- •Foreword
- •Preface to the Fourth Edition
- •Contents
- •Instructions for Use
- •Bones
- •Sutures, joints and ligaments
- •Muscles
- •Muscles, synovial bursae and sheaths
- •Digestive system
- •Digestive and respiratory system
- •Urogenital system
- •Peritoneum
- •Endocrine glands
- •Heart
- •Veins
- •Lymphatic system
- •Spinal cord
- •Cranial nerves
- •Autonomic nervous system
- •Sense organs
- •Skin and its appendages
- •General terms
- •References
- •Index
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396 |
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General terms |
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1 |
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Termini generales. |
36 Peripheral. Peripheralis. Not pertaining to the |
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GENERAL TERMINOLOGY. |
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Vertical (perpendicular). Verticalis. |
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center. |
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Horizontal. Horizontalis. |
36 a Periphery. Periphericus. |
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2 |
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37 Radial. Radialis. Pertaining to or located at the |
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Median. Medianus. Lying in the midline (mid- |
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sagittal plane). |
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radius. B |
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38 Ulnar. Ulnaris. Pertaining to or located at the |
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Coronal. Coronalis. Lying in the plane of the |
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coronal suture. A |
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ulna. B |
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4 |
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39 Fibular. Fibularis. Pertaining to the fibula or lo- |
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Sagittal. Sagittalis. Lying in the plane of the |
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sagittal suture. A |
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cated on the fibular part of the leg. B |
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40 Tibial. Tibialis. Pertaining to the tibia or locted |
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Right. Dexter. |
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on the tibial part of the leg. B |
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Left. Sinister. |
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41 Palmar. Palmaris. Pertaining to or located on |
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Transverse. Transversalis. Situated at right an- |
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the plam. B |
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gles to the long axis of a part. |
42 Volar. Volaris. Same as palmar. B |
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Medial. Medialis. Lying close to the median |
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43 Plantar. Plantaris. Pertaining to or located on |
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plane. |
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the sole of the foot. B |
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Intermediate. Lying between two structures. |
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44 Flexor. A muscle that bends (flexes) a joint. |
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12 Lateral. Lateralis. Situated toward the side. |
45 Extensor. A muscle that straightens (extends) a |
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13 Anterior. Situated in front of. |
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joint. |
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Posterior. Situated behind. |
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46 |
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Regiones |
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REGIONS AND PARTS OF THE BODY. |
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Ventral (anterior). Ventralis. Toward the belly. |
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et partes corporis. |
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Dorsal (posterior). Dorsalis. Toward the back. |
47 Anterior median line. Linea mediana anterior. |
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Frontal. Frontalis. 1. Pertaining to the forehead; |
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Vertical plane through the middle of the trunk. |
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C |
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2. Plane separating the body into front and back |
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parts (frontal or coronla plane). A |
48 Sternal line. Linea sternalis. Line correspond- |
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Occipital. Occipitalis. Pertaining to the occiput. |
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ing to the lateral margin of the sternum. C |
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Upper. Superior. |
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Parasternal line. Linea |
parasternalis. Vertical |
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line midway between |
the sternal and mid- |
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Lower. Inferior. |
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clavicular lines. C |
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Cranial. Cranialis. Pertaining to the head; |
50 Midclavicular (mammary) line. Linea medio- |
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toward the head. |
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clavicularis. Vertical line passing through the |
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Caudal. Caudalis. Situated toward the tail. |
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halfway point of the clavicle. C |
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Rostral. Rostralis. Located toward the rostrum |
51 Mammary line. Linea mamillaris. Same as mid- |
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of the corpus callosum. |
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clavicular line. C |
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Apical. Apicalis. Pertaining to or located at the |
52 Anterior axillary line. Linea axillaris anterior. It |
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apex. |
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lies at the anterior fold of the axilla. C |
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17 |
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Basal. Basalis. Pertaining to or located at the |
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Axillary |
(midaxillary) |
line. |
Linea axillaris |
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base. |
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media. It lies in the middle between the ante- |
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Basilar. Basilaris. Pertaining to the base of the |
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rior and posterior axillary lines. C |
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54 Posterior axillary line. Linea axillaris posterior. |
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skull. |
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Middle. Medius. |
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It lies at the posterior fold of the axilla. B C |
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55 Scapular line. Linea scapularis. A vertical line |
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Transverse. Transversus. |
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through the inferior angle of the scapula. B |
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Longitudinal. Longitudinalis. Running longi- |
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56 Paravertebral line. Linea paravertebralis. Verti- |
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tudinally. |
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30 Axialis. Pertaining to or located at the axis, e. g., |
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cal line |
through the ends of |
the transverse |
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processe visible only in radiograms. B |
21the 2nd cervical vertebra. 30 a External (outer). Externus.
2230 a Internal (inner). Internus.
31 Superficial. Superficialis. Lying near the sur-
23face.
32 Deep. Profundus.
2433 Proximal. Proximalis. Lying near the trunk. B
34 Distal. Distalis. Lying further away from the
25trunk.
