Английский язык (учебное пособие)
.pdfbusiness. Some observers predict that joint ventures are the wave of the future for reasons such as heightened global competition, increased risk and the fast pace of technological change.
Many joint ventures are not intended to fill standard business objectives (such as making profits). Instead, they were created to learn a technology, open a market and block a competitor.
8)Сравните образование и употребление видовременных форм глаголов действительного и страдательного залогов. Переведите
предложения:
Active Voice
1)They usually close the shop at 8. They closed the shop at 8 yesterday. They will close the shop at 8 tomorrow.
2)The students are translating
the text now.
The students were translating the text the whole lesson yesterday.
The students will be translating
the text the whole lesson tomorrow. 3) We have just written the test. We had written the test before
the bell rang.
We shall have written the test before the bell rings.
Passive Voice
1)The shop is usually closed at 8. The shop was closed at 8 yesterday. The shop will be closed at 8 tomorrow.
2)The text is being translated now. The text was being translated by the students the whole lesson yesterday.
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3) The test has just been written. The test had been written before the bell rang.
The test will have been written before the bell rings.
9)Переведите на английский язык:
1)Я приглашаю. – Меня приглашают.
2)Он присылает. – Ему присылают.
3)Она рассказывает. – Ей рассказывают.
4)Он вызывает. – Его вызывают.
5)Они сообщают. – Им сообщают.
6)Рабочий строит. – Дом строится.
7)Писатель пишет книгу. – Книга публикуется.
8)Студент выполняет упражнение. – Упражнение выполняется.
9)Брат помогает. – Брату помогают.
10)Профессор читает лекцию. – Профессора спрашивают.
11)Врач советует. – Им советуют.
10)Заполните пропуски активной или пассивной формой глагола, данного в скобках:
1)People … for their food and … for their work. (pay)
2)It is easy to … and unpleasant to … .(criticize)
3)Children … and … in the bathroom. (wash)
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4)We can … a letter in pencil but an application must be … only in ink. (write)
5)We … soup with a spoon but meat … with a fork. (eat)
11)Дополните предложения глаголами, употребив их в форме Present Passive или Past Passive: blow, build, clean, damage, find, invent, make, pay, show, speak, steal:
1)The room ……………………. every day.
2)Two trees …………………….. down in the storm last night.
3)Paper …………………………. from wood.
4)There was a fire at the hotel last week. Two rooms ……………………. .
5)Many different languages ………………………………. in India.
6)These houses are very old. They ………………….. about 500 years ago.
7)Many American programmes …………………….. on British television.
8)“Is this a very old film?” “Yes, it ………………………... in 1949.”
9)My car ……………. last week. The next day it ………..….by the police.
10)The transistor …………………………. in 1948.
11)She has a very good job. She ……………………$ 3000 a month.
12)Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1)Many books are published in Russia.
2)The machines are tested by the police.
3)I am always driven to work by my neighbor.
4)The car is serviced in the garage down the road.
5)The car is polished once every three months.
6)Concrete is made of cement, sand, and gravel.
7)A picnic is arranged once a month by our club.
8)These gates aren’t painted every year.
9)I’m not invited to my uncle’s every weekend.
10)New coats aren’t bought every day.
ТЕМА: MY JOB (МОЯ РАБОТА)
Questions (Вопросы)
General information:
1.What’s your name?
2.What city (town, village) do you live and work in?
Your company (organization):
3.What organization (company) do you work for? (What’s the name of your company?)
4.What type of organization (company) is it?
5.What are they in?
6.Is your organization big or small? How many people work in it?
7.What is the organizational structure of the company?
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Your position:
8.What is your position in the company?
9.What are your duties and responsibilities?
10.How long have you been with this organization?
A place where you work:
11.Do you work in an office (inside, outside)?
12.Where is it located? What type is it?
13.What have you got at your work place?
Your typical working day:
14.How many days a week do you work?
15.Do your working days differ much?
16.When do you get up?
17.How do you get to work?
18.How long does it take you to get to work?
19.When does your working day begin?
20.What exactly do you do during your work hours?
21.Do you have a lunch (dinner) break? What time?
22.What time do you finish work?
23.Do you have paid holidays? How often? How long are they?
Attitude to the job:
24.What do you like (don’t like) about your job?
25.Would you like to change it?
Speech Patterns (Речевые клише)
General information:
1.My name is … .
2.I live in… .
I live in …, but work in … .
Your company (organization):
3. I work for the … , called … .
4.It is a … .
I’m self-employed. I own a company.
5.We are in … . I’m in business.
6.The organisation (company, firm) is … There are about ….. people in it.
7.The head of the company is the …
There are …. departments in our organization. They are … .
Your position:
8.I work in … department. I’m ….. .
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9.I’m responsible for …. My major task is … . My duties are … .
10.I have been with this … for …. years (months) already.
A place where you work:
11.I work in the office (shop, etc.). I work outside.
