5. Ways of Translating the Participles and Participial Constructions.

The choice of the method and means for translating English participial constructions into Ukrainian is predetermined by the general and dependant meanings of the participle itself. These meanings reflect the lexico-grammatical nature of the participle as a verbal. Namely:

1) its voice, tense, and aspect distinctions;

2) its lexical and grammatical meanings;

3) its functions in English and Ukrainian word-groups and sentences.

A peculiar feature of Ukrainian is the restricted use of both the preposed and postposed (to nouns) attributive present participles. As a result it is not always possible to translate English V-ingN or NVing pattern word-groups with the help of these same structural types of word-groups in Ukrainian. Especially when the participles originate from the verbs of motion. For example:

¤ The house was alive with … running voices.

- Будинок наповнювали голоси …, що лунали повсюди.

- Будинок сповнювався … звідусіль лункими голосами.;

- У будинку … повсюди лунали голоси.

There exist some exceptions when attributive present participles are translated with the help of Ukrainian equivalents of the same nature:

¤ I think the whole turning point in my life was that awful Trenchard boy… - Думаю, що причиною цього поворотного пунктув моєму житті був той жахливий тип Тренчард…

English attributive past participle are mostly translated into Ukrainian with the help of their morphological, lexical, and functional equivalents, e.g., past participles. This makes no problems in the choice of Ukrainian faithful equivalents for English attributive word-groups of this type. For example:

¤ … many disappointed hearts still wonder why Coleman never married. - … не одна розчарована душа й досі дивується, чому Коле ман не одружився.

¤ Her face … with swollen eyes and swollen lips looked terrible. – Її обличчя … з підпухлими очима та розпухлими губами мало жахливий вигляд.

There are three participial constructions in the English language. They are as follows:

1. The Objective with the Participle Construction;

2. The Subjective with the Participle Construction;

3. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.

The Objective with the Participle Construction.

Constructions with the present or past participle are used with the verbs of physical and mental perception, as well as with the verb to have. Thus, the participial construction has the function of complex object and may be translated in different ways:

¤ … he heard her moving about the room. – … він чув, як вона ходила по кімнаті.

¤ He listened to his uncle talking to him. – Він слухав, як дядько вів розмову/розмовляв з ним.

¤ I had seen him last September coming across the square towards the bar of the Continental… - Я бачив його минулого року у вересні, коли він переходив майдан до бару в ресторані Континенталь…

¤ I heard someone weeping. – Я чув, як хтось плакав.

¤ I can see you marrying after a drink too many. – Ти, бачу, як підіп’єш, то ще станеш женихатися тут.

¤ He had seen towns destroyed by bombing. – Він побачив міста, зруйновані бомбардуваннями.

¤ Some of the houses has their windows broken. – У деяких будинках вікна були побиті.

The Subjective with the Participle Construction.

English simple sentences with the subjective present participle constructions are mostly transformed in Ukrainian into a complex sentence. In most cases the introductory words such as: Кажуть; повідомляють; повідомляється, що; очікується are used in Ukrainian translation.

¤He had been seen … pressing his lips to the marble brow of a statue. – Бачили, … як він притулявся своїми вустами до мармурового чола статуї.

The subjective with the past participle constructions, which are used in English with the verbs to appear, to seem, to have, do not require considerable structural transformations in the process of translation into Ukrainian. For example:

¤ He had his eyes fixed always on the future. – Він завжди спрямовував свій погляд у майбутнє.

¤ Arrived at this point, we halted. – Прибувши на це місце, ми зробили зупинку.

¤ Ruth Morse seemed further removed than ever. – Рут Морз, здавалося, відійшла від нього далі, ніж будь коли.

The Nominative Absolute Participial Constructions.

¤ The two guards listened, their faces turned to the rifle-slit, their mouths hanging open. – Обидва вартові слухали, пороззявлявши роти і повернувшись обличчям до амбразури. (participial construction - diyepryslivnyk);

¤ His head lowered, holding to the banister, Andrew went upstairs. – Тримаючись за перила, з низько похиленою головою, Ендрю пішов до себе на гору. (a prepositional noun);

6. Translation of Gerund.

Translation of the gerund performing its nominal or verbal functions in the sentence usually doesn’t create great difficulties. Care should be taken when identifying the nature of the – ing form verbal, which may influence its way of translation.

Gerund can be translated descriptively, using subordinate clause or infinitives:

¤ Doing is better than saying. – Судять не по словах, а по ділах.

¤ Cunning is the fools’ substitute for wisdom. – Хитрощі у дурнів замість розуму.

¤ Marriage doesn’t prevent you leaving a woman – doesn’t it? – Обов’язки законного шлюбу не заважають вам кидати дружину, чи не так?

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