Современные методы исследования и описания кристаллических структур - u045

8

Jbk IjbgpbibZevgZy ko_fZ mkljhckl\Z ZiiZjZlZ ^ey ijh\_^_gby

j_gl]_gh\kdbo bkke_^h\Zgbc

1 - j_gl]_gh\kdZy ljm[dZ - bklhqgbd \g_rg_]h gZijy`_gby

3- j_gl]_gh\kdh_ baemq_gb_ jZkk_yggh_ bkke_^m_fuf h[jZaphf

4- bkke_^m_fuc h[jZa_p - nbevlj - ^bZnjZ]fZ

we_f_glhf ex[h]h j_gl]_gh\kdh]h ZiiZjZlZ y\ey_lky bklhqgbd fhghojhfZlbq_kdh]h baemq_gby j_gl]_gh\kdZy ljm[dZ 1 gZ dhlhjmx ih^Zxlky \g_rg__ we_dljbq_kdh_ gZijy`_gb_ 2 Kh\j_f_ggu_ j_gl]_gh\kdb_ ZiiZjZlu ^ey kljmdlmjgh]h ZgZebaZ

- ebgbb

9

jZkkqblZgu gZ gZijy`_gb_ ^h d< b ^Zxl klZ[bevghklv baemq_gby - 0,3 %.

Ih^Z\eyxsZy qZklv wg_j]bb iZ^Zxs_]h we_dljhggh]h imqdZ ljZlblky gZ gZ]j_\Zgb_ Zgh^Z \ lh \j_fy dZd \ j_gl]_gh\kdh_ baemq_gb_ ij_h[jZam_lky f_g__ wg_j]bb

<u^_eyxs__ky gZ Zgh^_ l_ieh h]jZgbqb\Z_l fhsghklv bklhqgbdZ baemq_gby \ke_^kl\b_ q_]h ljm[db ijboh^blky hoeZ`^Zlv

Ihke_ \uoh^Z ba ljm[db j_gl]_gh\kdbc imqhd dheebfbjmxl b fhghojhfZlbabjmxl

GZb[he__ jZkijhkljZg_gZ dheebfZpbhggZy kbkl_fZ ba lj_o ^bZnjZ]f beb s_e_c - 6 ( jbk <oh^gZy ^bnjZ]fZ \uj_aZ_l ba ijh_dpbb nhdmkgh]h iylgZ g_h[oh^bfuc mqZklhd

\lhjZy ^bZnjZ]fZ h]jZgbqb\Z_l jZaf_ju imqdZ iZ^Zxs_]h gZ h[jZa_p lj_lvy ^bZnjZ]fZ hlk_dZ_l iZjZablgh_ baemq_gb_ jZkk_b\Z_fh_ \lhjhc ^bZnjZ]fhc

Ijb ijhoh`^_gbb j_gl]_gh\kdbo emq_c q_j_a \_s_kl\h ijhbkoh^yl ke_^mxsb_ hkgh\gu_ ijhp_kku

Z dh]_j_glgh_ jZkk_ygb_ ^Zxs__ ^bnjZ]bjh\Zggu_ imqdb ijb dhlhjhf nhlhgu j_gl]_gh\kdh]h baemq_gby f_gyxl k\h_ gZijZ\e_gb_ [_a ihl_jb wg_j]bb

[ g_dh]_j_glgh_ jZkk_ygb_ ijb dhlhjhf nhlhgu hldehgyxlky hl i_j\hgZqZevgh]h gZijZ\e_gby b g_dhlhjZy qZklv wg_j]bb nhlhgZ i_j_^Z_lky we_dljhgm hl^Zqb wnn_dl DhfilhgZ

\ ih]ehs_gb_ dh]^Z qZklv wg_j]bb nhlhgZ ljZlblky gZ \uju\Zgb_ we_dljhgZ ba ZlhfZ hklZevgZy qZklv wg_j]bb i_j_^Z_lky wlhfm nhlhwe_dljhgm nhlhwnn_dl ijb wlhf \ha[m`^_gguc Zlhf \ha\jZsZykv \ ghjfZevgh_ khklhygb_ bkimkdZ_l nhlhg f_gvr_c wg_j]bb \lhjbqgh_ nemhj_kp_glgh_ baemq_gb_ beb `_ lZd gZau\Z_fuc h`_ - we_dljhg