12.It is located in the centre of … (in … street, in the suburbs). I work in an open plan office.
There are … people in the office besides me. I’ve got a personal office.
I work at home.
13.On my work place I’ve got … On my desk I’ve got …. .
Your typical working day:
14.I work … days a week.
15.My working days are usually the same.
My working days are different. Sometimes I …, sometimes I … .
16.I usually get up at … .
17.I (usually) get to work by… . I usually drive to work.
My …. usually gives me a lift in … car.
18.It takes me … to get to work.
19.My typical working day begins at … o’clock.
20.During my working day (hours) I … .
21.At … o’clock I have a lunch-break. I don’t have a lunch break.
22.I finish at … .
23.I have … days paid holiday … a year.
Attitude to the job:
24.I like (don’t like) my job, because it is … .
25.So, I’d like (I wouldn’t like) to change it.
Vocabulary (Лексика)
Type of organization – тип организации company - компания
firm - фирма bank - банк
institution – организация, институт
Form of ownership – форма собственности
sole proprietorship – индивидуальное частное предприятие partnership – товарищество, партнерство, общество
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corporation - корпорация
limited (unlimited) liability company – компания с ограниченной
(неограниченной) ответственностью joint-stock company – акционерное общество private company – частная компания
state enterprise – государственное предприятие municipal organization – муниципальная организация public organization – общественная организация
Activities of a company – деятельность компании manufacturing – производство
industry – промышленность business – бизнес commerce – коммерция
retailing – розничная торговля wholesaling – оптовая торговля consulting – консультативная деятельность banking – банковское дело
finance – финансы
real estate – недвижимость
information technologies – информационные технологии publishing – издательское дело
public services (education, medicine, transportation, utilities, etc.) –
общественный сектор (образование, медицина, транспорт, коммунальное хозяйство и т.д.)
Size of the company – размер компании
very big, quite big, not very big, quite small, very small
Positions – должности director – директор
deputy (managing) director – замдиректора president – президент
manager – менеджер, управляющий head (of department) – начальник (отдела) accountant – бухгалтер
cashier – кассир
lawyer – юрист, адвокат
shop assistant – продавец-консультант (в магазине) seller – продавец, торговец
clerk – служащий
personnel officer – специалист отдела кадров engineer – инженер
(leading) specialist – (ведущий) специалист
Departments – отделы personnel – кадров
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accounting – бухгалтерия planning – плановый production – производственный marketing – маркетинга, сбыта supplies – снабжения
Duties and responsibilities – обязанности и ответственность to make decisions – принимать решения
to sign contracts – подписывать контракты
to negotiate deals – вести переговоры (о заключении сделок) to strike deals – заключать сделки
to keep books – вести учет (вести бухгалтерские книги) to keep records – вести записи
to work with customers (clients) – работать с клиентами
to buy supplies (raw materials) – закупать материалы, сырье
to deliver (goods, supplies) – доставлять (товары, материалы, сырье)
Objects on the work place – предметы на рабочем месте desk – рабочий стол
lamp – лампа file – папка
computer – компьютер printer – принтер scanner – сканнер
address book – адресная книга
telephone directory – телефонный справочник
Stationery – канцелярские принадлежности pen – ручка
pencil – карандаш
pencil sharpener – точилка ruler – линейка
eraser – стирательная резинка scissors – ножницы
marker – маркер corrector – корректор glue – клей
sticky tape, scotch – липкая лента, скотч
Means of transport – средства транспорта bus – автобус
bicycle – велосипед car – машина trolleybus – троллейбус tram – трамвай
train – поезд underground – метро
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Times - время
a minute – минута an hour – час
half an hour – полчаса
an hour and a half – полтора часа
Everyday activities – ежедневные занятия
to write (type) letters – писать (печатать) письма to send orders – рассылать заказы
to calculate (salaries, taxes) – рассчитывать (зарплату, налоги)
to prepare financial statements, reports – готовить финансовые отчеты to consult partners (clients) – консультироваться с партнерами (клиентами)
to talk on the telephone – разговаривать по телефону to sell goods – продавать товары
to work with papers (documents) – работать с бумагами (документами)
Job - работа
interesting – интересная creative – творческая
well-paid – хорошо оплачиваемая easy – легкая
hard – тяжелая difficult – трудная boring – скучная
УРОК 6
Тексты для чтения, перевода и обсуждения: Text 1.What is economics all about?
Text 2. Starting a Business. Text 3. Competition.
Text 4. Developing a Financial Plan. Text 5. Money then and now.
Text 6. Jane’s first bank account. Text 7. Commercial banks.
Text 8. Finance and financial system.
TEXT 1. WHAT IS ECONOMICS ALL ABOUT?
