History

Dutch emerged as a structurally distinct branch of West Germanic as the result of language contact between speakers of North Sea Germanic and speakers of the South Germanic “Franconian,” or Frankish. The crucial early period of this contact occurred in the 7th and 8th centuries and resulted from the expansion of Frankish (Merovingian and early Carolingian) power into the western coastal areas that were populated by North Sea Germanic groups. The most important structural characteristic of Dutch is its strikingly anomalous development of i-umlaut; whereas in all other West and North Germanic languages, i-umlaut affected all nonfront vowels, in standard Dutch only ă shows umlaut fronting. In the dialects this limited development of umlaut is found only in the coastal areas (Flanders, Zeeland, Holland); eastern dialects show umlaut developments like those of the neighbouring German dialects and standard German.

The structural peculiarity of the coastal dialects can best be explained as the result of the imperfect acquisition of Frankish by North Sea Germanic speakers in the period about 700 ce. The resulting new form of Frankish, which was structurally affected by contact with North Sea Germanic, first developed in centres such as Ghent and Bruges, both of which gradually rose to great economic and cultural prominence. In the course of the Middle Ages, the local North Sea Germanic dialects of the west were replaced by the restructured Frankish—i.e., Dutch; at the same time, Dutch influence also spread eastward (see below Dialects).

Little vernacular material from the Low Countries has survived from the period before 1200. There are, for example, glosses of psalms dating to the 10th or 11th century in a dialect from the area around the modern Dutch-German border. Beyond this, only a few sentences and words are recorded in various texts, but a large body of onomastic material also exists. About 1200, the Middle Dutch period begins and from this time exists a large corpus of both literary and nonliterary documents. Though texts from all dialect areas have survived, the texts from Flanders are by far the most numerous.

The economic and cultural preeminence of the Flemish cities was especially great during the Middle Dutch period, and both scribal and linguistic influences from Flanders can be seen in documents originating in other regions. In the 15th century the cities of Brabant began to surpass the Flemish cities in importance. In turn, partly because of the failure of the southern provinces to break free of Spanish rule, preeminence shifted again in the late 16th century to Amsterdam and the other cities of the Netherlands. It was in the Netherlands during the 17th century that a genuine standard variety arose, yet, in the written language, strong Flemish and Brabant influences remain. Under foreign rule the language lost status in the southern provinces and in the 18th and 19th centuries was relegated to the position of a lingua rustica, with French serving as the standard language. This situation was rectified through political action during the 20th century.