Intelligence pills

Some scientists have predicted that healthy adults and children may one day take drugs to improve their intelligence and intellectual performance.  A research group has suggested that such drugs might become as common as coffee or tea within the next couple of decades.

To counter this, students taking exams might have to take drugs tests like athletes.  There are already drugs that are known to improve mental performance, like Ritalin, which is given to children with problems concentrating.  A drug given to people with trouble sleeping also helps people remember numbers.

These drugs raise serious legal and moral questions, but people already take vitamins to help them remember things better, so it will not be a simple problem to solve.  It will probably be very difficult to decide at what point a food supplement becomes an unfair drug in an examination. 

6. - Only children will take pills to improve their intellectual performance.

a. Right b. Wrong c. Doesn't say

7. - Intelligence pills are already as common as coffee or tea.

a. Right b. Wrong c. Doesn't say

8. - Coffee is as common as tea.

a.Right b.Wrong c. Doesn't say

9. - Students could have to take intelligence drugs tests.

a.Right b.Wrong c.Doesn't say

10. - A sleeping pill helps people remember numbers.

a.Right b.Wrong c.Doesn't say

11. Vitamins to help people study are illegal.

a.Right b.Wrong c.Doesn't say

12. - Food supplements are unfair.

a.Right b.Wrong c.Doesn't say

PART IV

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The first Universities

Before the 12th century most people were illiterate. Reading and writing skills were not considered important or necessary. Monasteries were centres of education and priests and monks were the most educated people. But with the development of such sciences as medicine and law, organizations of general study, called universities, appeared in Italy and France. A university had four faculties: Theology (the study of religion), Canon Law (church laws), Medicine and Art, which included Latin grammar, rhetoric (the art of making speeches), logics, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music.

In the middle of the 12th century a group of professors from France came to Britain and founded schools in the town of Oxford in 1168. It was the beginning of the first English university. The second University was formed in 1209 in Cambridge.

Getting an education in those times was very difficult. Printing had not been invented, and all the books were hand-written. That’s why books were rare and very expensive. Only the richest people could afford buying books. If a man had twenty or thirty books, people said that he had a great library. In almost any monastery you could find one or two more monks spending hours every day copying books.

Printing was invented in the middle of the 15th century in Germany by Johann Gutenberg. To England it was brought by William Caxton, who was an educated man and did translations from French into English. When he was on business in Germany, he learned the art of printing. In 1476, when Caxton returned to England, he set up the first English printing-press in London. During the next fifteen years Caxton printed sixty-five works, both translations and originals.