, pharmacomania[ˌfɑːməkəʊˈmeɪnɪə], pharmacop(o)eia[ˌfɑːməkəˈpiːə], pharmacophobia, pharmacotherapy, pharmacy [ˈfɑːməsɪ].

Exercise 3. Find the words in exercise 2 matching the following definitions:

1. a mania for medicines

2. the study of the genetic factors that influence an organism's reaction to a drug

3. use of drugs in diagnosis

4. fear of medicines

5. the study of the action or effects of drugs on living organisms

6. the use of drugs to treat diseases

7. the branch of pharmacology dealing with natural drugs and their constituents

8. study of effects of drugs in large numbers of people

Exercise 4. Learn the active vocabulary:

chemicals [‘kemikəlz]- хімікати, хімікалії living thing - жива істота embrace [imˈbreis] – охоплювати, включати composition [ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃən]- композиція, побудова, склад property [ˈprɒpətɪ] - властивість interaction [ˌɪntərˈækʃən] - взаємодія capability [ˌkeɪpəˈbɪlɪtɪ]- здібність, здатність deal with – мати справу з confuse [kənˈfjuːz] - сплутувати

source [sɔːs] - джерело scope - межі, рамки compound [ˈkɒmpaʊnd] - змішувати; сполучати; з'єднувати dispense - роздавати, розподіляти review [rɪˈvjuː] - переглядати; оглядати, перевіряти efficacy [ˈɛfɪkəsɪ] - ефективність; дієвість provide [prəˈvaɪd] – забезпечувати poisonous [ˈpɔɪzənəs] - отруйний eliminate [ɪˈlɪmɪˌneɪt] - виділяти; видаляти

Exercise 5. Translate the word combinations into your language:

Drug action, drug composition, drug properties, drug interactions, drug toxicology, drug therapy, drug antipathogenic capabilities, to confuse terms, body's reaction to drugs, the sources of drugs, the nature of drugs, a medical science, to deal with the safe and effective use of medicines, poisonous qualities of drugs, harmful effects of drugs, the scope of pharmacy practice, compounding and dispensing medications, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, providing drug information.

Exercise 6. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the underlined words:

1. Pharmacology is not synonymous with pharmacy, which is the name used for a profession.

2. The professionals working in this field are called pharmacists.

3. The scope of pharmacy practice includes both traditional roles such as compounding and dispensing medications.

4. It also includes more modern services dealing with health care, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information.

Exercise 7. Read and translate the text:

Pharmacology and Pharmacy

Pharmacology is the study of drug action. In other words, it is the study of the effects chemicals have on living things . This science embraces drug composition and properties, interactions, toxicology, therapy and antipathogenic capabilities. The scientists who study such chemical effects are known as pharmacologists. Pharmacology is not synonymous with pharmacy, which is the name used for a profession, though the two terms are sometimes confused. Pharmacology deals with the body's reaction to drugs, the sources of drugs, their nature, and their properties. In contrast, pharmacy is a medical science, which deals with the safe and effective use of medicines and the professionals working in this field are called pharmacists.

Subdisciplines of pharmacology include:

• clinical pharmacology (examines the usefulness and poisonous qualities of drugs in the human body)

• pharmacodynamics (studies the effects of drugs on living organisms)

• pharmacokinetics (deals with how the body takes up, distributes and eliminates drugs)

• pharmacoepidemiology

• toxicology (study of harmful effects of drugs)

• theoretical pharmacology

• pharmacognosy

The scope of pharmacy practice includes both traditional roles such as compounding and dispensing medications, and it also includes more modern services dealing with health care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information.

Exercise 8. Answer the questions:

1. What is pharmacology?

2. What are the specialists working in the field of pharmacology called?

3. What is pharmacy?

4. What does pharmacology embrace?

5. What does pharmacy deal with?

6. What are the professionals working in the field of parmacy called?

7. What subdisciplines does pharmacology include?

8. What does the scope of pharmacy practice include?

Exercise 9. Find the English equivalents of the following word combinations in the text:

Видаляти ліки, безпека та ефективність, охорона здоров’я, межі фармацевтичної практики, шкідливі ефекти медикаментів, кліничні послуги, склад ліків, джерела ліків, жива істота, антипатогенні властивості, реакція тіла на ліки.

Exercise 10. Explain the terms in English: pharmacology, parmacy, pharmacologist, pharmacist.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Translate the sentences into your language, say if the verb form is active or passive:

1. Physics studies composition and property of matter, mechanics, sound and light, heat, optics, electricity and magnetism.

2. Chemistry explains the composition of matter and its transformations.

3. Chemistry is divided into General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Qualitative Analysis, Quantitative Analysis, Physical Chemistry, Biochemistry and many others.

4. Botany deals with plants with reference to their structure, functions and classification.

5. Pharmacology is defined as the science of drugs.

6. About three quarters of the earth's surface are covered with water.

Exercise 2. Disagree with the statements below. Use the negative form of the verb:

1. Pharmacy studies the effects chemicals have on living things.

2. The professionals working in the field of pharmacology are called pharmacists.

3. Pharmacy deals with the body's reaction to drugs, the sources of drugs, their nature, and their properties.

4. The scientists who study drug composition and properties, interactions, toxicology, therapy and antipathogenic capabilities are known as pharmacists.

5. The word "pharmacology" is also used to designate the place where medicines are compounded, dispensed and sold.

6. The pharmacopoeial names of chemical substances always represent their chemical composition.

Exercise 3. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Medicines are compounded, dispensed and sold in pharmacies,

2. Pharmacy deals with medicinal substances.

3. The official description of drugs usually includes their physical properties.

4. Botany studies plants with reference to their structure, functions and classification.

5. Chemistry is difined as the study of formation, composition, structure and reactions of the chemical elements and their compounds.

6. Substances differ in properties, structure and composition.

Exercise 4. Make the following sentences passive:

1. Chemists investigate properties of substances.

2. Only one kind of atoms makes up each chemical element.

3. We know 91 elements which exist on the Earth.

4. Biochemistry studies the chemical composition of living matter.

5. Electrochemistry provides methods for chemical analysis and production of chemicals by electrical means.

6. Electrical forces at the atomic level create chemical bonds joining two or more atoms together.

Exercise 5. Put the verbs in brakets into the appropriate form (Present Simple Active or Present Simple Passive):

1. Pharmacology (to embrace) all available knowledge of drugs and mechanism of their action in disease treatment.

2. Specialists working in the field of pharmacy (to call) pharmacists or druggists.

3. Pharmacists (to prepare) lables for medicines.

4. The pharmacist also (to advise) people on the selection of non-prescription drugs.

5. Today most drugs (to supply) by pharmaceutical manufacturers.

6. Narcotics and poisonous substances also (to sell) in pharmacies.

Exercise 6. Translate into English:

1. Фармація займоєтся безпечним та ефективним вживанням ліків.

2. Фармакокінетика вивчає як тіло засвоює, розподіляє та виводить ліки.

3. Фармакодинаміка – це наука про ефекти ліків на живі організми.

4. Фармакогнозія – це гілка фармакології, що займаєтся натуральними ліками та їх складовими частинами.

5. Інколи терміни «фармакологія» та «фармація» плутають.

6. Фармацевтична практика включає змішування та розподіл ліків, перевірку ліків що до їх безпечності та ефективності, а також надавання інформації про ліки.