\lhjbqguc nhlhwnn_dl

< j_amevlZl_ wlbo ijhp_kkh\ bgl_gkb\ghklv i_j\bqgh]h imqdZ ijb ijhoh`^_gbb kehy \_s_kl\Z lhesbghc l mf_gvrZ_lky wdkihg_gpbZevgh

I = I0 exp (− μ l ) ,

( 1.12 )

]^_ μ - kmffZjguc dhwnnbpb_gl hkeZ[e_gby

Dhwnnbpb_gl ih]ehs_gby ijhihjpbhgZe_g ijb[ebabl_evgh λ3 Z lZd`_ Z3.

Ijbf_gyy nbevlju 5 ( ðèñ. 2 ) ba we_f_glZ k ih^oh^ysbf Z b ihevamykv _]h k_e_dlb\guf ih]ehs_gb_f \[ebab djZy D - k_jbb fh`gh gZ j_gl]_gh-

]jZffZo mf_gvrblv dhjhldh\hegh\mx khklZ\eyxsmx nhgZ b bkdexqblv β

10

Baf_j_gb_ bgl_gkb\ghklb dZjlbg j_amevlZlh\ jZkk_b\Zgby j_gl]_gh\kdbo emq_c 3 ( jbk hljZ`_gguo hl bkke_^m_fh]h h[jZapZ 4 ijb\h^blky eb[h nhlh]jZnbq_kdbf f_lh^hf eb[h k ihfhsvx kq_lqbdh\ nhlhgh\ Ijb nhlh]jZnbq_kdhc j_]bkljZpbb ie_gdZ fh`_l h^gh\j_f_ggh beb ih hq_j_^b nbdkbjh\Zlv j_gl]_gh\kdb_ imqdb jZkk_yggu_ h[jZaphf ih^ jZagufb m]eZfb l _ hgZ y\ey_lky ^\mf_jguf ^_l_dlhjhf >_ckl\b_ j_gl]_gh\kdbo emq_c gZ nhlhie_gdm lZdh_ `_ dZd b \b^bfh]h k\_lZ b aZdexqZ_lky \ nhlhobfbq_kdhf jZaeh`_gbb [jhfb^Z k_j_[jZ Ihq_jg_gb_ D hij_^_ey_lky dZd eh]Zjbnf hlghr_gby bgl_gkb\ghkl_c imqdZ k\_lZ ijhr_^r_]h q_j_a ^Zgguc mqZklhd ie_gdb I b imqdZ ijhr_^r_]h q_j_a g_h[emq_gguc mqZklhd ie_gdb I0:

D = lg ( I / I0 )	( 1.13 )
Почернение пленки в интервале от 0,3 до 1,2 пропорционально	qbkem j_gl]_gh\kdbo nhlhgh\

miZ\rbo gZ _^bgbpm iehsZ^b >ey lhqgh]h hij_^_e_gby ihq_jg_gbc kem`Zl hilbq_kdb_ fbdjhnhlhf_lju beb fbdjh^_gkblhf_lju k hlkq_lhf ihq_jg_gby ih rdZe_ beb aZibkb ijhnbey ibdh\ \ \b^_ djb\hc b Z\lhfZlbq_kdb_ fbdjh^_gkblhf_lju kh_^bg_ggu_ g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh k W<F

>jm]hc hkgh\ghc f_lh^ j_]bkljZpbb j_gl]_gh\kdbo emq_c - ^bnjZdlhf_ljbq_kdbc hkgh\Zgguc gZ bkihevah\Zgbb jZaebqgh]h jh^Z kq_lqbdh\ j_gl]_gh\kdbo d\Zglh\ - bhgbaZpbhgguo kpbglbeeypbhgguo ihemijh\h^gbdh\uo b ^j Kq_lqbd dZd ijZ\beh fh`_l j_]bkljbjh\Zlv madbc imqhd emq_c \ dhg_qghf fZehf m]eh\hf bgl_j\Ze_ l _ y\ey_lky lhq_qguf ^_l_dlhjhf

