Part II

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Ligation [li- / lai’gei∫n], procedure [prə’si:dјə / -dΖə], anaesthetic [ænis’θetik], Caucasus [‘ko:kəsəs], intravenous [intrə’vi:nəs], ether [‘i:θə], cholera [‘kolərə], technique [tek’ni:k], fracture [‘frækt∫ə], observe [əb’zə:v], nurse [nə:s], effort [‘efət].

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

To perform виконувати, робити

To dedicate to присвячувати

Ligation of the ventral aorta перев’язка грудної аорти

To develop розробляти, розвивати

To improve покращувати, удосконалювати

To explain пояснювати

To originate започаткувати

Through the rectum ректально

Intravenous administration внутрішньовенне призначення

Ether ефір

Section розтин

To conceive задумати

Plaster cast гіпсова пов’язка

To fracture ламати

Wounded поранений

Efforts зусилля

Exercise 3. Translate the following international words into Ukrainian:

Operation, technical, procedure, to react, anesthetic, anesthesia, cholera, amputation, sculptor, anatomical atlas, to organize, basis.

Exercise 4. Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following word-combinations:

To perform an operation, to develop a theory, to conduct an important investigation of cholera, a new method for amputation of the foot, to treat fractured bones, to use plaster casts, to care for the wounded, to organize the training of nurses.

Exercise 5. Match the terms with their definitions:

1) Surgery a) a liquid used as anaesthetic

2) Aorta b) the removal of any part of the body

3) Anaesthesia c) the branch of medicine that treats injuries or diseases by

operation

4) Amputation d) an acute infectious disease affecting the small intestine

5) Cholera e) the main artery of the body

6) Ether f) the technique of reducing an individual’s sensation of pain

Exercise 6. Read the text and make up a list of Pirogov’s investigations:

From theory to surgery

Pirogov chose surgery as his specialty, but during his four years at Moscow University he was present at only two operations and did not perform any himself. He practically started his study as a surgeon at the University of Dorpat.

His doctor’s thesis (1832) was dedicated to the ligation of the ventral aorta. In this important work Pirogov tried not only to improve the technical procedure of operation but also to explain how the body reacts to it.

In 1847 he developed a theory of the action and use of anaesthetic and, before using it on a patient, tested it on himself. From July to November that year he was active as a surgeon in the field hospitals in Caucasus and introduced the use of anaesthetic through the rectum. Pirogov also originated the intravenous administration of ether as an anaesthetic. He was the first surgeon to use anaesthesia in a field operation.

From 1848 he conducted an important investigation of cholera, based on almost 800 sections.

Pirogov’s work during the Crimean War is of such importance that he is considered to be the founder of field surgery. Pirogov was the first to use the plaster cast in field conditions. He conceived the technique of plaster casting in 1851 while observing the work of a sculptor.

At that time Pirogov also developed a new method for amputation of the foot, known as the “Pirogov’s amputation”.

Pirogov was the first doctor in Russia who used nurses to care for the wounded in the field, and organized the training of nurses.

In 1851-1854 Pirogov created his famous anatomical atlas, Topographical anatomy of the human body (“Anatomia topographica, sedionibus per corpus humanum”).

Thanks to the efforts of N. I. Pirogov surgery was placed on a scientific basis.

Exercise 7. Answer the questions:

1. Did Pirogov get sufficient skills as a practical surgeon during his studies at Moscow University?

2. What was his doctor’s thesis dedicated to?

3. Why is Pirogov considered to be the father of field surgery?

4. What did Pirogov test on himself before using on a patient?

5. What did Pirogov develop while observing the work of a sculptor?

6. What disease did Pirogov investigate?

7. When did Pirogov create his famous anatomical atlas?

Exercise 8. Use verbs in brackets in correct forms. Translate the sentences:

1. N.I.Pirogov (to be) a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of sciences (1847).

2. Pirogov (to be) a heavy smoker and (to die) of cancer.

3. To prevent wound infection Pirogov (to use) substances which (to be) still in use today.

4. Pirogov (to treat) Giuseppe Garibaldi for an injury to his foot.

5. In 1840 the minister Kleinminchel (to invite) Pirogov to work in St. Petersburg.

6. Later Pirogov (to test) and (to begin) using another anaesthetic – chloroform.

7. The Pirogov Museum (to exist) in Vinnitsa now.

Exercise 9. Tell what in Pirogov’s life and activities seems the most impressive and extraordinary.