Статьи для чтения (семинар 2-3) / karpov

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3.1.1.OZjZdl_j ]hjh^Z

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3.2.1.;ebadbc dhglZdl ^_nbpbl ijhkljZgkl\Z

3.2.1.1.Hq_j_^v

Hq_j_^v fh`gh jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd ij_^_evguc4 kemqZc [ebadh]h ijhkljZgkl\_ggh]h dhglZdlZ \ nhjf_ hlghkbl_evgh]h ijbgm`^_gby < g_dh lhjuo kemqZyo Zdlhj g_ bf__l \u[hjZ Š khojZgylv eb[h g_l k\h_ i_jkh gZevgh_ ijhkljZgkl\h b ih^^_j`b\Zlv mijZ\ey_fhklv nbabq_kdbfb dhglZd lZfb ihkdhevdm Zdlhj bkiulu\Z_l ihlj_[ghklv \ dhgdj_lghf [eZ]_ \ dhg dj_lgh_ \j_fy Z ihemq_gb_ ^Zggh]h [eZ]Z lh\ZjZ mkem]b \h \k_o bo nhj fZo lj_[m_l ij_h^he_gby mkeh\bc hq_j_^b < g_dhlhjuo khpbZevgh-

wdhghfbq_kdbo mkeh\byo gZ[ex^Z_lky \ukhdZy \_jhylghklv lZdh]h jh^Z kb lmZpbc b kh\_lkdb_ wdhghfbklu ih^kqblu\Zeb h[s_kl\_gguc ms_j[ b ijy fu_ m[uldb hl aZljZl \j_f_gb gZ klhygb_ \ hq_j_^yo Khhl\_lkl\_ggh mjh \_gv ikboheh]bq_kdhc gZijy`_gghklb ]hlh\ghklv b gZ\udb jZaj_r_gby dhgnebdlh\ nbabq_kdh]h ijhkljZgkl\Z dZd \ijhq_f b \k_o hklZevguo

3Bf_ggh [ulv Z g_ ³kqblZlvky´

4< jy^_ kemqZ_\ – ebd\b^bjh\Zgguc

97

Jhkkbckdh_ ]hjh^kdh_ ijhkljZgkl\h ihiuldZ hkfuke_gby

dhgnebdlh\ \ hq_j_^b nhjfu bg^bnn_j_glghklb b \h\e_q_gghklb – \k_ wlh

kbevgh aZ\bkbl hl qZklhlu kblmZpbc hq_j_^b \ `bagb ZdlhjZ Ke_^m_l ij_^ iheh`blv qlh baf_g_gby qZklhlu b ijh^he`bl_evghklb gZoh`^_gby \ hq_ j_^yo Z lZd`_ k^\b]b \ wdhghfbq_kdbo oZjZdl_jbklbdZo kZfhc kblmZpbb hq_j_^b \ agZqbl_evghc kl_i_gb \ebyxl gZ ijZ\beZ b nhjfu h[_aebq_ggh]h ih\_^_gby \h \k_o hklZevguo kblmZpbyo \ `bagb ]hjh`Zg

KZf ijbgpbi ijhkljZgkl\_ggh]h jZaf_s_gby \ `b\hc hq_j_^b hi j_^_ey_l [Zah\uc mjh\_gv h[_aebq_gghklb – ]eZaZ mibjZxlky \ aZluehd \i_

j_^b klhys_]h ijb lhf qlh nbabq_kdbc dhglZdl fh`_l [ulv bgh]^Z g_ih kj_^kl\_gguf b h[rbjguf Kms_kl\mxsb_ bkke_^h\Zgby ihk\ysZebkv k\y ab ih\_^_gby b ikboheh]bq_kdbo khklhygbc klhysbo \ hq_j_^b ex^_c k \Z` ghklvx hlghkbl_evghc j_^dhklvx p_ghc lh\ZjZ h[sbf \j_f_g_f ijh\_