It is characteristic of any society that while wants of people are growing constantly, the economic resources required to satisfy these wants are limited and scare. Economic resources may be classified as material resources and labour resources. As a result any economic system is trying to find most effective and efficient ways of utilising resources for the production of goods and services. The rational solution of the problem brings about the maximum
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economic growth, full employment, stable prices, equitable distribution of revenues, and social security of the needy.
There are different economic systems in the world today. Many economists argue that free enterprise, or the market economy is the most effective system, because businesses are free to choose whom to buy from and sell to and on what terms, and free to choose whom to compete with. One of the main laws of the market is the law of supply and demand. It says that if demand exceeds supply the price tends to rise and when supply exceeds demand the price tends to fall.
The market mechanism brings about an allocation of resources that reflects two basic factors: consumer preferences and production costs. The prices, which play the coordinating role of the market mechanism, are determined through the interaction of demand and supply.
Another important force of the market is competition. On the one hand, it protects the customer, on the other hand, it makes producers and suppliers of scarce resources utilize them economically, using most sophisticated technologies.
All businesses produce goods and services and seek profits. They all compete with other businesses for inputs of labour, capital and natural resources, including foreign partners.
Vocabulary
1.economic resources – экономические ресурсы
2.labour resources – людские ресурсы
3.scarce – скудный, дефицитный, редкий
4.utilize – использовать
5.bring about – вызывать, приводить к чему-либо
6.equitable – справедливый
7.revenue – доход (получаемый от сбора налогов)
8.social security – социальное обеспечение
9.free enterprise – свободное предпринимательство
10.market economy – рыночная экономика
11.compete (with) – конкурировать (с кем-либо)
12.the law of supple and demand – закон спроса и предложения
13.exceed – превышать
14.tend – иметь тенденцию
15.allocation – распределение, выделение
16.consumer preferences – предпочтение потребителей
17.production costs – издержки производства
18.determine – определять
19.competition – конкуренция
20.sophisticated technology – сложная технология
21.force of the market – фактор рынка
22.to seek profits – стремиться получить прибыль
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23.input – вводимый ресурс
24.solution – решение
25.rational – разумный, целесообразный
TEXT 2. STARTING A BUSINESS
People start new business because they want to make money. No doubt you have heard stories about people who become extremely wealthy or successful because they started a business. These stories suggest that “the sky is the limit” in terms of the money that you might make.
However, there is no guarantee that you will make a profit. In fact, most businesses actually lose money and are eventually forced to close. This is especially true of small business. Consequently, starting a new business is a project that involves a lot of risk.
New businesses often fail because of factors their owners can’t control. For example, high interest rates might cause a slump in the home-building and automobile industries. In this case, many consumers are unable to buy homes or cars because the payments are too high. Businesses fail for other kinds of reasons, too. A new highway might divert traffic away from a popular restaurant. A product might no longer be necessary or in much demand (think of horseshoes). Or a small retailer might not be able to sell in large quantities to compete with big retailers.
Businesses often fail because of factors that owners might have been able to predict. Even though you cannot predict the future, you must try to anticipate changes. Are interest rates expected to go up or down? Are new roads going to change traffic patterns? Will the product you want to manufacture be in demand in years to come? Can the business compete with other businesses offering similar products? Or is another company likely to offer its product less expensively?
You can’t answer these questions with total accuracy, but by considering them you can reduce the risk involved in beginning a business.
There are four important steps involved in getting ready to open a business:
1.determining consumer demand for a product or service
2.understanding the competition in the industry
3.determining if you have the skill and knowledge to be competitive in the industry.
4.figuring out potential costs and revenues
Vocabulary
1.profit – выгода
2.eventually – в итоге, в конце концов
3.consequently – следовательно
4.interest rate – процентная ставка
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5.slump – внезапный спад
6.consumer – потребитель
7.to be in demand – пользоваться спросом
8.retailer – продавец в розницу
9.to compete – конкурировать
10.to predict – предсказывать
11.to anticipate – предвидеть
12.to be likely – вероятно
13.consumer demand – потребительский спрос
14.to figure out – подсчитывать приблизительно
15.cost – стоимость
16.revenue – доход, прибыль
TEXT 3. COMPETITION
Every business has some form of competition. Some competition is direct competition, such as two gas stations providing essentially the same services located near each other.
Indirect competition happens when alternative products compete. For example, while beef producers are in direct competition with pork and chicken producers. At a major cost-saving development in the chicken industry made chicken very inexpensive, people might buy more chicken. Those people would probably also buy less beef. Therefore, beef producers sales would be hurt by their indirect competition.
Successful business often begins when someone has a new idea and is willing to work hard to make that idea a reality. The idea must take into account both the demand for a product or service and the competition.
Vocabulary
1.major – крупный
2.cost-saving development – усовершенствование, сокращающее расходы
3.to hurt – причинить вред
4.to take into account – принимать во внимание
Найдите ответы на следующие вопросы:
1.What is direct competition? Give an example.
2.What is indirect competition? Give an example.
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