22. The etymology of English words. Give the reasons why the words are borrowed. Changes which words undergo.

English vocabulary is one of the most extensive among the world 's languages contains an immense number of words of foreign origin as a result of different invasions Britain underwent and internat. contacts. It was necessary to create names for the new notions and things invaders brought with them. The history of EL begins with the invasion of the British Isles by Germanic tribes in the 5th c. Before the Germanic invasion the British Isles must have been in­habited for at least fifty thousand years by the Celts - a tribal society. Celtic languages were spoken over extensive parts of Europe before our era but later they were absorbed by other IE languages. Then in 43 A.D. Romans invaded Britain and remained there about 4c. As a result of Roman invasion many words of Latin origin have come to the language (street, port, wall, kitchen, plum). In the 1^st c. A.D. West Germanic invaders (Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians) conquered the British Isles and their dialects were used for oral communication cause there was no written form. The dialect of the Angles of Mercia became predominant and later gave the name of the English lang. The conversion of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes who were pagans to Christianity began at the end of the 6^th cent. and enlarged the word-stock by the words of Greek (arithmetic, theatre, geography) and Latin (paper, candle, school) origin and Many Scandinavian words appeared after the Danes invasion started at the end of the 8^th cent (sky, skirt, happy, ill, law, leg, take). In 1066 the English were defeated by the Normans and England became a bi-lingual country. French words penetrated every aspects of social life (state, power, court, crime, war, army, pupil, lesson, table , plate). The Renaissance Period was marked by a new wave of interest to Greek and Roman heritage and brought a great number of Latin, Greek and Italian borrowings (major, minor, to elect, status, method, music, piano, opera). There are about 65-70% of borrowed words in English.

23. International words. Etymological doublets. Translation-loans.

Inern. words are mainly borrowings. They usually convey notions which are significant in the field of commun-on. Many of them are of Greek and Latin origin, the names of sciences (math., biology, physics, chemistry) and terms art (music, theatre, comedy, artist). Political terms often occur in the intern. group of borrowings: politics, revolution, progress, democracy. Scientific and technological advances of the 20^th c. created a great number of intern. words: radio, computer, antibiotic, sputnik. Among the English words contributed to world lang. the great place belongs to the sports terms: football, hockey, cricket, rugby. The names of fruits and foodstuffs imported from exotic countries are also intern.: coffee, coca-cola, banana, mango. Inern. words can be easily understood without vocabulary. Words originating from the same etymological source but differing in phonemic shape and in meaning are called etymological doublets. Some of such pairs consist of a native word and a borrowed one The words shirt and skirt etymologically descent from the same root. Shirt is native, skirt is a Scandinavian borrowing. Their phonetic shape is different and yet there is a certain resemblance. Their meanings are also different but they both denote articles of clothing. Others are represented by two borrowings from different languages descended from the same root (canal (Lat.) - channel (Fr)) or were borrowed from the same lang. twice, but in different periods (cavalry (Norm., Fr.) - chivalry (Par., Fr). A doublet may also consist of a shortened word and the one from which it was derived: history-story; fantasy-fancy. The term «loan» is equivalent to borrowing but it is of a special kind. Such words are not taken into the vocabulary of another language in the same phonetic shape of their own language, but undergo the process of translation. They are not only compound words when each stem is translated separately: wonder child (Ger.-Wunderhind); first dancer (Ital.-prima-ballerina); collective farm (колхоз) - The Russian «колхоз» was borrowed twice by way of translation-loan (collective farm) and by way of direct borrowing (kolkhoz).