^_gguf \ hq_j_^b Hq_\b^gh qlh mklZgh\db klhysbo \ dhgp_ hq_j_^b \ __ gZqZe_ 5 b j_Zdpbb gZ ih^oh^ysbo [_a hq_j_^b gZ hlemqZ\rboky b \_jgm\

rboky \ hq_j_^v y\eyxlky k\h_h[jZaguf ke_idhf i_jkhgZevguo bgl_jij_ lZpbc kbkl_fu kljZlbnbdZpbb

Ke_^m_l \u^_eblv l_ dhfihg_glu ³ih\_^_gby \ hq_j_^b´ dhlhju_ k\yaZgu kdhj__ k f_klghc dmevlmjhc – lh _klv \Zjvbjmxsb_ hl ]hjh^Z d

]hjh^m – q_f k oZjZdl_jbklbdZfb \hklj_[h\Zggh]h ZdlhjZfb [eZ]Z Bf_xl ky \ \b^m ijhp_^mju k ihfhsvx dhlhjuo Zdlhju ijbgbfZxl j_r_gby –

\klZ\Zlv \ hq_j_^v beb g_l dZd kijZrb\Zxl dlh ihke_^gbc dZd j_Z]bjmxl gZ g_ih^h[Zxs__ ih\_^_gb_

3.2.1.2. H[s_kl\_gguc ljZgkihjl

H[s_kl\_gguc ljZgkihjl fh`_l [ulv i_j_iheg_g b hlghkbl_evgh k\h[h^_g jZkklhygb_ f_`^m hklZgh\dZfb b ke_^h\Zl_evgh ijh^he`bl_ev ghklv i_jbh^h\ ihklhygguo mkeh\bc gZoh`^_gby \gmljb kZehgZ rbjhdh \Zjvbjm_lky < g_dhlhjhf kfuke_ fh^_eb ih\_^_gby \ ebnlZo jZaebqguo lbih\ ihiZ^Zxl \ dZl_]hjbx ih\_^_gby \ h[s_kl\_gghf ljZgkihjl_ ;_a khfg_gby gZebqb_ jZaguo \b^h\ ljZgkihjlh\ – g_ lhevdh kl_i_gv jZaj_r_

gby ijh[e_f ^hklb`bfhklb gh b mjh\_gv jZaghh[jZaby b jZa\_l\e_gghklb jZaguo \b^h\ – bf__l ijyfh_ \ha^_ckl\b_ gZ ^mrm ]hjh^Z GZ jZaguo wlZiZo

jZa\blby ]hjh^Z p_glj ^_eh\u_ jZchgu ljZgablgu_ ahgu b kiZevgu_ ijb ]hjh^u Zkkhpbbjmxlky k jZagufb \b^Zfb ljZgkihjlZ eb[h k bo dhf[bgZpb

5 DklZlb aZ^mfZcl_kv – \ jZaguo ehdZevguo dmevlmjZo ihgylb_ ³dhg_p hq_j_^b´

hagZqZ_l ³gZqZeh hq_j_^b´ \ ^jm]bo

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: DZjih\

_c K lhqdb aj_gby `bl_e_c f_]Zihebkh\ gZebqb_ lhevdh Z\lh[mkgh]h kh h[s_gby \hafh`gh ebrv \ ihk_e_gbyo ihemk_evkdh]h lbiZ dhf[bgZpby Z\ lh[mkh\ b lhevdh h^gh]h \b^Z we_dljhljZgkihjlZ djhf_ f_ljh k\hckl\_ggZ ijh\bgpbZevguf ih ^mom ]hjh^Zf ljZf\Zc dZd ijZ\beh \klj_qZ_lky \ bk lhjbq_kdbo p_gljZo mljZlb\rbo k\h_ gZpbhgZevgh_ agZq_gb_

