Unit 3 digestion in different animals

Ex. 1. Repeat the following words after the teacher:

various, peculiarity, cavity, arch, foreign, piece, wire, bovine, incidence, cause, case, occur, attribute, pasture, anxious, slaughter, dullness.

Ex. 2. Repeat the following words of Latin origin after the teacher:

progress, vertebrate, pharynx, oesophagus, intestine, anus, pancreas, traumatic, pulse, gastritis, reticulum, temperature, respiratory, diagnostic.

Ex. 3. Listen, repeat and translate the following adverbs and adjectives:

structural, physiological, generally, typically, constantly, usually, frequently.

Ex. 4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the underlined words.

1. to accompany – сопровождать The disease is accompanied by high temperature.

2. Foot-and-mouth disease (ящур) is a fatal disease of cattle.

3. When the temperature is high the animals usually refuse (do not want) to take fodder.

4. to suffer – страдать

Old animals usually suffer from this disease.

5. complicated – complex – difficult

In complicated cases (случай) the animals are taken to the clinic.

6. frequently – often

Frequently animals swallow foreign bodies.

7. slightly – a little

The mucous membrane is slightly affected.

8. because – так как, потому что

This goat (коза) must be removed from the herd because it has an infectious disease.

9. The adjective “simple” is the antonym of the adjective “difficult”.

The diagnosis of this disease is simple.

10. dullness – вялость

Dullness is a common symptom of many diseases.

11. The adjective “possible” is formed from the noun “possibility”.

There is a possibility to prevent some dangerous communicable diseases.

12. The noun “intestine” is the Latin word.

The small intestine is a part of the digestive system.

13. to slaughter – to kill

The noun “slaughter” has the same form as the verb “to slaughter”.

Slaughter is recommended if the animal is affected with a dangerous communicable disease.

14. condition – условие, состояние; заболевание

The condition of this patient is good today.

Animals must be kept in good conditions.

Степени сравнения

Односложные и некоторые двусложные прилагательные образуют сравнительную и превосходную степени (comparative and superlative degrees) прибавлением суффиксов –er (comparative degree) и –est (superlative degree) к прилагательному в положительной степени (positive degree):

old – older – the oldest - старый – старше – старейший ( самый старый)

happy – happier – the happiest - счастливый – счастливее – самый счастливый

Ex. 5. Listen, repeat and translate the adjectives:

strong –stronger; sick - the sickest; weak – weaker; high – higher; slow –slower -the slowest; slight- slighter; big –bigger; busy - busier.

Ex. 6. Form the comparative and superlative degrees from the following adjectives, write them down and translate into Russian:

large, nice, young, quick, short, healthy, small, wide, heavy, lucky, thin

Ex. 7. Form the positive degree from the following adjectives in the comparative and superlative degrees:

busiest, longer, biggest, newest, healthier.

.

Помните! Большинство двусложных и все многосложные прилагательные образуют сравнительную и превосходную степени при помощи специальных слов “more” и “most”, «less» и «least», которые употребляются перед прилагательными в положительной степени.

more dangerous – более опсный; less dangerous – менее опасный

the most dangerous - самый опасный

the least dangerous - наименее опасный

Ex. 8. Form the comparative and superlative degrees from the following adjectives and translate them: common, general, infectious, possible, fatal, constant, artificial.

Запомните исключения из правила образования степеней сравнения прилагательных:

good (хороший) better best

bad (плохой) worse worst

little (мало) less least

many(многие, много)

much (много) more most

Ex. 9. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the degrees of comparison.

Помните, что перед прилагательным в превосходной степени, как правило, стоит артикль the, а после сравнительной степени употребляется слово than – чем.

1. This case of pneumonia is more severe than that one.

2. Bad fodder is the most frequent case of this disease.

3. This breed of a horse is worse than that one.

4. Today the patient feels better than yesterday.

5. The pulse became more rapid than an hour ago.

6. Horses are more susceptible to this disease than cows.

7. The lectures of this teacher are less interesting than the lectures of that one.

8. The tumour on the leg of this goat was smaller last week.

One – слово-заместитель, употребляется вместо ранее упомянутого существительного и на русский язык либо совсем не переводится, либо переводится при помощи ранее упомянутого существительного. Если заменяется существительное во множественном числе, тогда его заменителем является форма множественного числа ones.

Запомните следующие сравнительные конструкции:

as ... as	такой же ... как так же ... как
not so … as (not as … as)	не такой ... как не так ... как

Ex. 10. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the comparative constructions.

1. This medicine is as effective as that one.

2. The old method of treatment of this infectious disease is not so effective as the new one.

3. Swine are not so susceptible to this disease as cows.

4. The herd of goats is as big as the herd of sheep in this collective farm.

Запомните три значения слова most:

the most (перед прилагательным) – превосходная степень,

а most (перед прилагательным) – крайне, весьма,

most of (перед существительным) – большинство, бòльшая часть.

Ex. 11. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the word “most”.

1. This is the most interesting case of paralysis in my practice.

2. I know a most simple method of treatment of this disease.

3. Most of the animals are healthy on the farm.

4. Dullness is a most common symptom of many diseases.

5. Microbes are the most common cause of infection.

6. Most of the graduates of our institute go to work in collective and state farms.

Ex. 12. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. This case of pneumonia is not so acute as that one.

2. Bladder inflammation is a most complicated disease.

3. The disease is more common in adult animals.

4. This medicine is the least effective.

5. Our veterinary clinic is the best clinic in our city.

6. Most of the dogs are vaccinated against rabies.

7. Sanitary conditions on this farm are worse than on that one.

8. The tumour on the leg of the calf is bigger than on the neck.