Unit 2. Drugs

Grammar: Past Simple Active and Passive

Exercise 1. Answer the questions:

1. How do we call the chemicals used for treating diseases?

2. What science studies drugs?

3. Tell about subdivisions of pharmacology?

Exercise 2. Study the following combining forms ad their meanings. Do you know any other words formed with their use?

Combining form	Definitions	Term
pharmac-	drug	pharmacology
chem-	drug	chemotherapy
tox-	poison	toxic toxicology
contra-	against	contraindication
cras-	disease	dyscrasia
derm-	skin	hypodermic
lingu	tongue	sublingual

Exercise 3. Learn the active vocabulary:

Prevention [ pri’venʃ(ə)n ] - запобігання

Purpose [‘pЗ:p s] - мета

Generic [dʒi’nerik] - загальний

Trade [treid] - торгівельний

Contraindication [ ,kąntrə,indi’keiʃ(e)n] - протипоказання

Side – effect [‘saidi,fect] - побічний ефект

Poisonous [‘poiz(ə)n əs ] - отруйний

Exercise 4. Translate the word combinations into your language:

Drugs of plant and animal origin, to be produced synthetically, natural chemical substance, diagram of structure, to develop the drug, legal and scientific purposes, to manufacture the drug, general properties, poisonous and dangerous effects, to identify the drugs.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

Drugs

People in every civilization in recorded history have used drugs of plant and animal origin to prevent and treat diseases. Many of these drugs are still in use today, but most drugs used in modern medicine are produced synthetically.

So, what is a drug? According to Collins dictionary, a drug is a synthetic, semisynthetic, or natural chemical substance used in the treatment, prevention, or diagnosis of disease, or for other medical reasons.

Each drug has at least three names:

1. chemical name: the atomic and molecular structure; may be given as a chemical formula or accompanied by a diagram of its structure.

2. generic (official) name: a name generally proposed by the company that developed the drug; serves to identify the drug for legal and scientific purposes. Each drug has only one generic name.

3. trade (brand) name: trade names, brand names are used to identify the drugs manufactured by various drug companies. Thus, a specific generic drug may have several trade names.

Look at the list of chemical, generic and trade names of some drugs:

Chemical name Generic name Trade name

N (4 hydroxyphenyl) acetamide acetominiphen Tylenol

7-chloro-1.3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2 diazepam Valium

H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one

Knowing the general properties of drugs (their action, both beneficial and harmful) is essential for using them for therapy. Of major importance are the common side-effects, toxicity, and contraindications.

Side-effects result from the physiologic reactions caused by a drug that are not re­lated to the desired therapeutic effect. Toxicity refers to the poisonous and potentially dangerous effects of certain drugs.

Contraindications are those factors in a patient's condition that make the use of particular drugs dangerous; they should not be given.

Exercise 6. Answer the questions:

1. What is drug?

2. Why do drugs have several names?

3. What is it necessary to know before using the drug?

4. What effects do the drugs have?

5. Why can drugs be dangerous?

Exercise 7. Agree or disagree with the following. Make the false sentences true.

1. Pharmacology is a branch of science dealing with various aspects of drug use.

2. All drugs have several names.

3. Any person can choose a drug for treatment.

4. Some drugs may be poisonous.

5. The more drugs you take, the better.

6. When administering the drug it is necessary to know general condition of the patient.

Exercise 8. Find the English equivalent for the following Ukranian words and word combinations:

1. Хімічна речовина:

1. chemical substance; b) chemical suppository; c) chemical solution

2. Джерело:

1. origin; b) effect; c)nature

3. Лікувати:

1. To heal; b) to treat; c) to prevent

4. Шкідливий:

1. harmful; b) harmless; c) destroying

5. Дія:

1. Influence; b) action; c) effect

6. Бажаний:

1. tolerable; b) desirable; c) done

Exercise 9. Find the English equivalents of the following word combinations in the text:

Лікування хвороби, хімічна назва, молекулярна структура, загальна назва, торгівельна назва, властивості ліків, запобігання хвороби, стан хворого, сучасна медицина, наукова мета, ліки тваринного та рослинного походження, діагностика хвороби, лікування хвороби, протипоказання, виникати внаслідок фізіалогічних реакцій, пов’язаний з бажаним терапевтичним ефектом, отрейні та потенційно небезпечні ефекти ліків.

Exercise 10. Explain in English what is a drug (4-5 sentences).

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Put verbs in the Past Simple Tense, paying attention to the spelling of suffix –ed:

To use, to treat, to drop, to prevent, to produce, to accompany, to identify, to propose, to manufacture, to result, to refer, to play, to record, to stop, to carry.

Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to Past Indefinite Tense in Active and Passive Voice:

1. New kinds of microorganisms were discovered by scientists in the XX century.

2. The mixture contained less than 16% of oxygen.

3. Mendeleev’s Periodic Law opened a new epoch in the history of chemistry.

4. Some properties of this drug were not known ten years ago.

5. M. Lomonosov devoted his life to development of the Russian science.

6. When were the toxic effects of this drug discovered?

7. A. Fleming received the Nobel Prize for discovery of penicillin.

8. The patient was not given the injection of that antibiotic in the morning.

Exercise 3. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Past Simple Tense, Active or Passive Voice:

1. She ( to have) an English lesson two hours ago.

2. The patient (to treat) for pneumonia in this hospital two yerars ago.

3. Yesterday I (to buy) some remedies for headache.

4. She ( to become) a specialist in the field of pharmacology.

5. This method of treatment (to introduce) fifty years ago.

6. The girl ( to look) strong and healthy.

7. The patient ( to suffer) much after the operation.

8. After two weeks of treatment the administration (to change).

Exercise 4. Make the sentences negative:

1. A friend of mine missed many lectures.

2. At the last lesson we translated a difficult text.

3. This article was published on the 10^th of March.

4. The chemistry instructor explained the experiment.

5. The pain was relieved in half an hour.

6. He complained of bad backaches.

Exercise 5. Make questions to the underlined words:

1. The nurse took the temperature of the patients yesterday.

2. The treatment was begun yesterday.

3. All the details about the patient were written down in his case history.

4. We graduated from school a year ago.

5. The sick boy slept well after the injection.

6. The patient was informed about some dangerous effects of the drug.

7. He left home at a quarter past eight.

8. My friend was admitted to the hospital yesterday.

Exercise 6. Change the following into Passive Voice:

1. The pharmacist prepared medicines yesterday.

2. Mr. Petrenko bought cough mixture at the chemist’s department.

3. The drug caused the side-effects.

4. The patient took medicines last night because of severe headache.

5. The patient ordered the ointments at the chemist’s.

6. A diagram of the drug’s structure accompanied the chemical formula.

Exercise 7. Translate into English using Past Simple Passive:

1. Цей лікувальний препарат приймали двічі на день.

2. Пацієнту зробили внутрівенну ін’єкцію вранці.

3. Препарат було протипоказано пацієнтам з високим кров’яним тиском.

4. Лекцію з Фармакології прочитали учора.

5. Лікарям подякували за вчасну висококваліфіковану допомогу.