<h \j_fy ih_a^db ]hjh`Zg_ jZa^_eyxlky gZ g_kdhevdh kljZl ih \ha fh`ghklb ihemqblv ijb\be_]bb \ ljZgkihjl_ – ih \hajZklm khklhygbx a^h

jh\vy ihem bgh]^Z jZk_ gZebqbx [Z]Z`Z dhebq_kl\m hklZgh\hd ^h \uoh^Z G_j_^dh bf_ggh hkh[_gghklb f_klgh]h ljZgkihjlgh]h wlbd_lZ hibku\Zxl ky \ jmdh\h^kl\Zo ^ey bghkljZgp_\ LZdZy kljZlbnbdZpby kjZ\gbfZ kh kem qZ_f hq_j_^b Ijb\be_]bb dhlhju_ ij_^iheZ]Z_lky jZkij_^_eylv \ khhl\_l kl\bb k wlhc kljZlbnbdZpb_c \dexqZxl g_ lhevdh kb^yqb_ f_klZ gh lZd`_ ^hklmi d hdgm d ^\_jyf Z ijb hlghkbl_evghc aZiheg_gghklb kZehgZ – m^h\

e_l\hjbl_evgh_ i_jkhgZevgh_ ijhkljZgkl\h \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v

3.2.1.3.Lheiu gZ mebpZo b \ [hevrbo fZ]ZabgZo

Ih\_^_gb_ \ l_o f_klZo kdhie_gby [hevrh]h qbkeZ ex^_c ^\b]Zx sboky oZhlbq_kdb beb ^ey djZldhklb – lhei \ g_dhlhjuo k\hbo iZll_jgZo

koh^gh k \ur_mihfygmlufb h[jZapZfb ih\_^_gby \ hq_j_^yo b \ h[s_kl \_gghf ljZgkihjl_ Hlebqbl_evgufb hkh[_gghklyfb y\eyxlky gZebqb_ jZa ghh[jZagh]h p_e_iheZ]Zgby ^\b`_gby \ aZiheg_gguo f_klZo b ij_ju\Zgby wlh]h ^\b`_gby OZjZdl_jguc ijbf_j – ih^a_fguc i_j_oh^ h[hjm^h\Zgguc

ih^ kf_rZgguc lhj]h\uc jy^ h^gb ki_rZl i_j_clb ijhki_dl ih^ a_fe_c ^jm]b_ jZa]ey^u\Zxl \k_ \bljbgu ih^jy^ lj_lbc g_h`b^Zggh hklZgh\beky m\b^_\ g_h`b^Zggh gbadmx p_gm gZ ^Z\gh `_eZgguc lh\Zj <k_ wlh mkm]m[ ey_lky i_j_ie_l_gb_f g_kdhevdbo ihlhdh\ dh]^Z \oh^h\ b \uoh^h\ [hevr_ q_f ^\Z

< h]jhfghf lhj]h\hf dhfie_dk_ ex^b \uoh^yl ba ebnlZ beb k wk dZeZlhjZ \ wlbo ^\mo kemqZyo fh`gh ijh\_klb ZgZeh]bb \ h[s_kl\_gghf ljZgkihjl_ b ^\b]Zxlky f_`^m g_[hevrbfb beb agZqbl_evgufb hq_j_^yfb ih oh^m ^_eZ mklmiZy ^hjh]m ^jm] ^jm]m beb aZklZ\eyy dh]h-lh mklmiblv ^h

jh]m Ke_^m_l ijbgpbibZevgh jZaebqblv ^\Z kemqZy i_j_k_dZxsboky iml_c –

³eh[h\h_ klhedgh\_gb_´ [he__ ih^jh[gh jZkkfZljb\Z_lky \ ke_^mxs_f imgdl_ b ³i_j_k_dZxsb_ky ljZ_dlhjbb´ <h \lhjhf kemqZ_ \_jhylghklv dhglZdlZ ebphf-d-ebpm ihgb`_gZ \ke_^kl\b_ q_]h kemqZxlky m`_ l_e_kgu_

klhedgh\_gby h[_ klhjhgu bf_xl f_gvr_ \j_f_gb gZ hp_gdm klZlmkZ ijh lb\hiheh`ghc klhjhgu b ^he`gu ijbgbfZlv j_r_gby – lhedZlv beb mklm

99

Jhkkbckdh_ ]hjh^kdh_ ijhkljZgkl\h ihiuldZ hkfuke_gby

iZlv ^hjh]m- ijZdlbq_kdb fhf_glZevgh G_j_^dh fh`gh m\b^_lv kblmZpbx ³\aZbfghc \_`eb\hklb´ – h[Z mqZklgbdZ ^\b`_gby j_adh lhjfhayl aZl_f