35 Central. Centralis. Lying in the midpoint.
General terms 397
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2 |
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55 |
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54 |
4 |
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5
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34
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37A Frontal plane of skull
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B Directions of orientation
41;42
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40 |
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47 |
50;51 |
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43 |
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Lines of orientation on upper part of body |
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C |
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398 |
General terms |
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Posterior median line. Linea mediana poste- |
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Carotid triangle. Trigonum caroticum. Tri- |
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1 |
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rior. Vertical line through the median plane of |
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angular region bounded by the sternoclei- |
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the posterior trunk. B |
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domastoid muscle, posterior belly of the diga- |
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2 |
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Subcostal plane. Planum subcostale. Trans- |
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stric muscle and superior belly of the omohyoid |
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verse plane through the lower edge of the 10th |
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muscle. A |
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3 |
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costal cartilage. C |
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Muscular |
(inferior |
carotid) triangle. |
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Transpyloric plane. Planum transpyloricum. |
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Trigonum musculare (omotracheale). Triangu- |
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lar region between the anterior median line of |
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Horizontal plane transecting the trunk halfway |
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4 |
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the neck, the anterior margin of the sternoclei- |
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between the upper margin of the pubic sym- |
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physis and the upper margin of the manubrium |
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domastoid muscle and the superior belly of the |
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omohyoid muscle. A |
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sterni. C |
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Submental (suprahyoid) triangle. Trigonum |
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Supracristal plane. Planum supracristale. Hori- |
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submentale. Triangle below the chin between |
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zontal plane through the highest point of the |
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the hyoid bone and the anterior belly of the di- |
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iliac crest. It transects the vertebral column at |
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gastric muscle on each side. A |
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the level of the spinous process of L4. C |
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7 |
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28 Sternocleidomastoid region. Regio sternoclei- |
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Intertubercular plane. Planum intertubercu- |
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domastoidea. Region overlying the sternoclei- |
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lare. Transverse |
plane through |
the |
iliac |
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domastoid muscle. A |
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tubercle. C |
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29 |
Lesser supraclavicular fossa. Fossa supra- |
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Interspinal plane. Planum interspinale. Trans- |
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clavicularis minor. Triangular depression be- |
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verse plane through the anterior superior iliac |
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tween the sternal and clavicular origins of the |
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spine. C |
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sternocleidomastoid muscle. A |
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7 Preaxillary line. Linea praeaxillaris. |
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30 |
Posterior triangle of neck. Regio cervicalis |
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Postaxillary line. Linea postaxillaris. |
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lateralis (trigonum cervicale posterius). Tri- |
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Head regions. Regiones capitis. The various an- |
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angle between the clavicle, anterior margin of |
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the trapezius and posterior border of the ster- |
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atomic regions of the head. |
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nocleidomastoid muscle. A |
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10 Frontal region. Regio frontalis. A |
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Supraclavicular (omoclavicular, subclavian) |
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Parietal region. Regio parietalis. The region |
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triangle. Trigonum omoclaviculare (fossa su- |
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above the parietal bone. A B |
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praclavicular |
major) |
greater supraclavicular |
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Occipital region. Regio occipitalis. The region |
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fossa. Triangle between the sternocleidomas- |
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toid and omohyoid muscles and the clavicle. A |
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above the occipital bone. A B |
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32 Posterior region of the neck (nuchal region). |
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Temporal region. Regio temporalis. The region |
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Regio cervicalis posterior (regio nuchalis). B |
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above the temporal bone. A B |
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33 Pectoral regions. Regiones pectorales. Collec- |
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Facial regions. Regiones faciales. The various |
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tive term for the various regions of the chest, |
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anatomic regions of the face. A |
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which are described below. |
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Orbital region. Regio orbitalis. Area involving |
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34 Presternal region. Regio presternalis. Area in |
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the orbit. A |
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front of the sternum. C |
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Nasal region. Regio nasalis. Region involving |
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Infraclavicular fossa. |
Fossa infraclavicularis. |
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the nose. A |
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Depression produced by the clavipectoral tri- |
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Oral region. Regio oralis. Area around the |
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angle. C |
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mouth. A |
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Clavipectoral triangle. Trigonum clavipec- |
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Mental region. Regio mentalis. Chin area. A |
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torale. Triangle between the deltoid, pectoralis |
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major and clavicle. C |
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Infraorbital region. Regio infraorbitalis. Region |
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37 Pectoral region. Regio pectoralis. Area on the |
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below the orbit. A |
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pectoralis major muscle. C |
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20 Buccal region. Regio buccalis. Cheek area. A |
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Mammary region. Regio mammaria. Region |
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Zygomatic region. Regio zygomatica. A |
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pertaining to the mammary gland. C |
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Cervical regions. |
Regiones cervicales. |
The |
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Inframammary region. Regio inframammaria. |
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various anatomic regions of the neck. |