Unit 3. At the Chemist’s Shop

Grammar: Past Participle

Exercise 1. Learn the following words:

Remedy [‘remidi ] - лікарський засіб, ліки

Potent [‘ pəutnt ] - сильнодіючий

Designate [‘dezigneit ] - визначати , вказувати

Storage [‘ stɔ:rid ʒ] - зберігання

Expiry date [ iks’paiəri’deit ] - термін придатності

Adjuvant [ ‘ ædʒ uvə nt ] - допоміжний засіб

Vehicle [ ‘vi:ikl] - середовище для ліків, розчинник

Guarantee [gæ rən ‘ti: ]- гарантувати

Authenticity [‘ɔƟen’tisiti ] - достовірність

Assess [ə’ses ] - оцінити

Exercise 2. Translate the following words with the suffixes -tion and -ify.

-tion: prescription, medication, respiration, contribution, digestion, urination, contraindication, instruc­tion, direction, production.

-ity: authority, authenticity, safety, quality.

Exercise 3. Match the explanations with the terms.

1an unwanted effect produced by a drug in addition to its desired therapeutic effects	a. dose
2. any substance that affects the structure or functioning of a living organism	b. prescription department
3. powerful, strong-effective	c. drug
4. the safekeeping of goods in a depository	d. narcotic
5. the amount of medicine to be taken	e. adjuvant
6. insufficient, incorrect	f. side effect
7. a substance producing sleep or other undesirable conditions	g. potent
8. the department where medicines are ordered	h. inadequate
9. a substance used in medical treatment, internally or externally	i. medication
10. an ingredient (as in a prescription or in a solution) that modifies the action of the principal agent	j. storage

Exercise 4. Translate the following words and word combinations:

drug store, chemist’s shop, pharmacy, institution of health service, medicines and medical things, a chemist's department, a prescription department, proper working rooms, a hall for visitors, drugs ready to use, medi­cal herbs, drug cabinets, drastic effect, potent drugs, strictly controlled use, taken in an overdose, date of dispensing, expiry date, warnings or contradictions, to follow the prescribed directions, the dangers of overdosage, the proper storage of the drug, the license given by the State Department of Quality.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

Chemist's shop (also calles a parmacy or a drug store) is an institution of health service which supplies the population with medicines and medical things. It is a place where a wide variety of articles is sold and prescription can be made; drugs are composed, dispensed, stored and sold. They are differentiated into municipal, public and private ones. An ordinary chemist's shop has a chemist's department, a prescription one, proper working rooms and a hall for visitors.

At the chemist's department one can buy drugs ready to use, dif­ferent things for medical care and medi­cal herbs.

At the chemist's all medicines are kept in drug cabinets, open shelves and refrigerators. Poisonous, drastic, narcotic and psychotro­pic drugs can be sold by prescription only. These drugs are potent and can be dangerous if taken in an overdose. Therefore, their use must be strictly controlled.

All containers of dispensed medicines should be clearly labeled with the following particulars: name of the patient, name of the medi­cine, correct dosage instructions, date of dispensing, expiry date, warnings or contradictions, name and address of the pharmacy.

The pharmacist should instruct the patient about: the necessity to follow the prescribed directions carefully; the dangers of overdosage; the problems resulting from an inadequate dosage; the expected side effects of the drug; the proper storage of the drug, etc.

A complete prescription is made up of six essential parts: the pa­tient's name, the superscription, the inscription, the subscription, the signature and the prescriber's name. The superscription is the tradi­tional symbol Rx, which always appears at the beginning of the pre­scription. (It represents the contraction of the Latin verb "recipe", i. e. to take). The inscription is the body of the prescription. This con­tains the ingredients and quantities of each. In the complex prescrip­tion containing multiple ingredients, the inscription may consist of three parts: medication, adjuvant and vehicle. The subscription always follows the inscription and contains the writer's instructions to the pharmacist. The signature consists of the di­rections to be given to the patient. This information is intended to be placed on the label of the container in which the medication is dispensed. The prescriber's name is the part of the prescription that guarantees its authenticity.

The realization of medicines is promoted by presenting the license given by the State Department of Quality and Safety Control and Production of Medicines and Medical articles.

Exercise 6. Answer the questions.

1. What do we call a chemist's shop?

2. What kinds of chemist's shops do you know?

3. What can we buy at the chemist's?

4. Where are all the drugs kept at the chemist's?

5. What drugs can we take by prescription only?

6. What are the necessary particulars on the label?

7. What are the essential parts of the complete prescription?

8. What is the difference between superscription, subscription and inscription?

9. What is the body of prescription?

10. What parts does the inscription consist of?

11. How is the realization of medicines promoted?

Exercise 7. Complete the sentences using words from the text.

1. Chemist's shop is an institution ....

2. Chemist's shops are differentiated ....

3. At the chemist's department one can buy ....

4. ... should be sold by a prescription only.

5. All containers should be labeled with the following particulars: ... .

6. Pharmacist should instruct the patient ....

7. The signature consists of ... .

8. The realization of medicines is promoted ....

Exercise 8. Correct the following statements.

1. Chemist's is a place where a wide variety of articles is sold and patients are given prescriptions.

2. An ordinary chemist's shop has a chemist's department, a pre­scription one and wards.

1. At the chemist's department, all the drugs are to be ordered.

4. Different potent and drastic drugs are available right away.

5. All medicines should be labeled with the following particulars: name of the patient and the name of medicine.

6. The inscription is not obligatory in prescription.

Exercise 9. Replace the underlined words and word combinations with their synonyms from the list.unwanted reaction, prescription, poisonous effect, potent, drugs, affect, pills, inscription

1. All the medicines must be taken according to the indication and prescription.

2. Non-acid-resisting tablets can be washed down with any juice.

3. Any overdosage may cause bad reaction.

4. The body of the prescription may consist of three parts: medica­tion, adjuvant and vehicle.

5. Alcohol has a very negative influence on the action of medicines.

6. The use of drastic drugs must be strictly controlled.

7. Some drugs can be obtained only by means of doctor's authorized direction.

8. Alcohol increases the toxicity of barbiturates by more than 50 %.

Exercise 10. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. A chemist’s shop supplies the population with medicines and medical things.

2. A complete prescription is made up of six essential parts.

3. At the chemist's all medicines are kept in drug cabinets, open shelves and refrigerators.

4. The pharmacist should instruct the patient about: the necessity to follow the prescribed directions carefully and the dangers of overdosage.

5. At the chemist's department you can buy drugs ready to use, dif­ferent things for medical care and medi­cal herbs.

6. The prescriber's name guarantees the authenticity of the prescription.

Exercise 11. Explain the terms in English (give 4-5 sentences for each term):

chemist’s shop, prescription

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Exercise 1. a) Give the Past Participle form of the following verbs, then translate them into your language:

Supply, make, compose, dispense, store, sell, buy, use, keep, take, lable, instruct, prescribe, advise, expect, form, put, find, call, give, warn.

b) Make 10 word combinations with the Past Participles from Ex.1a

Exercise 2. Translate the following word combinations into English:

Ліки, які продають в аптеці; гірчичники куплені вчора; ліки, які зберігають у аптечних шафах; строго контролюємий; сильнодіючий препарат прийнятий у надмірній дозі; попереджений про шкідливі ефекти; призначені ліки; інформація розміщена на етикетці; проінструктований що до вживання ліків; призначення зроблене лікарем, небажанний ефект.

