8. Make a plan of this text. Add it with the keywords.

9. Retell this text using your plan.

10. Find the sentence with the word combination common disease’. What is the translation? Match English words and their corresponding Russian equivalents.

common word	обычный человек
in common	впроголодь
common ground	общий смысл
commonwealth	нарицательное слово
common man	общинная земля
on short common	банальность
common sense	совместно
commonplace	государство, федерация

11. Translate the following one-rooted words:

Industry – industrial – industrialism – industrialist – industrialize – industrious;

Apply - applicant - application;

Gene – genealogy – genetics – genome – genetic;

Therapy – therapist – therapeutic – therapeutics;

Intervene – intervention – intervening – interventionism.

12. Read the text and translate it.

The Human Genome Project.

Eyes of brown? or blue?… Curly hair? Or straight?… Dimples?…Freckles? …

It’s in our genes. Heredity. Our mothers and fathers passed on all our traits when we were born. There are also many things in our genes that we would rather avoid, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, arthritis, muscular dystrophy, and other illnesses.

Many diseases come from alterations in our genes. To decipher our genetic code, a scientific journey has begun called The Human Genome Project. The genetic code is the complete instructions of all the genes that tell our body how to develop.

Over the years, some genes have been discovered for certain diseases. People who have a family history of these diseases can be tested for the specific gene.

They will then know if they have this disease, even if no symptoms are present. But there are many more diseases with genetic components that have not yet been uncovered. Scientists are still unclear what or which genes affect those diseases. Francis Collins MD, PHD, is the Project Director at the National Center for Human Genome Research. He said that “by uncovering all 30,000 to 40,000 genes in the human genome, we should at the same time uncover the heredity basis of most diseases and that would put us in a position to diagnose them better, treat them better and practice better preventative medicine.”

What are Genes? They are found in the part of the cell called the nucleus. Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 in all. One member of each pair comes from the mother and one from the father. Genes occur in pairs, like the chromosomes. A chromosome is a very long chemical molecule called DNA. Genes are segments of DNA molecules. DNA is shaped like a twisted ladder. Rungs of the ladder are chemicals called “base pairs”. Chemical “A” is always paired up with “T” and “G” (all our DNA) contains three billion “base pairs”. The Human Genome Project will find the sequence of all of them. This knowledge will revolutionize our understanding of the way genes influence disease, because the genes’ “base pair” sequence is the code that determines what it does.

What do genes do? They give cells the instructions they need to make complex molecules called proteins. Each gene code is for a different protein. A cell first converts DNA to a similar molecule called RNA. RNA carries the gene’s instructions to another part of the cell that acts like a protein factory. Most proteins that come out of the factory are enzymes. Other proteins form cell structures. Occasionally, the gene that codes for a protein has an error in its based pair sequence. The cell then makes a protein that is not able to do what it should. This is called a mutated gene. Mutated genes play a major role in human diseases. Since genes are incredibly small, it is difficult for scientists to isolate them. Making it easier for scientists to find disease causing genes is the main goal of the Human Genome Project.