\bamZevgh hp_gb\Zxl dhgljZ]_glZ \ ex[hf kemqZ_ \u^_j`b\Zxl iZmam ^hk lZlhqgmx qlh[u \lhjhc mqZklgbd gZqZe ^\b`_gb_ GZ[ex^_gby \ ]hjh^Zo <hklhqghc ?\jhiu b Jhkkbb ijh\_^_ggu_ Z\lhjhf \ - ]h^Zo ihdZ

au\Zxl qlh \ kblmZpbb ³i_j_k_dZxsboky ljZ_dlhjbc´

{\ lhj]h\uo ahgZo qZs_ ^hjh]m mklmiZxl l_ m dh]h g_l beb _s_ fZeh ihdmihd

{\_jhylghklv \aZbfghc \_`eb\hklb \ur_ \ lhj]h\uo dhfie_dkZo k ij_h[eZ^Zgb_f k_dpbc ijhfure_gguo lh\Zjh\ q_f \ kmi_j fZjd_lZo Z gZ hldjuluo [ZaZjZo – _s_ gb`_

{\_jhylghklv \aZbfghc \_`eb\hklb \ ZwjhihjlZo \ur_ q_f gZ \hdaZeZo b Z\lh\hdaZeZo

{\_jhylghklv \aZbfghc \_`eb\hklb \ ljZgkihjlguo maeZo gb`_ q_f \ f_klZo lhj]h\eb

3.2.1.4.Ijhoh^ f_`^m fZrbghc b kl_ghc

KblmZpby dh]^Z Z\lhfh[bebklu ^ey iZjdh\db bkihevamxl agZqb l_evgmx qZklv ljhlmZjZ gZb[he__ jZkijhkljZg_gZ \ bklhjbq_kdbo qZklyo \hklhqgh_\jhi_ckdbo ]hjh^h\ GZ[ex^_gby Z\lhjZ \ <ZjrZ\_ ;m^Zi_rl_ IjZ]_ Fhkd\_ IhagZgb DjZdh\_ iha\hebeb \uy\blv g_kdhevdh nZdlhjh\ hij_^_eyxsbo hq_j_^ghklv ijhoh^Z lZf ]^_ ^\Z q_eh\_dZ g_ fh]ml ijhclb gZ\klj_qm ^jm] ^jm]m h^gh\j_f_ggh

1)Hlghkbl_evgh_ ij_bfms_kl\h ihemqZ_l lhl i_r_oh^ ^ey dhlhjh]h kl_ gZ – ih ijZ\mx jmdm Z fZrbgZ – ih e_\mx

2)Hlghkbl_evgh_ ij_bfms_kl\h ihemqZ_l lhl i_r_oh^ dhlhjuc b^_l ih^ mdehg _keb j_ev_n mebpu \ujZ`_g

3)Hlghkbl_evgh_ ij_bfms_kl\h ihemqZxl `_gsbgu

4)Hlghkbl_evgh_ ij_bfms_kl\h ihemqZxl g_dhlhju_ wlgbq_kdb_ ]jmiiudZ\dZapu \ Fhkd\_ pu]Zg_ \ IjZ]_

5)Hlghkbl_evgh_ ij_bfms_kl\h ihemqZxl i_r_oh^u [_a kh[Zd

6)Hlghkbl_evgh_ ij_bfms_kl\h ihemqZxl ex^b [_a jZkijZ\e_gguo ahg lh\

7)Hlghkbl_evgh_ ij_bfms_kl\h ihemqZxl i_r_oh^u g_ baf_gy\rb_ ljZ

_dlhjbb r_^rb_ \^hev ljhlmZjZ ^h wlh]h lh _klv hklZgh\blvky b ih^h `^Zlv ke_^m_l l_f dlh \ur_e ba ^\_j_c ^\hjZ beb i_j_k_d mebpm