Exercise 3. Translate the sentences with Past Participles into your language:

1. All the medicines kept in drug cabinets have labels on them.

2. I know nothing about the expected side effects of the drug.

3. The medicines prescribed by the doctor can be bought at this department.

4. This medicine taken in an overdose can cause death.

5. Correct dosage instructions given by the physician must be strictly followed.

6. The information provided in the package inserts must be read carefully.

Unit 4. PHARMACOLOGICAL DRUG GROUPS

Part I

Grammar: Future Simple Active and Passive

Exercise 1. Learn the active vocabulary:

neuropharmacologic [ˌnjʊərəʊˌfɑːməkə’lɒdʒɪk] - нерво- фармакологічний

autonomic [ˌɔːtəˈnɒmɪk] - вегетативный

mimic [ˈmɪmɪk] - імітувати

sympathomimetic agent [ˌsɪmpəθəʊmɪˈmɛtɪk] - симпатомиметичний засіб

flow [fləʊ] - потік

epinephrine [ˌɛpɪˈnɛfrɪn -riːn] епінефрин

constrict - звужувати

dilate [daɪˈleɪt] розширювати

affect - впливати; діяти на

restlessness [ˈrɛstlɪsnis] неспокій

relieve [rɪˈliːv] полегшувати

antipyretic [ˌæntɪpaɪˈrɛtɪk] жарознижувальний

suppress [səˈprɛs] стримувати, пригнічувати

excessive [ɪkˈsɛsɪv] надмірний

unconsciousness [ʌnˈkɒnʃəsnɪs] непритомність

hypnotic [hɪpˈnɒtɪk] снотворний засіб

anticonvulsant [ˌæntɪkənˈvʌlsənt] протиконвульсивний

loss of sensation [sɛnˈseɪʃən] втрата чутливості

appreciation [əˌpriːʃɪˈeɪʃən] сприйняття

Exercise 2. Write in words ( all the words are from the text below) and translate into your language:

[daɪˈfiːnaɪlhaɪˈdæntəʊɪn], [ˌɛpɪˈnɛfrɪn], [ˈkəʊdiːn], [ˌæsitailˌsali’silik], [ˈmɔːfiːn], [,æsitəʊ’minəʊfən], [ˌnɔːrɛpɪˈnɛfrɪn].

Exercise 3. Translate the word combinations into your language:

central nervous system depressants, loss of the appreciation of pain, treat epilepsy , quiet and relax the patient , produce sleep, suppress the central nervous system, non-narcotic analgesics, produce unconsciousness, relieve pain, act on the nervous system, mimic the action of sympathetic nerves, stimulate the flow of epinephrine, increase heart rate, constrict blood vessels, dilate air passages, speed up vital processes in cases of shock and collapse, produce restlessness, insomnia and hypertension, stimulate involuntary muscles in the digestive tract.

Exercise 4. Read the text:

PHARMACOLOGICAL DRUG GROUPS

NEUROPHARMACOLOGIC DRUGS

These drugs act on the nervous system. Thеге are two major types of neuropharmacologic drugs: autonomic drugs and central nervous system drugs.

Autonomic Drugs. These drugs mimic the action of sympathetic nerves and they are called sympathomimetic agents. They stimulate the flow of epinephrine, increase heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and dilate air passages. Examples of such drugs are epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Drugs which mimic the action of parasympathetic nerves are called parasympathomimetic agents. They also slow down heart rate, constrict air passages, and stimulate the involuntary muscles in the digestive tract and other organs.

Central Nervous System Drugs. The drugs which affect the central nervous system are of two main types: those which stimulate the nerves in the brain and spinal cord, stimulants, and those which depress the nerves in the brain and spinal cord, depressants.Central nervous system stimulants are used to speed up vital processes in cases of shock and collapse. Examples of stimulants are caffeine and amphetamine. Amphetamines are much more powerful and can produce restlessness, insomnia and hypertension, as well as gastrointestinal disorders when given in high doses.

Depressants. There are several types of central nervous system depressants. These include analgesics, hypnotics, sedatives and barbiturates, tranquilizers, anticonvulsants and anesthetics. Analgesics are agents which act to relieve pain, examples of analgetics are acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), acetaminophen. Aspirin and Tylenol are antipyretics (agents against fever) as well as analgesics. These are non-narcotic analgesics while opium, morphine, heroin, codeine are narcotic ones. They can suppress the central nervous system and relieve pain, but in excessive doses produce unconsciousness, stupor, coma, and possibly death. Hypnotic drugs are those which depress the central nervous system and produce sleep. Sedatives are used to quiet and relax the patient without necessarily producing sleep. Anticonvulsant agents are used to treat epilepsy (for example – diphenilhydantoin). Anesthetics are drugs which produce loss of sensation, and particuiany loss of the appreciation of pain.

Exercise 5. Answer the questions:

1. What do neuropharmacologic drugs act on?

2. What types of neuropharmacologic drugs are there?

3. What do sympathomimetic agents do?

4. What drugs mimic the action of parasympathetic nerves?

5. What are central nervous system stimulants userd for?

6. What can amphetamines produce?

7. What types of central nervous system depressants are there?

8. What can narcotic analgesics produce in excessive doses?

Exercise 6. Find the English equivalents of the following word combinations in the text:

Заспокійливі засоби та барбітурати; полегшувати біль, жарознижувальний засіб; пригнічувати центральну нервову систему; підвищувати швидкість серцевих скорочень; розширювати (звужувати) повітряні проходи; стимулювати нерви головного та спинного мозоку; прискорювати життєві процеси; викликати неспокій та безсоння; надмірна доза; викликати непритомність, ступор та, можливо, смерть.

Exercise 7. Look through the text and find all the words having suffix –ic, give their translation and say what parts of speech they belong to.

For example: mimic – імітувати – It’s a verb.

Neuropharmacologic – нервофармакологічний – It’s an adjective.

Exercise 8. Match the words and word-combinations with their definitions:

sympathomimetic agents	drugs able to diminish or reduce nervous or functional activity
depressants	these drugs mimic the action of parasympathetic nerves
hypnotic drugs	drugs used to prevent or abolish convulsions
parasympathomimetic agents	drugs which speed up vital processes in cases of shock and collapse
anesthetics	drugs which produce loss of sensation, and particuiany loss of the appreciation of pain
anticonvulsant agents	drugs which produce sleep
stimulants	these drugs mimic the action of sympathetic nerves, they stimulate the flow of epinephrine, increase heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and dilate air passages

Exercise 9. Explain in English (give 4-5 sentences for each explanation):

autonomic drugs

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Translate the sentences into your language paying attention to the verb form (Future Simple Active and Passive):

1. This drug will act on the nervous system of the patient.

2. After this injection you will fill quiet and relaxed.

3. The heart rate will be increased by the injection of eepinephrine.

4. Aspirin will relieve your pain.

5. Sleep will be produced by the hypnotic drug.

6. In the cases of shock and collapse vital processes will be speeded up by central nervous system stimulants.

7. Amphetamines will produce restlessness and insomnia.

8. Pain will be relieved by an injection of an analgesic.

Exercise 2. Disagree with the following sentences making them negative, then give the correct information according to the text:

Example: A central nervous system depressant will speed up his vital processes. - A central nervous system depressant won’t speed up his vital processes. A central nervous system stimulant will speed up his vital processes.