GZb[he__ mihlj_[bl_evgu ]ZahjZajy^gu_ ijhihjpbhgZevgu_ kq_lqbdb b kpbglbeeypbhggu_ kq_lqbdb dhlhju_ ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc khq_lZgb_

exfbg_kp_glgh]h djbklZeeZ k\_lys_]hky ih^ ^_ckl\b_f j_gl]_gh\kdbo d\Zglh\ b nhlhwe_dljhggh]h mfgh`bl_ey Ijbf_gyxlky lZd`_ ihemijh\h^gbdh\u_ ^_l_dlhju ba ]_jfZgby b dj_fgby

Wnn_dlb\ghklv lh]h beb bgh]h ^_l_dlhjZ hij_^_ey_lky hlghr_gb_f qbkeZ aZj_]bkljbjh\Zgguo nhlhgh\ d qbkem nhlhgh\ ihiZ\rbo gZ \oh^gh_ hdgh ^_l_dlhjZ b khklZ\ey_l hl ^h

G:IJ:<E?GBY J?GL=?GH=J:NBQ?KDH=H :G:EBA:

11

K fhf_glZ k\h_]h jh`^_gby j_gl]_gh]jZnbq_kdbc ZgZeba jZa\beky \ g_kdhevdh kZfhklhyl_evguo gZijZ\e_gbc

H^gh ba \Z`g_crbo b gZb[he__ nmg^Zf_glZevguo - j_gl]_gh\kdbc kljmdlmjguc ZgZeba aZ^Zq_c dhlhjh]h y\ey_lky gZoh`^_gb_ lhqguo ihabpbc Zlhfh\ \ we_f_glZjghc yq_cd_ mklZgh\e_gb_ ijhkljZgkl\_gghc ]jmiiu kbff_ljbb jZkij_^_e_gby we_dljhgghc iehlghklb J_gl]_gh\kdbc kljmdlmjguc ZgZeba oZjZdl_jbam_l dhgdj_lgmx \u^_e_ggmx nZam hg ijbf_gy_lky ]eZ\guf h[jZahf ^ey bamq_gby fhghdjbklZeebq_kdbo h[jZaph\

Hij_^_e_gb_ kljmdlmju fhghdjbklZeeh\ l _ dhhj^bgZl Zlhfh\ b ^jm]bo iZjZf_ljh\ kljmdlmju khklhbl ba ^\mo wlZih\

Z ihemq_gb_ ^bnjZdpbhgguo ^Zgguo \dexqZy hij_^_e_gb_ kbff_ljbb we_f_glZjghc yq_cdb

[ gZoh`^_gb_ fZl_fZlbq_kdbfb f_lh^Zfb dhhj^bgZl Zlhfh\ beb jZkij_^_e_gby we_dljhgghc iehlghklb ba dZjlbgu ^bnjZdpbb

J_gl]_gh\kdbc wdki_jbf_gl \ k\hx hq_j_^v kdeZ^u\Z_lky ba ^\mo wlZih\ I_j\uc aZdexqZ_lky \ ij_^\Zjbl_evghf bkke_^h\Zgbb - hij_^_eyxlky iZjZf_lju j_r_ldb b __ kbff_ljby ijhba\h^blky hjb_glbjh\dZ djbklZeeZ mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky _]h fhaZbqghklv gZoh^ylky djb\u_ ih]ehs_gby <lhjhc wlZi - wlh baf_j_gb_ bgl_]jZevguo bgl_gkb\ghkl_c \k_c kh\hdmighklb hljZ`_gbc hl djbklZeeZ

Gm`gh hlf_lblv qlh hjb_glbjh\dZ djbklZeeh\ b ij_pbabhggh_ hij_^_e_gb_ yq_cdb ijbf_gy_lky ^ey b^_glbnbdZpbb \_s_kl\ bf_xsboky \ \b^_ fZeuo fhghdjbklZeeh\

Hjb_glbjh\Zgb_ djbklZeeh\ bkihevam_lky ijb bamq_gbb gZijZ\e_gbc jhklZ bkke_^h\Zgbb wiblZdkbb b lhihlZdkbb ijb

l_ogbq_kdbo ijbf_g_gbyo fhghdjbklZeeh\ Lhqgh_ baf_j_gb_ iZjZf_ljh\ j_r_ldb ijbf_gy_lky ijb bkke_^h\Zgbb l\_j^uo jZkl\hjh\ l_gahjZ l_ieh-\h]h jZkrbj_gby b l ^