8)Hlghkbl_evgh_ ij_bfms_kl\h ihemqZxl ^_lb b i_r_oh^u k ^_lvfb

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9)Hlghkbl_evgh_ ij_bfms_kl\h ihemqZxl ex^b ih`beh]h \hajZklZ

<k_ wlb ijZ\beZ ^hklZlhqgh eh]bqgu – hgb eb[h ij_^iheZ]Zxl fh

jZevgh_ kZgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_ eb[h ih^^_j`Zgb_ ^bklZgpbb [_ahiZkghklb eb[h ljZgkeypbx ijZ\be ^hjh`gh]h ^\b`_gby Z\lhfh[be_c gZ i_r_oh^h\ Ijb wlhf \ p_gljZevghc qZklb ]hjh^Z qZklh \hagbdZxl kblmZpbb dh]^Z ^\Z beb ^Z`_ [hevr_ ijZ\be \klmiZxl \ ijhlb\hj_qb_ b mqZklgbdb ^he`gu fhf_glZevgh ijbgylv j_r_gb_ h ijbhjbl_l_ lh]h beb bgh]h ijZ\beZ <hl dZd Z\lhj fh`_l h[h[sblv k\hb gZ[ex^_gby

1)\ ^_eh\uo jZchgZo hkeZ[_\Z_l ijZ\beh wlgbq_kdbo ]jmii b ijZ\beh ^_ l_c

2)\ jZchgZo \hae_ l_Zljh\ \ \_q_jg__ \j_fy hkeZ[_\Z_l ijZ\beh ^_l_c b ijZ\beh kh[Zd

3)\ jZchgZo k \ukhdhc dhgp_gljZpb_c dZn_ [Zjh\ b j_klhjZgh\ hkeZ[_\Z _l ijZ\beh ljZ_dlhjbb

4)\ jZchgZo ]^_ aZf_lgh qbkeh bghkljZgguo lmjbklh\ – b \ l_ qZku dh]^Z bo [hevr_ \k_]h – hkeZ[_\Zxl \k_ ijZ\beZ djhf_ ijZ\be `_gsbg b ih`beuo

5)\ abfg__ \j_fy \h \k_o jZchgZo k j_ev_nhf ijZ\beh j_ev_nZ mkbeb\Z_l ky

6)\h \k_o p_gljZevguo jZchgZo \k_ ijZ\beZ bf_xl hlghkbl_evgh `_kldbc oZjZdl_j ihjy^hd ijhoh^Z g_ h[km`^Z_lky – djhf_ ijhoh^h\ b mebp ]^_ fZeZ \_jhylghklv ijhoh^Z ihklhjhggbo – ]^_ g_l \uoh^Z d h[s_kl\_g

guf a^Zgbyf ^hklhijbf_qZl_evghklyf b ij \ ihke_^gbo kemqZyo \u khdZ \_jhylghklv iZjZebg]\bklbq_kdh]h b wdkljZebg]\bklbq_kdh]h ^bZ eh]Z dhlhjuc iha\hey_l mklZgh\blv hq_j_^ghklv ijhoh^Z k f_gvr_c hjb_glZpb_c gZ ijZ\beZ QZs_ \k_]h ihklhjhggbc ^he`_g mklmiZlv ^h jh]m

<]hjh^Zo ]^_ ]jZgbpZ p_glj g_p_glj \ujZ`_gZ ikboheh]bq_kdb q_ldh kms_kl\m_l q_ldbc i_j_oh^ f_`^m ijZdlbdZfb ijbf_g_gby ijZ\be =bihl_aZ lZf ]^_ bklhjbdh-dmevlmjguc p_glj fZe b hl]hjh`_g ijhbkoh^bl

ijb\udZgb_ d ³g_mqlb\uf ijZ\beZf´ b bo i_j_ghk \ lhf qbke_ \ p_glj LZf ]^_ p_glj hlghkbl_evgh \_ebd b ]jZgbpZ _]h g_kdhevdh jZafulZ ijhbkoh^bl ^bnnmaby ³mqlb\uo ijZ\be´ \ [hevrbgkl\h ]hjh^kdbo ahg

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