1. Epinephrine will produce sleep in this patient.

2. Anticinvulsant agents will be used to relieve the severe pain.

3. Aspirin will suppress the central nervous system.

4. Caffeine will relax and quieten him down.

5. Sympathomimetic agents will slow down his heart rate.

6. The loss of the appreciation of pain will be produced by hypnotic drugs.

Exercise 3. Put questions to the underlined words.

1. Sympathomimetic agents will stimulate the flow of epinephrine.

2. Acetaminophen will be used to relieve his pain.

3. Parasympathomimetic agents will stimulate the involuntary muscles in the digestive tract and other organs.

4. Excessive doses of narcotic analgesics will produce unconsciousness, stupor, coma, and possibly death.

5. Loss of sensation will be produced by anesthetics.

6. Sedatives will be used to quiet and relax the patient without necessarily producing sleep.

Exercise 4. Make the following sentences passive:

1. This drug will dilate air passages.

2. Simpathomimetic agents will increase heart rate.

3. The drugs will affect the central nervous system.

4. Excessive doses of narcotics will produce unconsciousness, stupor, coma, and possibly death.

5. They will use anesthetics to produce loss of sensation in this patient.

6. We will not use anticonvulsant drugs to treat him.

Exercise 5. Translate into English:

1. Ці ліки призведуть до втрати відчуття болю.

2. Заспокійливі засаби будуть застосовані для цього пацієнта.

3. Аспірин знизить його температуру, та заспокоє біль.

4. Снодійні засоби не будуть призначатися цьому пацієнтові.

5. Чи будуть ці ліки пригнічувати центральну нервову систему?

6. Які ліки вживають у випадку шоку і колапсу?

7. Цей препарат сповільнить частоту биття серця.

8. Кров’яні сидини будуть звужені симпатомиметичними засобами, тому кров’яний тиск підніметься.

UNIT 5. PHARMACOLOGICAL DRUG GROUPS

Part II

Grammar: Present, Past, Future Active and Passive (Revision)

Exercise 1. Learn the active vocabulary:

antihistamine[ˌæntɪˈhɪstəˌmɪn]- антигістамінний drowsiness [‘drauzinəs]- сонливість blurred vision [blɜːd ˈvɪʒən] – потемніння в очах prevent [prɪˈvɛnt]- попереджати blood clotting – згортання крові digitalis glycosides [ˌdɪdʒɪˈteɪlɪs ˈglaɪkəʊˌsaɪd] – глікозиди наперстянки vasodilator [ˌveɪzəʊdaɪˈleɪtə]- вазодилататор; агент, що розширює судини resistance [rɪˈzɪstəns] - стійкість excrete [ɪkˈskriːt] - виділяти

vasoconstrictor [ˌveɪzəʊkənˈstrɪktə] – фактор, що звужує судини antacid [æntˈæsɪd] - протикислотний emetic [ɪˈmɛtɪk] - блювотний засіб purgative [ˈpɜːgətɪv] - проносне constipation [ˌkɒnstɪˈpeɪʃən] - запор nausea [ˈnɔːzɪə] - нудота antiserum [ˌæntɪˈsɪərəm] – імунна сироватка

Exercise 2. Translate the word combinations into your language:

Relieve allergic symptoms, cure the allergic reaction, drowsiness and blurred vision, affect blood preasure, prevent blood clotting, strengthening of the myocardium, relax the muscles of vessel walls, excrete fluid, stop local bleeding, prevent blood clotting, neutralize acid in the stomach, relieve constipation, prevent multiplication of bacteria or viruses, resistance against attacks of some particular infection, give only temporary protection.

Exercise 3. Read and translate the text:

ANTIHISTAMINES block the action of histamine in the body, so they can relieve the allergic symptoms which histamine produces. Antihistamines cannot cure the allergic reaction, but they can relieve its symptoms. Some dangerous side effects of antihistamines are drowsiness and blurred vision. CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS may be divided into three groups: drugs that affect the heart; drugs that affect blood preasure, and drugs that prevent blood clotting. The most common drugs which change the rate and forcefulness of the heartbeat are the digitalis glycosides (cardiac glycosides). These drugs are used to treat patients with heart failure. The important effects of the digitalis giycosides are the strengthening of the myocardium and the slowing of the rate of contraction of the heart. Drugs which correct abnormal heart rhythm are called antiarrhythmics. Vasodilators are drugs which relax the muscles of vessel walls, thus increasing the size of blood vessels. These drugs are used in treating blood vessel diseases and high blood preasure. Diuretics can also lower blood pressure. Such drugs excrete fluid and shrink the volume of blood within the vessels. Vasoconstrictors are needed to raise blood pressure, increase the force of heart action, and stop local bleeding. Drugs that prevent blood clotting are called anticoagulants. They are used to prevent the formation of clots in veins and arteries. GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS are used mainly to relieve uncomfortable and potentially dangerous symptoms, rather than to cure diseases. They are: antacids which neutralize acid in the stomach; emetics, which produce vomiting; purgatives, which promote defecation and relieve constipation; antiemetics which relieve nausea and vomiting. ANTIMICROBIALS kill or help prevent multiplication of bacteria or viruses that infect the body. Antimicrobials include antibiotics and sulfonamides. Antibiotics are obtained from naturally occurring microorganisms. Sulfonamides are prepared synthetically. Antibiotics can be bactericidal (able to kill microorganisms such as bacteria) or bacteriostatic (inhibit the growth of other microorganisms). DRUGS PREVENTING INFECTIOUS DISEASES are vaccines and antiserums. Vaccines contain a weakened or killed form of the microbe that causes a particular disease. There are several kinds of vaccines. Each kind causes the body to produce substances, which are called antibodies that fight a particular disease. Thus the body gets resistance against attacks of some particular infection. Antiserums also prevent certain infectious diseases. Unlike vaccines, these drugs contain antibodies rather than substances that cause the body to produce antibodies. Antiserums act more quickly than vaccines to prevent infection but give only temporary protection.

Exercise 4. Answer the questions:

1. Which drugs block the action of histamine in the body?

2. What are the side effects of antihistamines?

3. What groups of cardiovascular drugs are there?

4. Which drugs change the rate and forcefulness of the heartbeat ?

5. What are the important effects of cardiac glycosides?

6. What do antiarrhythmics do?

7. What are anticoagulants used for?

8. What kinds of gastrointestinal drugs are there?

9. Which drugs kill or help prevent multiplication of bacteria or viruses that infect the body?

10. Which drugs prevent infectious diseases?

Exercise 5. Find English equivalents of the following word combinations in the text:

Попереджувати формування тромбів, зупиняти місцеву кровотечу, підвищувати кров’яний тиск, виводити рідину, розслаблювати м’язи кров’яних судин, корегувати ненормальний серцевий ритм, уповільнювати швидкість серцевих скорочень, лікувати серцеву недостатність, зміннювати силу та швидкість биття серця, позбавляти від алергічних симптомів, нейтралізувати кислоту у шлунку, позбавляти від нудоти, зупиняти розмноження бактерій та вірусів, містити послаблену або вбиту форму мікробу, попереджати певні інфекційні хвороби.