Kt_fdZ fhghdjbklZeeh\ iha\hey_l bkke_^h\Zlv lZd`_ l_ieh\h_ ^bnnmagh_ jZkk_ygb_ l _

hij_^_eblv nhghgguc ki_dlj djbklZeeZ

J_gl]_gh\kdhfm bkke_^h\Zgbx bgh]^Z ij_^r_kl\m_l \u[hj h[jZapZ b _]h ij_^\Zjbl_evgh_ h[ke_^h\Zgb_ k ihfhsvx ]hgbhf_ljbb b djbklZeehhilbq_kdbo f_lh^h\

Bkke_^h\Zgb_ kljmdlmju fhghdjbklZeeh\ ijh\h^blky \ fhghojhfZlbq_kdhf beb ihebojhfZlbq_kdhf [_ehf baemq_gbyo

1.4.1. F?LH> E:MW

12

Wlhl f_lh^ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc kt_fdm g_ih^\b`gh]h fhghdjbklZeeZ \ iZjZee_evghf ihebojhfZlbq_kdhf imqd_

Kt_fdZ hkms_kl\ey_lky ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf ;_eh_ baemq_gb_ \hevnjZfh\h]h beb fheb[^_gh\h]h Zgh^Z bgh]^Z f_^gh]h \f_kl_ k oZjZdl_jbklbq_kdbfb ebgbyfb q_j_a

©lhq_qgucªdheebfZlhj gZijZ\ey_lky gZ h[jZa_p

Nhlhie_gdZ jZkiheZ]Z_lky aZ h[jZaphf qlh ^Z_l kh[kl\_ggh eZmw]jZffm beb i_j_^ h[jZaphf qlh ^Z_l eZmw]jZffm - wib]jZffm < ihke_^g_f kemqZ_ h[jZa_p fh`_l [ulv fZkkb\guf

=eZ\gh_ gZagZq_gb_ f_lh^Z EZmw - wlh \uy\e_gb_ kbff_ljbb djbklZeeh\ b hjb_glbjh\Zgb_ bo ^ey jZaebqguo p_e_c ihke_^mxs_c kt_fdb \ ^jm]bo dZf_jZo f_oZgbq_kdhc h[jZ[hldb b l i

<Z`guf k\hckl\hf eZmw]jZff jbk y\ey_lky lh qlh _keb djbklZee kgyl \^hev hkb beb iehkdhklb kbff_ljbb lh b eZmw]jZffZ bf__l wlhl we_f_gl kbff_ljbb Ihwlhfm ihke_ kt_fdb djbklZeeZ ijb ijhba\hevghc hjb_glbjh\d_ b gZoh`^_gby ]eZ\guo hk_c kbff_ljbb ^ey hdhgqZl_evgh]h mklZgh\e_gby kbff_ljbb fh`gh kgylv eZmw]jZffu \^hev wlbo hk_c

EZmw]jZffZ y\ey_lky iehkdbf ^\mf_jguf bah[jZ`_gb_f b ke_^h\Zl_evgh __ kbff_ljby hibku\Z_lky h^ghc ba ^\mf_jguo djbklZe- eh]jZnbq_kdbo ]jmii kbff_ljbb KhihklZ\eyy eZmw]jZffu kgylu_ \^hev jZaguo gZijZ\e_gbc fh`gh mklZgh\blv ijbgZ^e_`ghklv lhq_qghc ]jmiiu

13

Jbk Lbibqguc \b^ eZmw]jZffu

djbklZeeZ d lhfm beb bghfm deZkkm kbff_ljbb

1.4.2. F?LH>U <J:S?GBY B DHE?;:GBY DJBKL:EE:

Wlb f_lh^u hkgh\Zgu gZ lhf qlh ijb \jZs_gbb djbklZeeZ \hdjm] g_ kh\iZ^Zxs_c k gZijZ\e_gb_f i_j\bqgh]h imqdZ hkb maeu _]h h[jZlghc j_r_ldb [m^ml ih hq_j_^b

14

i_j_k_dZlv kn_jm hljZ`_gby >ey ihemq_gby j_gl]_gh]jZff wlbfb f_lh^Zfb iZjZee_evguc fhghojhfZlbq_kdbc imqhd gZijZ\ey_lky gZ g_[hevrhc fhghdjbklZee -

ff \ ihi_j_qgbd_ <h \j_fy kt_fdb djbklZee \jZsZxl \ iheghf ( ω = 360o ) beb h]jZgbq_gghf m]eh\hf bgl_j\Ze_ ω \hdjm] hkb i_ji_g^bdmeyjghc i_j\bqghfm imqdm