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Region below the mammary region. C |
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Anterior triangle |
of neck. Regio |
cervicalis |
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Axillary region. Regio axillaris. C |
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anterior (trigonum cervicalis anterius). Region |
41 Axillary fossa. Fossa axillaris. C |
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between the midline and the sternocleidomas- |
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toid muscle. |
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Submandibular |
(digastric) |
triangle. |
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Trigonum submandibulare. Region bounded by
25the inferior border of the mandible and the two bellies of the digastric muscle. A
General terms 399
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17 18
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32
A Head and neck regions
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B Head and nuchal regions
35;36
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C Planes for orientation and regions of trunk
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400 |
General terms |
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1 Abdominal regions. Regiones abdominales. |
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Posterior brachial region. Regio (facies) |
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Hypochondriac region |
(hypochondrium). |
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brachialis |
posterior. Posterior surface of the |
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Regio hypochondriaca (hypochondrium). Re- |
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upper arm. A |
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Elbow. Cubitus. |
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gion lateral to the midclavicular line between |
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the pectoral region and the transpyloric plane. |
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Anterior |
cubital region. Regio (facies) cubi- |
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B |
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talis anterior. Anterior surface of the elbow. B |
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3 Epigastric region (epigastrium). Regio epiga- |
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Posterior cubital region. Regio (facies) cubi- |
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strica (epigastrium). Region medial to the mid- |
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talis posterior. Posterior surface of the elbow. A |
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clavicular line between the pectoral region and |
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Cubital fossa. Fossa cubitalis. B |
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the transpyloric plane. B |
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Lateral bicipital groove. Sulcus bicipitalis later- |
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Lumbar (lateral) region. Regio lateralis. Region |
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alis (radialis). B |
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lateral to the midclavicular line between the |
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Medial bicipital groove. Sulcus bicipitalis medi- |
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transpyloric and intertubercular planes. B |
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alis (ulnaris) B. |
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5 Umbilical region. Regio umbilicalis. Area me- |
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Forearm. Antebrachium. |
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dial to the midclavicular |
line between the |
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Anterior |
antebrachial |
region. Regio (facies) |
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transpyloric and intertubercular planes. B |
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antebrachialis anterior. Anterior surface of the |
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6 Inguinal (iliac) region. Regio inguinalis. Region |
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forearm. A B |
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lateral to the midclavicular line between the in- |
31 |
Posterior antebrachial region. Regio (facies) |
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tertubercular plane and the inguinal ligament. |
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antebrachialis posterior. Posterior |
surface of |
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B |
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the forearm. A B |
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7 Hypogastric (pubic) region. Regio pubica (hy- |
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32 |
Lateral margin. Margo lateralis (radialis). |
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10 |
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pogastrium). Region medial to the midclavicu- |
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33 |
Medial margin. Margo medialis (ulnaris). |
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lar line between the intertubercular plane and |
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the inguinal ligament. B |
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34 |
Wrist. Carpus. |
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11 |
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8 |
Posterior (dorsal) regions. Regiones dorsales. |
35 |
Anterior carpal region. Regio carpalis ante- |
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The various anatomic regions of the back. |
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rior. Anterior of flexor side of the wrist. A |
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12 |
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9 |
Vertebral region. Regio vertebralis. Region |
36 |
Posterior carpal region. Regio carpalis poste- |
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overlying the vertebral column. A |
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rior. Posterior or extensor side of the wrist. B |
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13 |
10 |
Sacral region. Regio sacralis. Region overlying |
37 |
Hand. Manus. |
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the sacrum. A |
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38 |
Dorsum of hand. Dorsum manus. B |
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11 |
Scapular region. Regio scapularis. Region over- |
39 |
Palm of hand. Palma manus. A |
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lying the scapula. A |
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40 |
Thenar |
eminence. |
Thenar |
(eminentia |
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15 |
12 |
Infrascapular region. Regio infrascapularis. |
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thenaris). Ball of the thumb. |
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41 |
Hypothenar eminence. Hypothenar (eminen- |
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Area between the scapular region and the lum- |
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bar region. A |
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tia hypothenaris). Ball of the little finger. |
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16 |
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13 |
Region cranial to the iliac crest. Regio lum- |
42 |
Metacarpus. Part of the hand between the |
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baris (lumbalis). A |
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wrist and digits. |
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17 |
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14 |
Lumbar (Petit’s) trigone. Trigonum lumbare |
43 |
Digits (fingers). Digiti. |
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[[Petiti]]. Triangle above the iliac crest between |
44 |
Thumb. Pollex (digitus primus (I)). |
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18 |
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the margins of the latissimus dorsi and external |
45 |
Index finger. Index (digitus secundus (II)). |
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abdominal oblique. |
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46 |
Middle finger. Digitus medius (tertius (III)). |
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19 |
15 |
Perineal region. Regio perinealis. C |
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47 |
Ring finger. Digitus anularis (quartus (IV)). |
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16 |
Anal region. Regio analis. Area around the |
48 |
Little finger. Digitus minimus (quintus (V)). |
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20 |
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anus. It is bordered anteriorly by an imaginary |
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49 |
Ventral (palmar, flexor) side of fingers. Facies dig- |
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line through the two ischial tuberosities. C |
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17 |
Urogenital region. Regio urogenitalis. Perineal |
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itales ventrales (palmares). |
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21 |
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50 |
Dorsal (extensor) side of fingers. Facies digitales |
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area in front of the imaginary line between the |
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dorsales. |
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two ischial tuberosities. C |
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2218 Regions of upper limb. Regiones membri superioris.