Exercise 6. Match the words with their definitions:

1. anesthetics	a. mild purgative (promoting defecation)
2. antacids	b. drugs producing the loss of sensation like cocaine, lidocaine
3. antibiotic	c. central nervous system depressants causing sleep
4. sedatives	d. drugs relieving loose bowel movements, like atro­pine
5. antidiarrheals	e. drugs decreasing function
6. antinauseants	f. drugs relieving constipation
7. depressants	g. drugs inhibiting the growth of bacteria
8. barbiturates	h. drugs relieving nausea and vomiting
9. purgatives	i. drugs neutralizing acids in the stomach
10. laxatives	j. drugs used to induce sleep, sedation

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Change the Active voice into Passive :

1. These drugs change change the rate and forcefulness of the heartbeat .

2. They used cardiac glycosides to treat patients with heart failure.

3. This preparation will correct abnormal heart rhythm.

4. Vasodilators relax the muscles of vessel walls.

5. We will use these drugs in treating blood vessel diseases and high blood preasure.

6. We need vasoconstrictors to raise blood pressure, increase the force of heart action, and stop local bleeding.

7. They called drugs that prevent blood clotting anticoagulants.

8. Anticoagulants prevent the formation of clots in veins and arteries.

Exercise 2. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Gastrointestinal drugs are used to relieve uncomfortable and potentially dangerous symptoms.

2. Antiemetics relieve nausea and vomiting.

3. Only temporary protection will be given by the antiserum.

4. This antibiotic was obtained from naturally occurring microorganisms.

5. These drugs were prepared synthetically.

6. Antimicrobials include antibiotics and sulfonamides.

7. Bactericidal antibiotics kill microorganisms such as bacteria.

8. The vaccine caused the body to produce antibodies.

Exercise 3. Open the brackets:

1. Antiserums (to give) only temporary protection.(refers to the present)

2. Antihistamines (not to cure) the allergic reaction, but they (to relieve) its symptoms. (refers to the future)

3. The important effects of the digitalis giycosides (to be) the strengthening of the myocardium and the slowing of the rate of contraction of the heart.(refers to the present)

4. Those drugs (to excrete) fluid and shrink the volume of blood within the vessels. (refers tothe past)

5. They (to use) this drug to prevent the formation of clots in veins and arteries. (refers to the future).

6. Heart rhythm (to control) by antiarrhythmics. (refers to the past)

7. Drugs that prevent blood clotting (to call) anticoagulants. (refers to the present)

8. Emetics (produce) vomiting. (refers to the present)

Exercise 4. Translate into English:

1. Антигістаміни блокують дію гістаміну у тілі.

2. Антисиворотки діють швидше за вакцини.

3. Сульфонаміди готують синтетично.

4. Вазоділатори розслаблюють стінки судин.

5. Протикислотні ліки нейтралізують кислоту у шлунку.

6. Серцеві глікозиди вживаються при серцевій недостатності.

7. Антибіотики вбивають мікроорганізми, такі як бактерії.

8. Фактори, що звужують судини, необхідні, щоб підняти кров’яний тиск.

Unit 6. Administration of Drugs

Grammar: Present Perfect Active and Passive

Exercise 1. Learn the active vocabulary:

route [ruːt] - курс; шлях duration [djʊˈreɪʃən] - тривалість convenient [kənˈviːnɪənt] - зручний disadvantage [ˌdɪsədˈvɑːntɪdʒ] - недолік mucosa [mjuːˈkəʊsə] – слизова оболонка swallow [ˈswoləu] – ковтати suppository [səˈpɒzɪtərɪ] - супозиторій, свічка

insert [inˈsəːt] - вставляти vapor [ˈveɪpə] - пара air sac – повітряний мішечок application [ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃən] – вживання, нанесення accelerate [ækˈsɛləˌreɪt] - прискорювати antipruritic [ˌæntɪ,prʊəˈrɪtɪk] – проти свербіння lotion [ˈləʊʃən] - примочка; лосьйон

Exercise 2. Translate the following word combinations into your language:

The route of administration, rate of absorption into the bloodstream, speed and duration, by mouth, most convenient to patients, have disadvantages, destroyed by digestive juices, intestinal mucosa, placed under the tongue, dissolve in the saliva, treat attacks of chest pain, water solutions, present difficul­ties, administered by inhalation, local external application of drugs, accelerate the healing of abrasions, antiseptic treatment of a wound.

Exercise 3. Form words with the help of negative prefixes. Translate into your language:

Dis- like, function, connect, agree, advantage

Un- fortune, necessary, forgettable, reliable

In- different, human, visible, convenient, effective

Im- possible, practical, mobile, moral

Ir- regular, responsible, relevant, resistible

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text:

Administration of Drugs

The route of administration of a drug (how it is introduced into the body) is very important in determining the rate of its absorption into the bloodstream and speed and duration of the drug's action in the body.

Oral administration. The route of administration is by mouth. Drugs given orally must pass into the stomach and be absorbed into the blood­stream through the intestinal wall. Although this method is probably most convenient to patients , it may have several disadvantages. If the drug is destroyed in the digestive tract by digestive juices or if the drug cannot pass through the intestinal mucosa, it will be ineffective. Also, oral administration is slower than other methods.

Sublingual administration. In this route of administration, drugs are not swallowed but are placed under the tongue and allowed to dissolve in the saliva. Absorption may be rapid for some agents. Nitroglycerin tablets, for example, are taken this way to treat attacks of chest pain.

Rectal administration. Suppositories and water solutions are inserted into the rectum. At times, drugs are given by rectum when oral administration presents difficul­ties, such as when the patient has nausea and vomiting.

Inhalation. In this method of administration, vapors, or gases, are taken into the nose or mouth and are absorbed into the bloodstream through the thin walls of the air sacs in the lungs. Aerosols (particles of the drug suspended in air) are administered by inhalation.

Topical application. This is the local external application of drugs on skin or mucous membranes of the mouth or other surface. It is commonly used to accelerate the healing of abrasions, for antiseptic treatment of a wound, and as an antipruritic. Topical application may also include administration of drugs into the eyes, ears, nose, and vagina. Lotions are used most often when the skin is moist, or "weeping," and ointments and creams are used when the lesions are dry.

Exercise 5. Answer the questions:

1. What is the route of administration of a drug?

2. Which route of administration is the most convenient to the patient?

3. What are the possible diadvantages of oral administration of a drug?

4. Where are drugs placed in the sublingual route of administration?

5. Why are drugs sometimes given by rectum?

6. How are aerosols usually administered?

7. What is the local external application of drugs on skin or mucous membranes called?

8. When are lotions used?

Exercise 6. Find the English equivalents of the following word combinations in the text:

Швидкість та тривалість дії ліків у тілі, сухі пошкодження, волога шкіра, найбільш зручний для хворих, мати недоліки, проходити крізь кишкову слизову оболонку, бути неефективним, розчинятися у слині, становити труднощі, призначувати у виді інгаляцій, прискорювати загоєння.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Translate the sentenses into your language:

1. The doctor has administered him tablets to relieve his headache.

2. The tablet of nitroglycerin has just been put under the tongue.

3. Has the drug been destroyed in the digestive tract?

4. They haven’t given her an ingection yet.

5. The results of his analyses have just been received from the laboratory.

6. Has the ointment been applied on the abrasion yet?

Exercise 2. Open the brackets using the verbs in Present Perfect of Past Simple (Active or Passive):

1. The administration just (to make).

2. The doctor (not to examine) the patient in the morning.

3. The nurse already (to make) an intravenous injection to this patient.

4. The administration (not to change) yet.

5. The nurse (to give) him any tablets ten minutes ago?

6. The students (to be) here today.

7. He (to see) there yesterday morning by many people.

8. You ever (to have) a chest pain?

Exercise 3. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. He has just placed a tablet of Nitroglycerin under his tongue.