DjbklZee hjb_glbjmxl lZd qlh[u hkv \jZs_gby kh\iZ^ZeZ k dZdhc-eb[h hklvx djbklZeebq_kdhc j_r_ldb < dZq_kl\_ hkb \jZs_gby dhe_[Zgby fh`gh \u[bjZlv g_ lhevdh dhhj^bgZlgu_ hkb gh b ^jm]b_ ijhklu_ jZpbhgZevgu_ hkb gZijbf_j [ 110 ] , [ 111 ] b l i Ijhbg^bpbjh\ZggZy j_gl]_gh]jZffZ iha\hey_l mklZgh\blv gZebqb_ ih]ZkZgbc baf_jblv bgl_gkb\ghklb jZaj_r_gguo j_gl]_gh\kdbo j_ne_dkh\ Ihkl. Ba k_jbb j_gl]_gh]jZff dhe_[Zgby beb \jZs_gby fh`gh ihemqblv iheguc gZ[hj bgl_gkb\ghkl_c ^ey \k_o djbklZeeh]jZnbq_kdbo iehkdhkl_c qlh iha\hey_l h^ghagZqgh hibkZlv kljh_gb_ djbklZeebq_kdhc j_r_ldb bkke_^m_fh]h h[jZapZ

1.4.3. J?GL=?GH=J:NBY IHEBDJBKL:EEBQ?KDBO

F:L?JB:EH<

Ih^e_`Zs__ bkke_^h\Zgbx \_s_kl\h g_ \k_]^Z fh`gh ihemqblv \ \b^_ fhghdjbklZeeZ ;he__ lh]h \h fgh]bo ijbjh^guo b kbgl_lbq_kdbo l_ogbq_kdb \Z`guo fZl_jbZeZo djbklZeebq_kdh_ \_s_kl\h gZoh^blky \ \b^_ ihebdjbklZeeZ b \Z`gh bf_lv \hafh`ghklv bamqblv _]h kljmdlmjm bf_ggh \ lZdhf khklhygbb IhebdjbklZeebq_kdbc fZl_jbZe khklhbl ba fgh`_kl\Z f_edbo fhghdjbklZeeh\ LZdhc h[jZa_p fh`_l ij_^klZ\eylv kh[hc eb[h Z]j_]Zl iehlgh kp_ie_gguo f_`^m kh[hc djbklZeebdh\ dZd

gZijbf_j \ f_lZeeZo

kieZ\Zo f_lZeeh\ fgh]bo fbg_jZeZo b d_jZfbq_kdbo fZl_jbZeZo eb[h baf_evq_gguc ihjhrhd ^Zggh]h \_s_kl\Z

K ihfhsvx j_gl]_gh]jZnbb gZ ihebdjbklZeebq_kdbo h[jZapZo fh`gh j_rblv ke_^mxsb_ aZ^Zqb

1)hij_^_eblv iZjZf_lju we_f_glZjghc yq_cdb g_ba\_klgh]h \_s_kl\Z

2)ijh\_klb kljmdlmjguc ZgZeba g_keh`guo kljmdlmj

3)ijh\_klb dZq_kl\_gguc nZah\uc ZgZeba l _ b^_glbnbpbjh\Zlv djbklZeebq_kdb_ nZau \ fbg_jZeZo kieZ\Zo b l i gZ hkgh\_ ijbkmsbo bf agZq_gbc

15

f_`iehkdhklguo jZkklhygbc b bgl_gkb\ghkl_c khhl\_lkl\mxsbo

djbklZeeh]jZnbq_kdbo iehkdhkl_c

4)ijh\_klb dhebq_kl\_gguc nZah\uc ZgZeba l _ mklZgh\blv dhebq_kl\h l_o beb bguo nZa \ kf_kb bo djbklZeeh\ Z lZd`_ bkke_^h\Zlv nZah\u_ i_j_oh^u

5)hp_gblv kj_^gb_ jZaf_ju djbklZeeblh\ \ h[jZap_ b ihkljhblv nmgdpbb jZkij_^_e_gby bo ih jZaf_jZf

6)bamqblv gZebqb_ \gmlj_ggbo gZijy`_gbc

7)ijh\_klb bamq_gb_ l_dklmj l _ oZjZdl_jZ ij_bfms_kl\_gghc hjb_glZpbb djbklZeeblh\ \ ihebdjbklZeebq_kdbo h[jZapZo

Ijbf_gy_fu_ f_lh^u ^ey j_gl]_gh\kdh]h ZgZebaZ ihebdjbklZeebq_kdbo h[jZaph\ hibjZxlky gZ ^\Z \b^Z ZiiZjZlmju

Z bkihevamxsb_ kt_fdm j_ne_dkh\ gZ nhlhie_gdm [ ijbf_gyxsb_ kq_lqbdb j_gl]_gh\kdbo d\Zglh\ gZijbf_j lbiZ =_c]_jZ-Fxee_jZ

b nhlhmfgh`bl_eb qlh iha\hey_l Z\lhfZlbabjh\Zlv kt_fdm b aZibkv j_amevlZlh\

^bnjZdlhf_lju

H[jZ[hldZ j_gl]_gh]jZff \ ijhkl_cr_f kemqZ_ k\h^blky d baf_j_gbx jZkklhygby f_`^m ebgbyfb b i_j_oh^m d agZq_gbyf m]eh\ ^bnjZdpbb Z ^Ze__ d jZkq_lZf f_`iehkdhklguo jZkklhygbc ih nhjfme_ <mevnZ-;jw]]Z b \bamZevghc hp_gd_ bgl_gkb\ghkl_c j_gl]_gh\kdbo j_ne_dkh\

GZb[he__ i_jki_dlb\guf \g_ \kydh]h khfg_gby y\ey_lky bkihevah\Zgb_ j_gl]_gh\kdbo ^bnjZdlhf_ljh\ Kh\j_f_ggu_ ^bnjZdlhf_lju kgZ[`_gu mijZ\eyxsbfb b h[jZ[Zlu\Zxsbfb dhfivxl_jZfb < gZklhys__ \j_fy jZajZ[hlZgh ^hklZlhqgh [hevrh_ dhebq_kl\h gZ^_`guo ijh]jZff k ihfhsvx dhlhjuo hij_^_eyxlky iZjZf_lju b kbff_ljby djbklZeebq_kdhc j_r_ldb

fh`_l ijhba\h^blvky b^_glbnbdZpby nZa b fh^_ebjh\Zlvky ijhkljZgkl\_ggZy kljmdlmjZ k mdZaZgb_f dhhj^bgZl Zlhfh\ Lbibqguc \b^ j_gl]_gh\kdhc ^bnjZdlh]jZffu ijb\_^_g gZ jbk DZd \b^gh ba wlh]h jbkmgdZ j_gl]_gh]jZffZ ex[hc djbklZeebq_kdhc nZau oZjZdl_jbam_lky k\hbf hij_^_e_gguf gZ[hjhf f_`iehkdhklguo jZkklhygbc dhkl b bgl_gkb\ghkl_c j_ne_dkh\ Ihkl Z j_gl]_gh]jZffZ ]_l_jhnZagh]h h[jZapZ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc gZeh`_gb_ j_gl]_gh]jZff hl^_evguo nZa

>ey nZah\h]h ZgZebaZ g_h[oh^bfh bf_lv wlZehggu_ ^Zggu_ dhlhju_ kh[jZgu \ ki_pbZevguo kijZ\hqgbdZo GZb[he__ ihegu_ j_gl]_gh\kdb_ ^Zggu_ ijb\_^_gu \

16

dZjlhl_d_ :f_jbdZgkdh]h [xjh klZg^Zjlh\ ( ASTM ) < gZklhys__ \j_fy kms_kl\m_l g_kdhevdh jZajZ[hlhd bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f b khhl\_lkl\mxsbo [Za ^Zgguo ^ey Z\lhfZlbq_kdh]h ijh\_^_gby dZq_kl\_ggh]h nZah\h]h ZgZebaZ k bkihevah\Zgb_f W<F

1.5. KI?PBNBQ?KDB? <HAFH@GHKLB WE?DLJHGH=J:NBQ?-KDH=H F?LH>: :G:EBA: DJBKL:EEBQ?KDBO KLJMDLMJ

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