2319 Deltoid region. Regio deltoidea. Region overlying the deltoid muscle. B
2420 Upper arm. Brachium.
21 Anterior brachial region. Regio (facies)
25brachialis anterior. Anterior surface of the upper arm. B
General terms 401
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19 |
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11 |
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9 |
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22 |
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25 |
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31 |
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30 |
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35 |
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39 |
19 |
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27 |
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31 |
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38 |
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17
16
C Perineal regions
A |
Posterior regions |
B |
Anterior regions |
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
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402 |
General terms |
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1 |
Regions of lower limb. Regiones membri infe- |
29 |
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Osteologia. |
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OSTEOLOGY. |
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1 |
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rioris. The |
various |
anatomic |
regions |
of the |
30 |
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Systema skeletale. |
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SKELETAL SYSTEM. |
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lower limb. |
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31 Bony part. Pars ossea. |
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2 |
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2 |
Gluteal region. Regio glutealis. Area over the |
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32 |
Periosteum. External covering of bone. |
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gluteal muscles. A |
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33 |
Endosteum. Internal lining of bone. It also lines |
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3 |
3 |
Gluteal fold. Sulcus glutealis. Fold passing over |
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the marrow cavity. |
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the gluteus maximus and bordering the but- |
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tocks inferiorly when the hip joint is extended. |
34 |
Cortical substance. Substantia corticalis. Su- |
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4 |
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A |
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perficial layer formed by the external main |
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3 a Hip joint. Coxa (regio coxalis). |
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lamellae of the bone. |
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5 |
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35 |
Compact bone. Substantia compacta. Dense |
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4 |
Thigh region. Femur (regio femoralis). |
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5 Anterior thigh region. Regio (facies) femoralis |
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bony substance formed by osteons. |
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6 |
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36 |
Spongy (trabecular) bone. Substantia spon- |
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anterior. B |
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giosa (trabecularis). Loosely organized bone |
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6 Femoral triangle. Trigonum femorales. Triangu- |
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substance with interstices occupied by bone |
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7 |
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lar region of the groin bordered by the sartorius |
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marrow. |
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and adductor longus muscles and the inguinal |
37 Cartilaginous part (of the skeleton). Pars car- |
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ligament. B |
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8 |
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tilaginosa. |
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7 |
Posterior |
thigh |
region. |
Regio |
(facies) |
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38 |
Perichondrium. Connective tissue covering of |
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femoralis posterior. A |
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9 |
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cartilage. It contributes to cartilage growth. |
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8 |
Knee. Genus. |
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39 |
Axial skeleton. Skeleton axiale. Skeleton of the |
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9 |
Anterior side of knee. Regio genus anterior. B |
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trunk. |
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10 |
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10 |
Posterior side of knee. Regio genus posterior. |
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40 |
Appendicular skeleton. Skeleton appendicu- |
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A |
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lare. Skeleton of the limbs. |
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11 |
11 |
Popliteal fossa. Fossa poplitea. A |
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41 |
Long bone. Os longum. Long bone such as the |
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12 |
Lower leg. Crus. |
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fibula. |
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12 |
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13 |
Anterior surface of lower leg. Regio (facies) |
42 |
Short bone. Os breve. Short bone such as the |
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cruralis anterior. B |
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wrist bone. |
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13 |
14 |
Posterior surface of lower leg. Regio (facies) |
43 |
Flat bone. Os planum. Flat bone such as the |
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cruralis posterior. A |
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parietal bone. |
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15 |
Calf. Sura (regio suralis). A |
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44 |
Irregular bone. Os irregulare. Irregular bone |
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14 |
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16 |
Anterior and posterior talocrural (malle- |
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such as the sphenoid bone. |
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olar) regions. Regiones talocrurales anterior et |
45 |
Pneumatic bone. Os pneumaticum. Bone with |
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15 |
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posterior. |
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air-containing cells, e. g., the ethmoid bone. |
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17 |
Foot. Pes. |
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46 |
Epiphysis. End of a long bone temporarily in- |
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16 |
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18 |
Heel (calcaneal region). Calx (regio calcanea). |
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volved in bone growth. |
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A |
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47 |
Diaphysis. Middle piece (shaft) of bone. |
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17 |
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19 |
Dorsum of foot. Dorsum (regio dorsalis) pedis. |
48 |
Metaphysis. Bony region between the epiphy- |
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B |
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sis and diaphysis. |
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18 |
20 |
Plantar surface of foot (sole). Planta (regio |
49 |
Epiphysial cartilage. Cartilago epiphysialis. |
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plantaris) pedis. A |
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Cartilage zone between the diaphysis and |
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21 |
Lateral (fibular, outer) margin of foot. |
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epiphysis. It is responsible for the longitudinal |
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19 |
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Margo lateralis (fibularis) pedis. |
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growth of long bones. |
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22Medial (tibial, inner) margin of foot. Margo
20 medialis (tibialis) pedis.
23Ankle. Tarsus.
2124 Metatarsus. Part of foot between ankle and toes.
2225 Toes. Digiti.
26 Big (great) toe. Hallux (digitus primus (I)).
2327 Second, third, fourth toes. Digiti secundus, tertius, quartus (II, III, IV).
2428 Little toe. Digitus minimus (quintus) (V).
28 a Plantar surface (undersurface) of toe. Facies
25digitalis plantaris.
Dorsal surface of toe.28 b Facies digitalis dorsalis.
General terms 403
2
6
3
5
7
9
10;11
15
13
14
18
19
20
A |
Posterior regions of leg |
B |
Anterior regions of leg |
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
|
404 |
|
General terms |
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Epiphysial line. Linea epiphysialis. Line visible |
26 |
Spheroidal |
joint. |
Articulatio |
sphaeroidea |
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1 |
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1 |
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in radiograms and in sections of bone marking |
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(cotylica). |
Ball and |
socket joint, e. g., the |
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2 |
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the former site of the epiphysial cartilage. |
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shoulder joint. |
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2 |
Joint surface. Facies articularis. |
27 |
Ellipsoidal (condylar) joint. Articulatio ellip- |
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3 Medullary cavity. Cavitas medullaris. |
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soidea (condylaris). Joint with two axes, e. g., |
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3 |
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the wrist joint. |
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4 |
Yellow bone marrow. Medulla ossium flava. It |
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28 Hinge joint. Ginglymus. Joint with one axis, |
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contains abundant fat. |
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4 |
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e. g., the elbow joint. |
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5 |
Red bone marrow. Medulla ossium rubra. It is |
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29 Bicondylar joint. Articulatio bicondylaris. Ar- |
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hemopoietic. |
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ticulation with one main transverse axis and |
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5 |
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6 |
Nutrient foramen. Foramen nutriens. Macro- |
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|
another axis in the longitudinal direction of a |
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|
scopic foramen for nutrient vessels supplying |
|
skeletal part., e. g., the knee joint. |
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6 |
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|
mainly the bone marrow. |
30 |
Trochoidal joint. Articulatio trochoidea. Pivot |
|||||||
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|
7 Nutrient canal. Canalis nutriens. Canal con- |
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|
joint with one axis, e. g., the radio-ulnar joint. |
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7 |
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|
tinuous with the nutrient foramen. |
31 Saddle (sellar) joint. Articulatio sellaris. Joint |
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8 |
Center of ossification. Centrum ossificationis. |
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|
|
with two axes, e. g., the metacarpophalangeal |
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|
Site of onset of ossification of bones preformed |
|
joint of the thumb. |
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|||
8 |
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in cartilage (endochondral ossification). |
32 |
Ovoidal joint. [[Articulatio ovoidalis]]. Joint |
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|
9 |
Primary center of ossification. Centrum ossi- |
|
with only weakly curved articular surfaces. |
||||||||
9 |
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|
|
ficationis primarium. The center situated in the |
33 |
Articular cartilage. Cartilago articularis. |
|||||||
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|
|
diaphysis (diaphysial ossification). |
||||||||||
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|
34 Articular cavity. Cavitas articularis. Joint cavity. |
|||||||||
10 |
|
10 Secondary center of ossification. Centrum |
|||||||||||
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35 |
Articular disk. Discus articularis. Disk that |
|||||||||||
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|
|
ossificationis secondarium. The center situated |
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|
in the epiphysis (epiphysial ossification). |
|
divides a joint cavity into two separate cham- |
|||||||
11 |
|
11 |
|
|
Arthrologia. Study of the joints. |
|
bers. |
|
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|
|
ARTHROLOGY. |
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|||||
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|
36 Meniscus. Meniscus articularis. Ring-like artic- |
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|
|
12 |
FIBROUS JOINTS. Articulationes fibrosae. They |
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|
|
ular disk., e. g., in the knee joint. |
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||||||||
12 |
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|
usually have no direct relationship to an articu- |
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||||||
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|
37 Articular lip. Labrum articulare. Rim of fi- |
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|
|
|
|
lar cavity. |
|||||||||
13 |
|
13 Syndesmosis. Fibrous joint with interosseous |
|
brocartilage at the margin of a socket. |
|
||||||||
|
38 |
Joint capsule. Capsula articularis. |
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|||||||||
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|
membrane or ligament. |
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39 |
Fibrous |
membrane. |
Membrana |
fibrosa |
|||||
14 |
|
14 |
Suture. Sutura. |
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|
|
(stratum fibrosum). Connective tissue layer of |
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|
15 |
Dentate suture. Sutura serrata. Serrated su- |
|
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|
the capsule often reinforced by ligaments. |
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|
ture, e. g., the lambdoid suture. |
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15 |
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40 |
Synovial membrane. Membrana synovialis |
||||||||
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16 |
Squamous suture. Sutura squamosa, e. g., on |
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|
(stratum synoviale). Inner layer of the articular |
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16 |
|
|
|
the temporal bone. |
|
capsule comprised of epithelium-like connec- |
|||||||
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17 |
Flat suture. Sutura plana. Bony union produc- |
|
tive tissue cells on loose connective tissue. |
|||||||||
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|
|
ing a smooth surface, e. g., between the zygo- |
41 |
Synovial fold. Plica synovialis. Fold projecting |
|||||||
17 |
|
|
|
matic bone and the maxilla. |
|
from the capsule into the joint space. |
|
||||||
|
|
18 |
Schindylesis. Union between a groove in one |
42 |
Synovial villi. Villi synoviales. |
|
|
||||||
18 |
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|
|
bone and a ridge in the other, e. g., between the |
43 |
Synovia. Synovial fluid secreted by the syn- |
|||||||
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|
|
vomer and the sphenoid bone. |
||||||||||
|
|
19 CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS. Articulationes car- |
|
ovial membrane of the capsule. |
|
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|||||||
19 |
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44 |
Articular ligaments. Ligamenta. |
|
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|
tilagineae. |
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|
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20 |
Synchondrosis. Bony union by means of hya- |
45 |
Extracapsular ligaments. Ligamenta |
extra- |
|||||||
20 |
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|
capsularia. Ligaments lying outside the capsu- |
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|
line cartilage. |
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lar wall, e. g., the external collateral ligament of |
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|
21 Symphysis. Bony union, partly by means of fi- |
|
the knee joint. |
|
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|
|||||
21 |
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|
|
brocartilage. |
46 |
Capsular |
ligaments. |
Ligamenta |
capsularia. |
||||
|
|
22 |
SYNOVIAL JOINTS. Articulationes synoviales. |
|
Reinforcing fibers outside a joint capsule, e. g., |
||||||||
22 |
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|
|
Bony union with an intervening articular cav- |
|
the collateral ligaments of the interphalangeal |
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ity. |
|
joints. |
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23 |
Simple joint. Articulatio simplex. Joint be- |
47 |
Intracapsular ligaments. Ligamenta intra- |
||||||||
23 |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
|
tween only two bones, e. g., the hip joint. |
|
capsularis. Ligaments located within a joint |
||||||||
|
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24 Composite joint. Articulatio composita (com- |
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joint. |
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plexa). Joint involving more than two bones, |
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e. g., the wrist joint. |
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2525 Plane joint. Articulatio plana. Joint with almost smooth articular surfaces.
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General terms 405 |
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1 |
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Myologia. Study of the muscles. |
26 b Deep fascia. Fascia profunda. |
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MYOLOGY. |
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Muscle. Musculus. |
27 Tendinous intersections. Intersectio tendinea. |
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Head. Caput. |
27 a Intermediate tendon. Tendo intermedius. |
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Belly. Venter. |
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Tendinous arch. Arcus tendineus. It serves as |
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Fusiform |
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muscle. Musculus fusiformis. |
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the origin of muscle fibers. |
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Spindle-shaped muscle. |
29 |
Muscular trochlea. Trochlea muscularis. Struc- |
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Quadrate |
muscle. M. quadratus. Square- |
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ture that changes the direction of pull of a ten- |
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don, e. g., the sustentaculum tali of the flexor |
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shaped muscle. |
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hallucis longus tendon. |
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7 Triangular muscle. M. triangularis. Triangular |
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SYNOVIAL BURSAE. Bursae synoviales. |
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muscle. |
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31 Subcutaneous bursa. Bursa [synovialis] subcu- |
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8 Unipennate muscle. M. unipennatus. Muscle |
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with fibers approaching the tendon from one |
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tanea. It lies directly beneath the skin. |
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side. |
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Submuscular bursa. Bursa [synovialis] sub- |
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9 |
Bipennate muscle. M. bipennatus. Muscle with |
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muscularis. It lies beneath a muscle. |
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fibers approaching the tendon from two sides. |
33 |
Subfascial bursa. Bursa [synovialis] sub- |
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Multipennate muscle. M. multipennatus. |
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fascialis. It lies beneath a fascia. |
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Muscle with fibers approaching the tendon |
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Subtendinous bursa. Bursa [synovialis] sub- |
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from many sides. |
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tendinea. It lies beneath a tendon. |
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11 Sphincter muscle. M. sphincter. |
35 |
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Splanchnologia. Study of |
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SPLANCHNOLOGY. |
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11 a |
Dilator muscle. M. dilator (dilatator). |
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viscera. |
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12 |
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Orbicular muscle. M. orbicularis. Circular |
36 |
General terms. Nomina generalia. |
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muscle. |
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37 Tunica albuginea. Tough, whitish connective |
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Cruciate |
muscle. M. cruciatus. Muscle with |
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tissue sheath. |
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crossing fibers. |
38 |
Tunica fibrosa. Fine connective tissue layer. |
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14 |
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Articular muscle. [[M. articularis]]. Muscle |
39 |
Tunica |
adventitia. Outermost connective |
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which attaches to a joint capsule. |
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tissue covering. |
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Skeletal muscle. M. skeleti. Muscle with at- |
40 |
Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane with its |
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tachment to the skeleton in contrast to a cu- |
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various layers. |
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taneous muscle. |
41 Epithelium mucosae. Epithelial cell layer of the |
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16 Cutaneous muscle. M. cutaneus. |
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mucosa. |
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17 |
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Tendon. Tendo. |
42 |
Lamina propria mucosae. Lamina propria of |
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18 Tendon (synovial) sheath. Vagina tendinis. Lu- |
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bricated sheath for easy gliding of a tendon. |
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the mucosa. Layer of reticular connective tissue |
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extending up to the muscularis mucosae. |
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Fibrous layer. Stratum fibrosum. Outer, con- |
43 |
Lamina muscularis mucosae. Layer of smooth |
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nective tissue portion of a tendon sheath. |
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muscle fibers between the lamina propria and |
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20 |
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Synovial layer. Stratum synoviale. Inner, |
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submucosa. It acts upon the mucosa. |
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44 Tela submucosa. Mobile layer of collagen fibers |
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smooth layer of a tendon sheath. It secretes |
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synovial fluid. |
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and elastic meshlike tissue between the |
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20 a Synovial sheath of tendon. Vagina synovialis |
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muscularis mucosae and the muscularis. It is |
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the main conveyer of blood vessels. |
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tendinis. The inner gliding capsule of the |
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45 |
Tunica muscularis. Double layer of smooth |
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fibrous sheath of a tendon. |
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21 Mesotendineum. Mesentery-like sheath con- |
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muscle. |
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Stratum circulare. Circular muscle layer. |
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necting a tendon to its fibrous sheath. It carries |
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blood vessels to the tendon. |
47 |
Stratum |
longitudinale. Longitudinal muscle |
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22 Peritendineum. Connective tissue on the sur- |
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layer. |
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face of a tendon. |
48 Tunica serosa. The smooth, glistening external |
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23 Aponeurosis. Flat tendinous expansion. |
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surface of the intraperitoneal segments of the |
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23 a Epimysium. Fibrous sheath enveloping an en- |
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intestinal tract. |
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tire muscle.
24Perimysium. Fibrous sheath enclosing a bundle of muscle fibers.
25Endomysium. Fibrous sheath surrounding a single muscle fiber enclosed by sarcolemma.
26Fascia. External sheath investing one or more muscles.
26 a Superficial fascia. Fascia superficialis.
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406 |
General terms |
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Tela subserosa. Connective tissue substrate for |
33 |
Tunica media. Middle layer of a blood vessel |
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the serosal (peritoneal) epithelium. |
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wall. |
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Parenchyma. The essential functional ele- |
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Valve. Valva. Large flap. |
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ments of an organ. |
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Lymphatic valve. Valvula lymphatica. Valve in |
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Stroma. Supporting connective tissue frame- |
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lymphatic vessels. |
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work of an organ. |
36 |
Valve of veins. Valvula venosa. |
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4 |
Gland. Glandula. |
37 |
Anastomotic vessel. Vas anastomoticum. |
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Lobe. Lobus. |
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Capillary. Vas capillare. |
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6 |
Lobule. Lobulus. |
39 |
Collateral vessel. Vas collaterale. Vessel form- |
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Mucous gland. Glandula mucosa. |
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ing a shunt. |
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Serous gland. Glandula serosa. Gland that |
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Lymphatic vessel. Vas lymphaticum. |
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secretes watery material. |
41 |
Sinusoid. Vas sinusoideum. Special, thin- |
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Seromucous gland. Glandula seromucosa. |
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walled vascular segment with a large lumen. |
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7Mixed gland that secretes watery mucous 42 Vasa vasorum. Blood vessels supplying the material. walls of blood vessels.
8 |
10 |
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ANGIOLOGY. |
Angiologia. Study of vessels. |
43 |
Vein. Vena. |
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Arteriovenous |
anastomosis. |
Anastomosis |
44 |
Accompanying vein. Vena comitans. |
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arteriolovenularis (arteriovenosa). Direct con- |
45 Cutaneous vein. Vena cutanea. |
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nection between an artery and vein. |
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46 Emissary vein. Vena emissaria. Vein passing |
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Artery. Arteria. |
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through a foramen of the skull to the outside. |
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Nutrient artery. Arteria nutricia (nutriens). An |
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47 Deep vein. Vena profunda. Vein situated below |
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artery that supplies tissues with nutrients. |
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the fascia. |
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11 |
14 |
Arteriole. Arteriola. Small artery directly pre- |
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Superficial vein. Vena superficialis. Cutaneous |
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ceding a capillary. |
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vein lying on the fascia of the limbs. |
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15 Arterial circle. Circulus arteriosus. Circle of |
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49 Venule. Venula. Small vein directly following a |
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anastomosing arteries. |
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capillary. |
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16 |
Circular connection of vessels. Circulus |
50 |
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13 |
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. |
Systema nervo- |
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vasculosus. |
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sum centrale. It comprises the brain and spinal |
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Cistern. Cisterna. Dilatation of a lymphatic ves- |
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cord. |
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sel. |
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51 Gray matter (nuclei and columns). Substantia |
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Blood. Haema (hema). |
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grisea [nuclei et columnae]. It consists of an ac- |
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Lymph. Lympha. |
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cumulation of nerve cell bodies and is gray be- |
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Nervi vasorum. Nerves innervating the wall of |
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cause only a sparse amount of medullary |
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sheath material (myelin) is present in it. |
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blood vessels. |
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White matter. Substantia alba [tractus et |
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Lymph node. |
Nodus lymphaticus |
(lym- |
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fasciculi]. It is present in the tracts and conduc- |
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phonodus). |
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Nodulus |
(fol- |
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tion bundles. |
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Lymphatic nodule (follicle). |
53 Reticular formation. Formatio (substantia) re- |
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liculus) lymphaticus. Circular mass of lympho- |
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ticularis. Scarcely definable mixture of cells and |
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cytes. |
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fibers that influence movements, circulation |
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Lymphatic plexus. Plexus lymphaticus. |
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and respiration as well as the sleeping-waking |
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Vascular plexus. Plexus vasculosus. |
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rhythm. |
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Venous plexus. Plexus venosus. |
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54 Substantia gelatinosa. Glia-rich, weakly pig- |
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mented zone near the apex of the posterior |
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Arterial plexus. Plexus arteriosum. |
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horn of the spinal cord. It serves afferent tracts. |
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27 |
Rete mirabile. Two capillary networks lying |
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21 |
55 |
Ependyma. Cellular lining of the cavities of the |
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one after another. |
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central nervous system. |
28Rete vasculosum articulare. Network of anas-
22 tomosing blood vessels around a joint.
29Rete venosum. Venous network.
2330 Sinus venosus. Venous segment devoid of a typical venous wall.
2431 Tunica externa. Outer layer of a blood vessel wall.
2532 Tunica intima. Inner layer of a blood vessel wall.
General terms 407
1 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Pars periph21 erica (system nervosum periphericum). It begins at the surface of the brain and spinal cord.
2Nerve. Nervus.
3 |
Endoneurium. |
Delicate connective tissue |
22 |
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sheath attaching directly to the basal mem- |
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brane of an individual nerve fiber. |
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4 |
Perineurium. Connective tissue sheath enclos- |
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ing the bundles of fibers of a peripheral nerve.
It consists of lamellae made of epithelioid con- 24 nective tissue cells.
5Epineurium. The connective tissue sheath covering a peripheral nerve.
6Afferent nerve fibers. Neurofibrae afferentes. Nerve fibers traveling into the central nervous system.
7Efferent nerve fibers. Neurofibrae efferentes. Nerve fibers that conduct impulses away from the central nervous system.
8Somatic nerve fibers. Neurofibrae somaticae. They oppose the autonomic nerves, i. e., visceral nerves.
9Autonomic (visceral) nerve fibers. Neurofibrae autonomicae (viscerales). Fibers of the visceral nerves.
10Ganglion. An accumulation of nerve cell bodies and thus a macroscopic thickening of a nerve.
11Capsule of ganglion. Capsula ganglii (ganglionica). It is composed of connective tissue.
Gray ramus communicans. Ramus communicans griseus. Connection between the sympathetic trunk and spinal nerve. It contains postganglionic, nonmyelinated fibers and therefore appears gray.
Parasympathetic ganglion. Ganglion parasympatheticum (parasympathicum). See pp. 338, 28−35.
Spinal nerves. Nervi spinales. They arise from the union of dorsal and ventral roots.
Plexus of spinal nerves. Plexus nervorum spinalium. It is present in the cervical, lumbar and sacral regions and gives rise to the nerves for the limbs.
12Stroma of ganglion. Stroma ganglii (ganglionicum). Internal connective tissue of a ganglion.
13Craniospinal (sensory) ganglia. Ganglia craniospinalia (encephalospinalia sensoria). Collective term for the following two special cases.
14Spinal ganglia (sensory). Ganglia spinalia (sensoria). Dorsal root ganglia.
15Sensory ganglia of cranial nerves. Ganglia sensoria neuricum cranialium (gg. encephalica). Spinal ganglia equivalent of cranial nerves.
16Autonomic (visceral) ganglia. Ganglia autonomica (visceralia). Ganglia of visceral nerves.
17Preganglionic nerve fibers. Neurofibrae praeganglionicae. Myelinated nerve fibers passing to the ganglia of the visceral nerves.
18Postganglionic nerve fibers. Neurofibrae postganglionicae. Nonmyelinated nerve fibers passing from the visceral ganglia to the viscera.
19Sympathetic ganglion. Ganglion sympatheticum (sympathicum). Represented mainly by the symphathetic trunk.
20White ramus communicans. Ramus communicans alba. Connection between the spinal nerve and sympathetic trunk. It appears white on account of its myelinated preganglionic fibers.
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408 General terms
1 CRANIAL NERVES. Nervi craniales (en-
1cephalici). They are characterized by the fact that they leave the cerebrospinal space through
2foramina in the base of the skull.
2 Cranial nerve nuclei. Nuclei nervorum cranialium (encephalicorum).
33 Nuclei of origin. Nuclei originis. They give rise to the efferent, mostly motor, nerve fibers.
44 Nuclei of termination. Nuclei terminationis. Sensory nuclei where the afferent nerve fibers
5terminate and synapse with a second neuron.
5Mixed nerve. Nervus mixtus (n. mixtarum neurofibrarum). Considered to be a nerve con-
6taining both motor and sensory fibers; it can also refer to a nerve with somatic and visceral
7components.
6 Cutaneous branches. Rami cutanei. Cutaneous nerves or rami conducting impulses to
8the skin.
7Articular branches. Rami articulares. Nerves
9or nerve rami conducting impulses to joints.
8 |
Muscular branches. Rami musculares. Nerves |
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10 |
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or nerve rami extending to the muscles. |
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9 |
Motor nerve. Nervus motorius. Nerve which |
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only has fibers for muscles. Afferent fibers, e. g.,
11from muscle spindles, are not considered when naming such nerves.
1210 Sensory nerve. Nervus sensorius. Nerve containing afferent fibers which convey impulses to the central nervous system from peripheral
13receptors.
11 Communicating branch. Ramus communicans.
1412 Autonomic (visceral) nerve and ramus. Nervus et ramus autonomici (viscerales). Nerves and their rami that conduct impulses from the
15region of nerve supply to the viscera.
13 Autonomic (visceral) plexus. Plexus autono-
16micus (visceralis). A plexus situated within an organ.
17
18
13 a Vascular plexus. Plexus vascularis. Nerve plexus in the wall of vessels with sensory and autonomic components.
14 Periarterial plexus. Plexus periarteriales. Nerve plexus within the adventitia of arteries.
1915 Nervi vasorum. Nerves supplying blood vessels.
2016 Vasa nervorum. Blood vessels supplying nerves.
21 1718
19
22
NERVOUS TISSUE. Textus nervosus.
Neuron (nerve cell). Neuron (neurocytus).
Nerve cell body (perikaryon). Corpus neurale. Portion of a neuron containing the nucleus but excluding the cell processes.
2320 Axon (axis cylinder). Axon (neuritum). Usually a long process of a neuron which helps to form the peripheral nerves and can be either nonmy-
24elinated or myelinated.
21 Dendrite. Dendritum. One of many tree-like
25branched processes of a neuron. In contrast to the axons, it has no special sheath.