2. Some lotion has been just applied onto his abrasion to accelerate its healing.

3. They have just left.

4. She was admitted to the hospital yesterday.

5. The tablet has just been swallowed.

6. The nurse has just given him an intravenous injection.

Learn the vocabulary from Pharmacology and Indications from the GUIDELINES FOR WORKING WITH DRUG LEAFLETS. Do ex. 1- 4.

PART 2

Exercise 1. Learn the active vocabulary:

paren­teral [pæˈrɛntərəl] - парентеральний accom­plish - завершувати; виконувати syringe [ˈsɪrɪndʒ] - шприц surface [ˈsɜːfɪs] - поверхня subcutaneous [ˌsʌbkjuːˈteɪnɪəs] - підшкірний shallow [ˈʃæləʊ] - поверховий

тeedle - голка buttocks [ˈbʌtəks] - сідниці leakage [ˈliːkɪdʒ] - витік, теча, просочування damage [ˈdæmɪdʒ] - пошкодження sheath [ʃiːθ] - оболонка intrathecal [,intrə’θikl] - субдуральний intracavitary [in′trəkəv′itəri] - внутрішньопорожнинний

Exercise 2. Read and translate the text:

Parenteral Administration

This type of administration is accom­plished by injection through a syringe under the skin, into a muscle, into a vein, or into a body cavity. There are several types of paren­teral injections:

Subcutaneous injection. This injection is given just under the several layers of the skin. The outer surface of the arm and the anterior surface of the skin are usual locations for subcutaneous injections.

Intradermal injection. This shallow injection is made into the up­per layers of the skin. It is used chiefly in skin testing for allergic reac­tions. Short needles are used for intradermal injections.

Intramuscular injection (I.M.). This injection is given into the muscle, usually into the buttocks.

Intravenous injection (I.V.). This injection is given directly into the veins. It is given when an immediate effect from the drug is desired or when the drug cannot be given into other tissues. Good technical skill is needed in administering this injection, since leakage of drugs into surrounding tissues may result in damage to the tissues.

Intrathecal injection. This injection is made into the sheath of membranes (meninges) which surround the spinal cord and brain. The effects of the drug administered so are usually limited to the central nervous system, and intrathecal injections are often used to produce anesthesia.

Intracavitary injection. This injection is made into a body cavity, as, for example, into the peritoneal or pleural cavity.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions:

1. How is parenteral administration accomplished?

2. What types of parenteral injections are there?

3. Which injection is given just under the several layers of the skin?

4. Where is intradermal injection made?

5. Where are intramascular injections usually given?

6. When are intravenous injections usually given?

7. Where are intrathecal injections usually made?

8. What do intrathecal injections produce?

Exercise 4. Choose the English equivalents of these words and word combinations.

1. Прийом ліків:

a) drug taking b) drug infusion c) drug administration

2) Кров'яний потік:

a) bloodclot b) blood occlusion c) blood stream

3) Стенокардія:

a) hypertension b) angina pectoris c) enema

4) Водний розчин:

a) infusion b) solution c) suspension

5) Блювання:

a) nausea b) vomoting c) itching

6) Подразнювати:

a) to irritate b) to inject d) to irrigate

7) Знеболювання:

a) application b) inhalation c) anesthesia

8) Мазь:

a) lotion b) ointment c) cream

Exercise 5. Match the synonyms:

to introduce	drawback
disadvantage	to show
to increase	to speed up
flow	confined
limited	to contain
to accelerate	stream
to include	to enlarge

Exercise 6. Choose the correct translation of these word combinations into Ukrai­nian:

• Determine the cause: визначити кому, визначити наслідки, визначити причину.

• Fat absorption: поглинання жирів, виділення жирів, обмін жирів.

• Drug action duration: тривала дія ліків, тривалість дії ліків, дія ліків триває.

• Rapid process: повільний процес, прискорений процес, швид-кий процес.

• To increase heartbeat: прискорювати серцебиття, уповільнюва-ти серцебиття, не впливати на серцебиття.

• Insert the syringe: вставляти голку, вставляти шприц, вставля-ти колбу.

• Skin irritation: подразнення шкіри, подразнення черепа, под-разнення кінцівок.

• Meninges sheath: кільце мозку, оболонка мозку, серцевина мозку.

• Moist skin: подразнена шкіра, суха шкіра, волога шкіра.

Exercise 7. Complete the sentences:

1. Physicians use the following ways of drug administration ....

2. Drugs given orally pass ....

3. When the drugs are placed under the tongue ....

4. Drugs are given by rectum when ....

5. There are several types of parenteral injections ....

6. Gases are taken into the nose and ....

7. The local external application of drugs is ... .

Exercise 8. Correct the wrong sentences:

1. The route of drug administration is absolutely unimportant.

2. Oral administration is the route by mouth.

3. If a patient is vomiting, oral administration is advisable.

4. In sudden heart attacks, rectal administration is used.

5. There is only one way of parenteral administration.

6. Subcutaneous injections are given into the buttocks.

7. Intradermal injections are used to cure infarction.

8. Performing the intravenous injection, a physician must be careful.

9. To produce anesthesia, surgeons use intracavitary injections.

Exercise 9. Explain in English:

Administration of drugs, oral administration, sublingual administration, rectal administration, topical administration, parenteral administration, intravenous injection.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Make the following sentences passive:

1. She has rubbed in a healing ointment to relieve pain and skin irrita­tion.

2. The chemist has marked bottles of poisonous drugs.

3. He has handed in a prescription for the antidepressant.

4. We have ordered the cough mixture at this chemist's.

5. These drugs have arrested bleeding.

6. The stomach ulcer has caused a profuse abdominal bleeding.

7. They have stuck labels on the bottles.

8. These tablets have relieved an unbearable pain in my back.

Exercise 2. Choose the correct form:

1. "Have you bought that miraculous ointment?"- "Yes, actually, I ... one this week".

have bought

have been bought

bought

2. "Where is Mark?" - "He ... to the chemist's to buy some painkillers".

went

has been

has gone

3. "... your doctor recently?" - "Yes, she came to visit me last week".

Have you been seen

Did you see

Have you seen

4. My friend ... to the traumatological department in the morning.

has been admitted

was admitted

has admitted

5. The nurse ... the patient's electrocardiogram yet.

hasn’t been taken

hasn’t taken

wasn’t taken

6. Why …the administration …?

has…been changed

has…changed

was…changed

Learn the vocabulary from Dosage and Use and Condraindications from the GUIDELINES FOR WORKING WITH DRUG LEAFLETS. Do ex. 5- 8.

Unit 7. TYPES OF ORAL MEDICATIONS

Grammar: Complex Subject (Part I – with passive verbs)

Exercise 1. Learn the active vocabulary:

excipient [ɪkˈsɪpɪənt] – наповнювач sachet [ˈsæʃeɪ] - саше vial [ˈvaɪəl] - пляшечка aqueous [ˈeɪkwɪəs] - водний

transparent [trænsˈpærənt] - прозорий graduated dropper – піпетка, дозатор disperse [dɪˈspɜːs] – розповсюджуватися lozenge [ˈlɒzɪndʒ] - льодяник

Exercise 2. Translate the following word combinations into your language:

Place under the tongue to dissolve, preparations containing powder , resistant to gastric acidity, covered by a layer of sugar, taken on an empty stomach, the available preparations containing fluid, drinkable vials in coloured glass, injectable vials in transparent glass, aqueous or alcoholic solutions, in bottle with a graduated dropper, older adults, prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, flavored to mask the taste of the medication, melt on the tongue.

Exercise 3. Translate into your language paying attention to Complex Subject:

1. Some tablets are supposed to be taken on an empty stomach.

2. Many medications are long-acting or have a special coating, so they are supposed to be swallowed as a whole.

3. Many liquid medications are known to be measured using a teaspoon.

4. Sublingual and buccal medications are known to be quickly absorbed into the blood stream.

5. Knowledge of various available drugs is considered to be necessary to physicians.

6. Tablets are known to have various forms.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text:

Types of Oral Medications

Depending on what your doctor has prescribed, your oral medication can be swallowed, chewed or placed under your tongue to dissolve. Medications that you swallow are known to travel from your stomach or intestine into your bloodstream and then are carried to all parts of your body. This is known as absorption. The principal available preparations containing powder (active substance+ excipient) are as follows:

1. Packages and sachets: containing generally about 10 to 20g of product

2. Capsules: soluble cases of gelatine enclosing a dose of medicine. They are supposed to be made resistant to gastric acidity.

3. Tablets: obtained by compression of the powder.

4. Sugar-coated tablets: covered by a layer of sugar often aromatized and coloured.

These “dry” forms (, capsules, tablets…) must be taken with water . Some oral medications are taken on an empty stomach, others before or after eating. This is very important since food in your stomach and intestine are known to interfere with your medication dissolving and passing into your bloodstream. The available preparations containing fluid are as follows:

1. Drinkable vials in coloured glass to distinguish them from the injectable vials in transparent glass except if the active product must be protected from light.

2. Aqueous or alcoholic solutions, in bottle with a graduated dropper.

3. Syrups: concentrated aqueous solution of sucrose containing the active products. The syrups are supposed to be administered by spoonfuls and preferably by a spoon/dose provided with each bottle.

4. Suspensions: the granules contained in a bottle are dispersed in a given quantity of water before use.

Liquid medications are considered to be good for children and adults (especially older adults) who are not able to swallow tablets or capsules. Many liquid medications, including both prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs, are made for children and are flavored to mask the taste of the medication.Certain medications are placed under the tongue (sublingual) or between the teeth and the cheek (buccal). These medications are known to be absorbed quickly into the bloodstream and are used to relieve symptoms almost immediately.Although most oral medications are swallowed, some are released in the mouth by chewing, dissolving slowly or melting on the tongue. Many of these medications are sold over-the-counter. For example, chewable tablets should be chewed until they have dissolved completely. They are not meant to be swallowed. Lozenges are meant to be “sucked” on like hard candy and allowed to dissolve slowly in your mouth. They should not be swallowed.

Exercise 5. Answer the questions:

1. How can oral medications be taken?

2. What are principal available preparations containing powder?

3. What kind of oral medications is resistant to gastric acidity?

4. How are tablets obtained?

5. Which oral medications should be taken with water?

6. What are the available preparations containing fluid?

7. How should lozenges be taken?

8. Which oral medications are not supposed to be swallowed?

Exercise 6. Find the equivalents of the following word combinations in the text:

Препарати , що містять порошок; той, що містить активну речовину;стійкий до шлункової кислотності; таблетки покриті цукровою оболонкою, шар ароматизованого та підфарбованого цукру; приймати з водою; приймати натщесерце; препарати, які містять рідину; флакон з кольорового скла; флакон з прозорогшо скла; водні та спиртові розчини; продавати без рецепта, майже миттєво позбавляти від симптомів; слід жувати до повного розчинення; не слід ковтати.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Find sentences with Complex Subject in the text, translate them into your language.

Exercise 2. Open the brackets using Active or Passive forms of the infinitives. Translate the sentences into your language.

1. This drug is known (to be) a strong one.

2. These medications are said (to sell) over-the-counter.

3. Capsules and tablets are supposed (to take) with water.

4. He is known (to work) at a chemist’s.

5. Drinkable vials are supposed (to produce) in coloured glass.

6. Most of liquid medications made for children are known (to flavour) to mask the taste of the medication.

7. Sublingual medications are known (to relieve) symptoms almost immediately.

8. Nitroglycerine is known (to use) to relieve angina pectoris.

Exercise 3. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Packages and sachets contain about 10 to 20g of product.

2. Tablets are obtained by compression of the powder .

3. Some oral medications are taken on an empty stomach.

4. Syrup is a concentrated aqueous solution of sucrose containing the active products.

5. Many of these medications are sold over -the –counter.

6. The lozenge has already dissolved completely.

7. Lozenges are allowed to dissolve slowly in the mouth.

8. Children like taking this syrup because it is sweet.

Learn the vocabulary from Side Effects, Precautions, Presentation, Storage and Usability from the GUIDELINES FOR WORKING WITH DRUG LEAFLETS. Do ex. 9- 15.

Unit 8. Drug leaflet

Grammar: COMPLEX SUBJECT (Part II – with active verbs (appear, seem, prove, happen))

Exercise 1. Read the explanations of the words below, Translate them into your language and learn them.

Active Vocabulary

Concomitant – existing or happening together

Dilute (v) – to make a liquid weaker by adding water

Excitation – feeling nervous without ability to relax

Fertility – the ability of a person to produce babies

Interfere – to get involved in a situation that does not concern you

Irritation – painful sore feeling in a part of your body

Leaflet – a small piece of printed paper giving information

Rash – a lot of spots on someone’s skin

Retention – the ability to hold liquid

Reverse – to change something so that it is the opposite of what it was before

Solution – a liquid mixed with a solid or gas

Store (v) – to keep things until you need them

Carcinogenicity - the ability to cause cancer

Contra-indications – any factor in a patient’s condition that makes it unwise to pursue a certain line of treatment

Dialysis – a method of separating particles of different dimensions in a liquid mixture

Diuresis – increased secretion of urine by the kidneys

Dizziness – inability to maintain normal balance in a standing or seated position

Indications – any of the conditions for which a particular drug treatment may be prescribed

Ingestion – the process by which the food is taken into the alimentary tract

Lavage – washing out of a body cavity

Lethargy – mental and physical sluggishness

Micturicion - urination

Mutagenicity – the ability to cause mutations

Teratogenicity - the ability to cause developmental abnormalities in the fetus

Exercise 2. These are the headlines from several drug leaflets. Which of them is for patient, which is for doctors:

- Please read carefully this leaflet, it contains important information about your medicine

- To the Medical and Pharmaceutical Professions

- What you should know about Elatan LA25. Please read this carefully before you start to take your medicine.

- Meta-iodobenzylguanitidine for Therapeutic Use. Technical information.

- Patient information leaflet

Exercise 3. These are some paragraph titles from a drug leaflet. What are the paragraphs about? (Use the meaning of the combining forms to explain the words: contra – against, terato – monster, inter – between, muta – change, carcino – cancer)

Contra-indications; Teratogenicity; Drug interactions; Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity