Жигальский_Твердотельная электроника

3.3) B

"7----r

22

HaH60JIblIlee 3Ha'leHHe HMeeT KpHBaj{ 3. TIOCKOJIbKY npOBO):lHMOCTb

nonynpoBO):lHHKa npjlMO nponOplJ.HOHaJIbHa, KOHlJ.eHrpalJ.HH nO):l­ BIDKHbIX HOCHTeJIeH 3ap5l):la, TO npH npOTeKaHHH npjlMOro TOKa Y):leJIbHOe COnpOTHBJIeHHe 06JIaCTeH 6a3b1, npHMbIKalOIIJ.HX K p-n nepeXO):ly, CHH)I(8.eTCj{ no CpaBHeHHIO C TeM 3Hal.feHHeM, KOTopoe 6bIJIO 6e3 HaKormeHHoro 3apjl):la. no ::ITOH npH'IHHe nOJIHOe conpo­ THBJIeHHe 6a30BOH 06JIaCTH npH npOTeKaHHH np5lMOrO TOKa MeHb­ me, l.feM 6e3 Hero. TaKHM 06Pa30M, HaKOnJIeHHe H36blTOqHbIX nOk BIDKHblX HOCHTeJIeH 3ap~a B 6a30BOH 06JIaCTH Be):leT K CHHiKeHHIO npSlMoro COnpOTHBJIeHHjI ):lHO):la. JIBJIeHHe YMeHhlIleHH5I conpOTHB­ JIeHH», 6a3bl BCJIe):lCTBHe HIDKeKIJ.HH ):lbIPOK p-n nepeXO):la CMelIl,eH­ Horo B npSlMOM HanpaBJIeHHH, Ha3b1BaIOT MO):{yMlJ.HeH conpOTHBJIe­ HMjI 6a3bL TaKHM 06Pa30M, nepeXO):lHbIH npoQecc, HCKa)I(8.lOllI,HH nepe):lHHH <pPOHT HMnYJIhCa, npoxo):ljllIl,ero l.fepe3 ):lHO):l B np.SlMOM HanpaBJIeHHH, 06YCJIOBJIeH MO):lYJIjllJ.HeH conpOTHBJIeHH.SI 6a3bI.

nOCJIe OKOHl.faHH.SI HMnyJlhCa TOKa Ha ):lHO):le elIl,e B Te'leHHe ):lOC­ TaTOqHO MHTeJIbHOrO BpeMeHH COXpaH.SIeTCjI Hanp5liKeHHe, COOTBeT­

cTBylOllI,ee np.SlMoMY HanpaBJIeHHIO TOKa 4epe3 ):lHO):l (pHC. 3.2), T. e. ):lHO):l CaM jlBJI.SIeTC.SI HCTOl{HHKOM Hanp.SliKeHH5I, KOTopoe Ha3bIBalOT nOCJleHHiKeKQHOHHbfM. HaJIHI.fHe ::IToro HanpjliKeHH» nOCJIe OKOH4a­ HH» ):leHCTBHjI HMnYJIbCa TOKa 06bjlCHjleTC.SI TeM, 'ITO na):leHHe Ha­ npjliKeHHjI Ha ):lHO):le npH npOXOiK):leHHH np5lMoro TOKa CKJIMbIBaeT­ CjI H3 nMeHH» Hanp.SliKeHH5I Ha p-n nepexo):le Vn H nMeHH5I Hanp.Sl­ iKeHHSI Ha 6a3e VE.

Hanp5liKeHHe Ha p-n nepeXO):le 3aBHCHT TOJIbKO OT KOHlJ.eHTpau,HH H36bITO'lHbIX ):lhIPOK B6JIH3H Hero H onpe):leJl5leTC5I no H3BeCTHOH <popMYJIe

=kT In P(O).	(3.3)

q Pn

nMeHHe HanpjJiKeHHjJ Ha 6a3e npe):lCTaBJl5IeT C060H l{HCTO OMH­ 'IecKYIO COCTaBMIOlIl,YIO, paBHylO

23

V[) =lnpR[)

(3.4)

B MOMeHT OKOHl.faHMjI TOKa BeJIH'IHHa V COrJIaCHO (3.4) MrHOBeHHO

E

cnMaeT ):l0 HYJIjI, qeM H 06bjlCH5IeTCSI CKal.fOK HanpjliKeHHjI Ha ):lHO):le B 3TOT MOMeHT.

Pacnpe):leJIeHHe ):lbIPOK B 6a3e ):lHO):la MfHOBeHHO H3MeHHTbCjJ He

MOiKeT, n03TOMY BeJIH'IHHa Vn COXpaHjJeTC5I HeH3MeHHOH Cpa3Y no­ CJIe BbIKJllOl.feHH» TOKa. Jl136bITO'lHble ):lblpKH B 6a3e nOCTeneHHO pe­ KOM6HHHPYIOT, YMeHbmeHHe HX KOHlJ.eHrpallHU OKOJIO p-n nepeXO):la npUBO):lUT COmaCHO <popMYJIe (3.3) K YMeHbmeHHIO BeJIMl{HHbl Vn.

		VD		CnM	nOCJIeHHiKeKIJ.HOHHoro
	Jtr-o
		Dtl r	0	Hanp5liKeHH»	BO BpeMeHH onHCbI­
				BaTCjI Mj{ ):lHO):lOB BblpaiKeHHeM
			RH
				dVrrp(t)	kT 1	(3.5)
	PRe.3.3	CxeMa rrepeK.JllOqe­		--- ' -- = ---
				dt	q 'fP
	HID! BXO,nHOrO HaITplilKeHHJI
		qepe3 ,nHO)l,		3Ta <popMYJla CnpaBeMHBa		):lJISI
				60JIhmeH l{aCTH H3MeHeHH»		Ha­

np5liKeHUjJ. nUmb B CaMOM Ha'laJIe npou,ecca cnMa npH t<'tp H B 3a­

KJllOl.fHTeJIbHOH ero <pa3e npH Vrrp	(t) I'l:: kT 3aKOH H3MeHeHmi Ha­
	q

npjliKeHU.SI 6JIU30K K 3KCnOHeHlJ.UaJIbHOMY.
Tor):la BpeM.SI iKH3HH ):lblPOK MOiKHO Onpe):leJIHTh KaK
	kT	D.t	(3.6)
'f	•
p	q.1.V

3.3 llepeXO,lJ;HLle npolIeccLi npH nepeK.rnO'leHHH HanplDl\e-

HHH C npHMoro Ha o6paTHoe

nO):l B03):leHCTBHeM nOJIOiKHTeJIbHoro BXO):lHOro HanpjJjKeHHjI

l.fepe3 ):lHO):l npOTeKaeT npSlMoH TOK, BeJIHI.fHHa KOTOpOro Onpe):leM­

eTC5I aMnJIHTY):lOH HMnyJIbCa, COnpOTHBJIeHHeM HarpY3KH H np5lMOH

npoBO):lHMOCThlO ):lHO):la (pHC. MOMeHT, KOr):la BXO):lHOe Ha­

-

~-~

~r

24

rrpIDKeHHe MeHHeT CBOIO rrOJIHpHOCTh, Ha6JIIO)),aeTCH pe3KOe YBeJIH­

4eHHe 06paTHOrO TOKa 4epe3 )),HO)), lo6p H JIHlllh rrOCTerreHHO C Te4e­ HHeM BpeMeHH OH YMeHhlllaeTCH )),0 3Ha4eHUH, paBHOrO lo6p. CTaII (pHC.

3.4).

1(t)
1,				PI1C. 3.4 - IIepexo,n:Hoi1 rrpouecc
1BOCT	~.-.-.-.~~.-.!>~			rrpl1 rrepeKJIlOQeH1111 ,n:l1o,n:a c
			:>:	rrpliMoro TOKa Ha o6paTHbli1
	.	~.
				(II rrpl1 RH , t; rrpl1 R~ ,RH< R~)
106p

TIPH4HHOH Ha6JIIO)),aeMoro nepeXO)1,Horo npou,ecca HBJIHeTCH 3<p<peKT HaKOrrJIeHfIH H paccaChIBaHfIR HeOCHOBHhIX HOCHTeJIeH 3a­ pR)1,a B 6a3e )1,HO)1,a. TIpH rro)),a4e Ha )1,HO)1, rrpHMoro CMeI.l.J,eHHH p-n rrepeXO)1, HH)KeKTHpyeT B 06JIaCTh 6a3hI )1,hIPKH, KOTophIe no)1, )1,eHCT­ BHeM )1,H<P<PY3HH rrepeMeI.l.J,aIOTCR .B HarrpaBJIeHHH 6a30Boro OMH'le­ CKOro KOHTaKTa. B rrpou,ecce )1,H<P<PY3HH 4aCTh HH)KeKTHpOBaHHbIX )),hIPOK peKOM6HHHpyeT C 3JIeKTpOHaMH 6a3hI, rr03TOMY KOHu,eHTpa­ U,HR H36hIT04HhIX )1,hIPOK YMeHhlllaeTCR rro Mepe Y)1,aJIeHHH OT p-n rrepeXO)1,a. IJPH )1,JlHTeJIhHOM rrpOTeKaHHH npRMoro TOKa rrpou,ecc peKoM6HHau,HH )1,hIpOK B 6a3e ypaBHoBelllHBaeTCH HX HH)KeKu,HeH p­ n nepeXO)),OM. TaKHM 06pa30M B03HHKaeT HeKOTopoe YCTaHOBHB­ llleeCH COCTOHHHe, TIOJIHOe KOJIH4eCTBO )1,hIpOK B 6a3e )1,HO)1,a rrpH npOTeKaHHH rrpHMoro TOKa 4epe3 )1,HO)1, 3Ha4HTeJIhHO 60JIhllle, 4eM B CJIY4ae, Kor)),a TOK 4epe3 )1,HO)), He rrpOTeKaeT. TIPOHCXO)1,HT HaKOIIJIe­ HHe )),hIpOK HJlH, rrOCKOJIhKY )1,hIpKH MO)KHO C4HTaTh 3apR)KeHHhIMH 4acTHu,aMH, HaKOIIJIeHHe 3apR)1,a. TIpH CMeI.l.J,eHHH p-n nepeXO)1,a B 06paTHOM HarrpaBJIeHHH )1,hlpKH H3 6a30BOH 06JIaCTH 6ecrrperrHTCT­ BeHHO rrepeXOMT B p-06JIaCTh. BeJIH4HHa B03HHKalOI.l.J,ero BCJIe)),CT­ BHe 3TOro 06paTHoro TOKa 3aBHCHT OT KOHu,eHTpau,HH )1,hlPOK OKOJIO p-n rrepexo)),a co CTOPOHhI 6a3hI.

25

KOHu,eHTpau,UH HaKOIIJleHHhIX )),hIPOK B6JIH3H p-n rrepexo)),a 06hI4HO )),ocTaT04Ho BhIcoKa, H BeJIHKa TaIOKe CKOPOCTh OX rrepeMe­ I.l.J,eHHH B p-06JIaCTh, rr03ToMY rrpH pe3KoM rrepeKJII04eHHH rrpHJlo­ )KeHHoro K )),HO)),Y HarrpH)KeHHH 4epe3 Hero Mor 6hI rrpOTeKaTh 3Ha­ 4HTeJIhHhIH (TeopeTH4eCKH 6eCKOHequhIH) 06paTHhIH TOK. HHhIMH CJIOBaMH, Cpa3Y rrOCJIe rrepeKJII04eHHH p-n rrepexo)), 06JIa)),aeT UYJIe­ BhIM corrpOTHBJIeHHeM.

DJIaro)),apH HaJIH4HIO orpaHH'iHBaIOI.l.J,ero COrrpOTHBJIeHUH RH 06­ paTHhIH TOK 4epe3 )),HO)), Cpa3Y rrOCJIe rrepeKJII04eHHH He MO)KeT 6hITh 6eCKOHe4HO 60JIhlllHM, OH paBeH Io6p = VHMIT IRID r)),e VHMIT - aMIIJlHTY­ )1,a HMnyJIhCa 06paTHoro HarrpH)KeHHH Ha BXO)1,e cxeMhI (pHC. 3.3).

TIo Mepe npOTeKaHUH 06paTHoro TOKa KOJIH4eCTBO H36hIT04HhIX )1,hIPOK B 6a3e YMeHhlllaeTCH KaK 3a C4eT ox BhITHrHBaHHH B p­

06JIaCTh, TaK H BCJIe)1,CTBHe HenpeKpaI.l.J,aIOI.l.J,erOCH npou,ecca peKoM­ 6HHau,HH C 3JIeKIp0HaMH.

,lJ,0 Tex nop, nOKa KOHu,eHTPau,HH )1,hIPOK y rpaHHu,hI p-n nepexo­ )1,a He CHH3HTCH )1,0 uym, 4epe3 p-n nepexo)), npOTeKaeT 60JIhlllOH 06paTHhIH TOK, orpaHH4HBaeMhIH JIHlllh COnpOTHBJIeHHeM HarpY3KH.

B )1,aJIhHeHllleM 06paTHhIH TOK YMeHhlllaeTCH, )1,OCTHraH C Te4eHHeM BpeMeHH 3Ha4eHUH, paBHOrO I o6p. CTaII'

TaKHM 06Pa30M, nepeXO)1,HaH XapaKTepHCTHKa )1,Ho)),a npH nepe­ KJU04eHHH ero H3 npHMoro HanpaBJIeHHH Ha 06paTHoe BKJII04aeT B ce6H )1,Be <pa3hI: <pa3Y nOCTOHHHoro 06paTHoro TOKa (HJlH <pa3Y BhI­ COKOH 06paTHoH npOBO)1,HMOCTH) H <pa3Y cna)),a (HJlH BOCCTaHOBJIe­ HUH) 06paTHoro TOKa.

B CJIY4ae CIIJlaBHOro IIJlOCKOCTHOro )),Ho)),a C TOJICTOH 6a30BOH 06JIaCThIO )1,JlHTeJIhHOCTh <pa3hI nOCTOHHHoro 06paTHoro nepexO)),HO­ ro TOKa II T. e. )1,JlHTeJIhHOCTh IIJlOCKOH 4aCTH HMrryJIhCa 06paTHoro TOKa (<<nOJI04KH»), onpe)1,emeTCH BhIpa)KeHHeM

r5-15,

r"r

	ft=			26
				Irrp
		tl
				__	(3.7)
	erf	r p	- Irrp + I o6p
	C 10% TOqHOCTblO	)])UI	CnJIaBHbIX nnOCKOCTHblX		)]HO)]OB npH
	YCJIOBHH I06I/Irrp < 0,2
				Irrp	(3.8)
		tl = 0,65rp 1n--

Io6p

Y )]HCPCPY3HOHHbIX )]HO)]OB )].J1HTeJIbHOCTh rrJIOCKOU qaCTH HM­ rryJIbCa o6paTHoro TOKa BCer)]a 60JIbIlle, qeM y cnnaBHbIX C TaKHM )l(e BpeMeHeM )l(H3HH )]bIPOK. B 3TOM cJIyqae CJIe)]yeT nOJIb30BaTbCR cJIe)])'JOJl.{eu cpoPMYJIou:

tl =r p 1n(1 + Irrp :

(3.9)

Io6p

TaKHM 06Pa30M, HCCJIe)]YR pa60ry )]HO)]a Ha npRMoyroJIbHbIX HMrryJIbCax B npRMoM CMeJl.{eHHH H npH nepeKJIlOqeHHH C npRMoro Ha o6paTHoe HanpR)I(eHHe, MO)l(HO orrpe)]eJIHTb 3cpcpeKTHBHOe BpeMR )l(H3HH HeOCHOBHbIX HOCHTeJIeu B 6a3e )]HO)]a.

3.4 3KcnepHMeHTaJlbHaH YCTaHoBKa

3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHaR YCTaHoBKa )].J1R H3yqeHHR rrepeXO)]HbIX

rrpoQeccoB B )]HO)]e nOKa3aHa Ha pHC. 3.5. YCTaHoBKa n03BOJIReT Ha6JIJO)]aTb nepeXO)]HbIe npoQeccbI Ha HMrryJIbCaX rrpRMoro TOKa H rrpH nepeKJIlOqeHHH )]HO)]a C npRMoro HarrpR)I(eHHR Ha o6paTHoe. B

KaqeCTBe reHepaTopa HMrryJIbCOB HCnOJIb3YeTCR npH60p I1e­

peXO)]HbIe rrpoQeccbI CPHKCHPYIOTCR C nOMOUJ,blO oCQHJIJIorpacpa C 1­

118A.

PIiC. 3.5 - YCTaHOBKa llJUI 1i3MepeHIDI BpeMeHIi )!Cli3HIi HeOCHOBHbIX HOCliTeJIeH B 6a3e llliOlla: a- Ha IiMrrYJIbCaX rrpmmro TOKa; 6- rrpli rrepe­ KJIlOqeHli1i CrrpRMoro HarrpR­ )KeHIDI Ha o6paTHoe

Ie

oel(

VeMO +

6

3.53a)]aHHe Ha pa60ry

3.5.13apHcoBaTb nepeXO)]HbIe npoQeccbI, B03HHKaJOUJ,He npH npOXO)l()]eI-lHH qepe3 )]HO)] HMrryJIbCa npRMoro TOKa )].J1R TPex ypOB­ Heu HIDKeKQHH.

3.5.2Onpe)]eJIHTb 3cpcpeKTHBHoe BpeMR )l(H3HH Tp, HeOCI-IOBI-IbIX HOCHTeJIeU B 6a3e )]HO)]a.

3.5.33apHcoBaTb BH)] nepexo)]I-Iou XapaKTepHCTHKH npoQecca rrepeKJIlOqeHHR )]HO)]a C npRMoro I-IanpR)I(eHHR I-Ia o6paTI-loe.

3.5.4Onpe)]eJIHTb 3cpcpeKTHBI-IOe BpeMR )l(H3I-1H I-IeOCI-IOBI-IbIX I-IO­ CHTeJIeU H BpeMR BOCCTaHOBJIeHHR o6paTHoro conpOTHBJIeHHR )]HO­

)]a.

3.5.5 CPaBHHTb 3HaqeHHR BpeMeHH )l(H3HH HeOCHOBHbIX HOCHTe­ JIeH, rrOJIyqeHHbTe )]ByMR 3THMH crroco6aMH. B cnyqae 3HaqHTeJIbHO­ ro OTJIHYHR )]aTb o6bRcHeHHe.

h

~

!JIr1f

28				29
3.6 ITopu.nOK BhIDOJIHeHHH paOOThI		4.2 TeOpeTH'IeCKaH 'IaCTh
3.6.1 03HaKoMHTbCSI C pa60ToH H3MepHTeJIbHOH YCTaHOBKH.		OCHOBHhIM 3JIeMeHTOM ryHHeJIbHoro ,n:Ho,n:a XBJI.HeTCSI p-n nepe­
3.6.2 BKJIIOl.lHTb B CeTh H3MepHTeJIhHbIe npH60phI (reHepaTOp H		xo,n: C BbIpO)K',lJ,eHHhIMH p- H n-06JIaCT$lMH. 3HepreTHT.{eCKHe ,n:Ha­
OCIJ;HJIJIOrpa¢) H nporpeTb HX B TeT.{eHHe 10 MHH.		rpaMMbI, nOXCH.HIOIIJ;He npHHIJ;Hn pa60TbI npH60pa, nOKa3aHhI Ha
3.6.3 I1onyT.{HTh Ha 3KpaHe oCIJ;HJIJIorpa$a HMnyJIbCbI nepexo,n:­		pHcYHKe 4.1. B OTJIHT.{He OT p-n nepexo,n:a C HeBhIpO)K',lJ,eHHhIMH p- H
HOro CHrHaJIa npH npOXO)K',lJ,eHHH T.{epe3 ,n:HO,n: HMnyJIbCOB npSIMoro		n-06JIaCT$lMH Y ryHHeJIhHoro ,n:Ho,n:a p- H n-06JIaCTH pa3,n:eJIeHbI no­
TOKa. CpasHHTh HX C PHCYHKOM 3.2, 3apHcoBaTb H onpe,n:eJIHTh Bpe­		TeHIJ;HaJIbHbIM 6apbepoM, BblCOTa KOToporo 60JIblile 3anpeIIJ;eHHOH
M$I )KH3HH 'tp •		30Hbl nOJIynpOBo,n:HHKa		Ha BeJIHT.{HHY, onpe,n:eAAeMYIO CTeneHhIO
3.6.4 I1epeBecTH cxeMY B pe)KHM nepeKJIIOT.{eHH$I ,n:Ho,n:a C np$l­		BblpO)K',lJ,eHH$I npoTHBOnOJIO)KHOH 06JIaCTH. TaK .D:AA 3JIeKYpOHoB n­
MOro HanpIDKeHH$I Ha 06paTHoe.		06JIaCTH nOTeHu;HaJIbHhlH 6aphep 6y,n:eT paseH Eg+(E,,-JIF'p), )l;rr$l ,n:bI­
3.6.5 I10JIYT.fHTh Ha 3KpaHe OCIJ;HJIJIOrpa¢a HMnyJIbChI nepexo,n:­		POK p-06JIaCTH, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, Eg+(Ec-JIFn), KaK nOKa3aHO Ha PH­
Horo CHrHaJIa npH nepeKJIIOT.{eHHH ,n:Ho,n:a C np$lMoro HanpmKeHH$I Ha		cyHKe 4.1 a. TaK KaK p- H n-06JIaCTH BbIpO)K',lJ,eHbI, TO lIlHpHHa 3TOro
06paTHoe. CpaBHHTh HX C PHCYHKOM 3.4 H 3apHcoBaTb.		6apbepa (paBHM lIlHpHHe 06JIacTH npOCTpaHCTBeHHoro 3apx,n:a)
3.6.6 Ii3MeH$I$I conpOTHBJIeHHe HarpY3KH BO BHelIlHeH IJ;enH,		,n:OJI)KHa 6bITb nopx,n:Ka 10-6 _10-7 CM (,n:ax<e.D:JI$I lIlHPOK030HHoro no­
CH$lTh 3aBHCHMOCTh tl OT OTHOlIleHH$lInrJIo6p•		JIynpoBo,n:HHKa, HanpHMep, apceHH,n:a raJIJIH$I). I1pH TaKoH IIIHpHHe
3.6.7 B COOTBeTCTBHH C THnOM ,n:Ho,n:a (nJIOCKOCTHOH HJIH ,n:mp­		6apbepa B03MO)KHO ryHHeJIHpOBaHHe 3JIeKTpoHoB H3 p-06JIaCTH B n­
$Y3HOHHbIH), nOJIh3yxCh ¢opMYJIaMH (3.8) HJIH (3.9), nOCTpOHTb		06JIaCTb H Ha060pOT. I1PH OTCyYCTBHH BHelilHero nOJISI qHCJIO nepe­
3aBHCHMOCTb tl OT JIOrapH¢Ma BbIpax<eHH$I, HaXOMIIJ;erOC$I B cK06­		XO,n:OB B e,n:HHHIJ;y BpeMeHH cnpaBa HaJIeBO H Ha060pOT 6y,n:eT O,n:H­
Kax.		HaKOBO H pe3YJIbTHPYIOlI.UiH TOK 6y,n:eT paseH HYJIIO. I1PH HaJIHl.lHH
3.6.8 rpa¢HT.{eCKH onpe,n:eJIHTh BpeM$I )KH3HH ,n:bIPOK 'tp­		CMeIIJ;eHHSI B np$lMOM HanpaBJIeHHH (nJIIOC Ha p-06JIaCTH) npOHCXO­
		,n:HT nepeKpblTHe nOJIOCbI nOT.{TH nYCThIX 3HepreTH'IeCKHX ypOBHeH B
		p-06.riacTH (HHTePBaJI E,,-JIFp) H nOJIOCbI 3aH.HThIX ypOBHeH B n­
		06JIaCTH (HHTePBaJI Ec-JIFn), KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHCYHKe 4.1 6. Bepo­
4 if13Y4EHif1E BOJlbT-AMnEPHolit XAPAKTEPif1CTif1Kif1		$lTHOCTb nepexo,n:a	cnpaBa	Ha JIeBO YBeJIHT.{HBaeTCSI H nOHBJI$leTC$I
TYHHEJlbHOrO Aif10,QA	'"	ryHHeJIhHhlH TOK It·.	C POCTOM BHelIlHero HanpX)KeHHX nepeKphlTHe
		nOJIOC YBeJIHT.{HBaeTCX H ryHHeJIhHbIH TOK paCTeT. Kor,n:a HacrynaeT
4.1 ll.eJIh paooThI		nOJIHOe nepeKphlTHe nOJIOC, ryHHeJIbHbIH TOK ,n:OCTHraeT MaKCH­
IiCCJIe,n:oBaTh BOJIhT-aMnepHYfO xapaKTepHcTHKY ryHHeJIbHOrO		MaJIbHOro 3HaqeHH$I (pHC. 4.1 B). ~aJIbHeHlIlee YBeJIHT.{eHHe Hanp$l­
,n:Ho,n:a. Ha OCHOBe 3KcnepHMeHTaJIhHhIX pe3YJIbTaTOB paCCT.{HTaTb		)KeHH$I Ha p-n nepexo,n:e Be,n:eT K YMeHhlIleHHIO nepeKphITH$I nOJIOC H
napaMeTpbI, XapaKTepH3YIOIIJ;He BHYTpeHHIOIO CTPYKTYPY npH60pa.

... ..

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......-----

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			30
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I

PHC.4.1 3Heprerl1'leCKHe ,LIMarpa'.fMbl H COOTBeTCTBYlOllllie 11M TO'iKI1 Ha

BOnbT-al\;lIlepHOil xapaKTepMCTMKe TYHHenbHOro ,LIH.O,LIa

,1

v

v

v

v

1

,I

v

31

CHIDKeHHlO ryHHeJIbHOrO TOKa. KOf)J,a Harrp.9JKeHHe Ha p-n rrepeXO}1;e }1;OCTHraeT3HaqeHHR

Vmin=![('uFn-Ec)+(Ev 'uFp

q

rrepeKphITHe nOJlHOCThlO HCQe3aer H TYHHeJIhHhlH TOK }1;OJl)KeH o6pa­

THTbCR B HOJIb (pHC. 4.1 r).

B peaJJbHblX rrpH60pax KpOMe rrpRMoro TYHHeJlHpOBaHHfI CYIIle­

cTByeT ryHHeJIHpOBaHHe Qepe3 COCTO.llHHR B 3arrpeIIleHHoe 30He. CxeMa TaKHX rrepeXO}1;OB rrOKa3aHa Ha pHCYHKe 4.2. l-h pHCYHKa

BH}1;HO, qTO rrpH HaJJHqHH rrpRMoro								CMeIIleHI:HI	V ?'vmin		cmeKTPoHbI
MOryT TYHHeJIHpOBaTb H3 n- B p- 06JIaCTb:
	Ee							1) H3 TOQKH A Ha			JIOKaJJbHblH
								ypoBeHb B p-06JIaCTH (TOQKa C)
						/lFn
	c....		:-"'~=~~~~&~'-':~~~~*~*~*~@=					H 3aTeM C BbI}1;eJleHHeM ::meprHH
Ev		i	ip~		A	Ee		rrepeXO}1;HTb	Ha		CBo6o}1;Hble
'-.....""'-"-...."-"-'-.......'-"					IB
		......,...,.........~				Ev		ypOBHH B BaJJeHTHOH 30He;
								2) Ha JIOKaJJbHblH ypoBeHb B n
	PHc.4.2	MeXllHH3Mbi TYHHeJmpOBa­						06J1aCTH (TOqKa		B), a 3aTeM
	HMlI 'lepe3 COCTOllHMlI B 3anpellleHHOM							ryHHeJlHpoBaTb		B	BaJJeHTHYlO
				30He

30HY p-06JIaCTH;

3) rrYTeM cryrreHqaTOrO ryHHeJIHpOBaHH.II Me)K}J;Y JIOKaJJbHbfMH co­ CTO.llHH.IIMH B 06JIaCTH rrpocrpaHcTBeHHoro 3ap.ll}1;a p-n nepeXO}1;a

(CD)

Ilpou,ecc TaKoro ryHHeJIHpOBaHHJI C03}1;aeT }1;OrrOJIHHTeJIbHblH TOK, Ha3bIBaeMb[H H36bITOqHbiM TOKOM. COrJIaCHO TeopHH 3TOT TOK paBeH

I1i36 =Imin' exp A . (V - Vmin ),

(4.2)

l'}1;e A - KOHCTaHTa.

KpoMe, H36blTOQHOrO TOKa rrpH V > Vmin cYIIleCTByeT Ha}J;6apb­ epHbIH }1;H<P<PY3HOHHbIH TOK rrpJIMOCMeIIleHfloro p-n rrepeXO}1;a

=Isexp(qVlkT)

(4.3)

I...

....

E +dE,

32

r)1,e Is - TOK HaCbuueHIDl p-n nepexo)1,a.

TaKHM 06pa30M nOJIHbTM TOK TYHHeJIbHoro )1,HO)1,a ~BJI~eTCH CYMMOM TPex COCTaBJI~IOIIl,HX: TYHHeJIbHoro, H36bITolIHoro H )1,H~­

tPY3HOHHOro TOKOB (pHC. 4.3). TIPH V »Vmin )1,HtP<PY3HOHHbTM TOK

~BAAeTCH OCHOBHbIM TOKOM TYHHeJIbHOrO )1,HO)1,a.

1

1m""			PHc. 4.3 - BOJIbT-a~mepHaR
			XapaKTepHI..'THKa T)'HHeJIbHoro
			).I.HO).l.a: 1 - nOJIHbIH TOK;
			2 - ).I.HiJ>iJ>Y3HOHHblit TOK;
I min			3 - H30bITO"IHblH TaK
VImax	VImi"	Vc	v

TOLJHOe peIlleHHe 3MaLJH 0 TYHHeJIHpOBaHHH 3JIeKT}JOHOB B 0)1,­ HOMepHOM CJIyqae MOJKHO nonyLJHTb H3 ypaBHeHH}I llipe)1,HHrepa C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM CBOMCTB HenpepbIBHOCTH BOJIHOBOM <PYHKUHH H ee npOH3BO)J,HbIX Ha rpaHHQax nOTeHQHaJIbHOro 6apbepa. BepOHTHOCTb TYHHeJIbHoro npOXOJK)J,eHIDl LJaCTHQeM nOTeHQHaJIbHOro 6apbepa cYIIl,eCTBeHHO 3aBHCHT OT 3HeprHH LJaCTHQbI H IllHpHHbI nOTeHQH­ aJIbHOrO 6apbepa H onpe)1,eJIHeTC~ OTHOUIeHHeM KBMpaTOB MO)J.yJIeM BOJIHOBbIX <PYHKUHH, onHCbIBalOIIl,HX npOIlle)1,rnylO H nMalOIIJ,y1O Ha 6apbep BOJIHbl. B peaJIbHOM CJIyqae 6apbep MOJKeT HMeTb CJIOJKHYIO tP0PMY H TOLJHOe BbIpaJKeHHe )l,JI~ BepO~THOCTH TYHHeJIHpOBaHHH LJaCTHQbI nonyLJHTb He y)1,aeTC~. BepO~THOCTb TYHHeJIHpOBaHIDl LJac­ TMQbI LJepe3 np~MoyrOJIbHbIM 6apbep B O)1,HOMepHOM cnyLJae onHCbI­

BaeTC~ BblpIDKeHHeM:

W =16 E(Uo 2 E) exp[-~1~2m(Uo- E)],		(4.4)
Uo	Ii
r)1,e E - 3HeprH~ qaCTHQbI; Uo	BbICOTa nOTeHQHaJIbHOro 6apbepa; I

- TOJIIIl,HHa 6apbepa; m Macca LJacrnQbI.

33

06IIl,ee BblpIDKeHHe )1,JIH TYHHeJIbHOM COCTaBJIHIOlll,eM TOKa MOJKHO nOJIYLJHTb B npe)1,nOJIOJKeHHH, qrO nOTOK 3JIeKT}JoHoB, TYHHeJIH­ PYIOlll,HX H3 n-06JIaCTH B p-06JIaCTb B HHTepBaJIe 3HeprHM OT E )1,0 npOnOPQHOHaJIeH LJHCJIY 3JIeKT}JOHoB B n-06JIaCTH H LJHCJIY

CBo6o)1,HblX COCTOHHuM B p-06JIacrn:

	IT KE[W[/n(E)_ /p(E)].gn(E)'gp(E)dE,	(4.5)
r)1,e K	K03<P<PHQHeHT nponOPQHOHaJIbHOCTH; In,p(E)	~YHKQHH

¢lepMH-~HpaKa M~ n- H p- 06JIaCTeM; gn,p(E) - nJIOTHOCTH COCTO}I­ HHM B )l,JI~ n- H p- 06JIaCT~X.

ECJIH 3a HaLJaJIO OTC'leTa 3HeprHH npHHHTb Ee = 0 OKOHLJaTeJIbHOe BblpIDKeHHe M~ TYHHeJIbHOrO TOKa nOCJIe HHTerpHpOBaHH~ HMeeT BH)1,

	=Z i~[cUFn + ,uFP)-qV¥	(4.6)
H'cCJIe)1,YH	BOJIbT - aMnepHYIO xapaKTepHCTHKY	TYHHeJIbHOrO
,nHo,na MOJKHO	OQeHHTb p~,n ero BaJKHbIX napaMeT}JOB.

Hanp~JKeHIDl, COOTBeTCTBYIOIQHe MaKcHMYMY Vmax H MHHHMYMY

Vmin TOKa Ha BAX TYHHeJIbHOrO )1,Ho,na, CBH3aHbI C BHYT}JeHHHMH

<pH3HLJeCKHMH napaMeT}JaMH COOTHOIlleHHHMH

	V	=2 (J.lFn -Em)	(4.7)
	max	q

r,ne Em 3HeprH~, COOTBeTCTBYIOlll,a~ MaKCHMYMY <PYHKQHH pacnpe­

,neJIeHH~ 3JIeKT}JOHOB B 30He npOBO)1,HMOCTH.

V		=2 (J.lFn -Ec)	(4.8)
min		q
TIOJIOJKeHHe ypOBHH	¢lepMH IlFn onpe,neJI~eT		KOHQeHTPaQHIO

3JIeKT}JOHOB B 30He npOBo,nHMOCTH nonynpOBO)1,HHKa

34

n 1	(2m~.f..lF J%	(4.10)
3Jl"2	li2 n

me m~ - 3q,q,eKTHBH8JI Macca ::meIcrpoHa.

MaKCHMaJIbHbIH TYHHeJIbHbIH TOK onpe,LleJUleTCH BblpIDKeHHeM

lmax

(4.11)

r,Lle S - nnOIIJ.a.Llb p-n rrepexo,Lla.

	PMC. 4.4	3KBMB3.JIeJITH8JI cxeMa
	T)'HHeJlbHOro )mO,lla:
CI<	R - ,lI1fq,q,epeHUIf3.JIbHOe conpOTMBJIeHMe;
	Cpo. eMKOCTb p-n nepexo,lla;
	C.	eMKOCTb Kopnyca;
	Rs TIOCJle,llOBaTeJlbHOe conpOTMBJIeHlfej
	Ls	IfH,llYKTMBHOCTb

BIDKHOH XapaKTepHCTHKOH TYHHeJIbHOrO ,LlHO,Lla, KaK aKTHBHOro 3JIeIcrpoHHoro 3JIeMeHTa, HCnOJIb3yeMoro B pe:>KHMe YCHlIeHHH H re­ HepaUHH CHrHaJIOB, HBJUleTCH BeJIHqHHa OTpH.QaTeJIbHoro ,LlHq,q,e­ peH.QHaJIbHOrO cOnpOTHBJIeHHH R. KaK npaBHlIO npH pacqeTe cxeM Ha TYHHeJIbHOM ,LlHO,Lle HCnOJIb3YIOT MaKCHMaJIbHYIO BeJlJlqHHY OT­ pH.QaTeJIbHoro ,LlHq,q,epeH.QHaJIbHOrO cOnpOTHBJleHHH Rm . BbI'-IHCJle­ HHe 3TOro napaMeTpa Tpe6YeT npHMeHeHHH cne.QHaJIbHOH H3MepH­ TeJIbHOH annapaTYpbl. ilo3TOMY B JIa60paTopHbIX YCJlOBH»:X nom,­ 3Y1OTCH Cpe,LlHeH BeJIHQHHOH oTPH.QaTeJIbHOrO ,LlHq,q,epeH.QHaITbHOro COnpOTHBJIeHH»: Rep , KOTOP8JI onpe,LleJIHeTCR no HHCXO,LljJIIJ.eMY yqa­

cTKY BAX OT Vma<,LlO V min

AV	(4.12)
R;p AI

35

ITo H3BeCTHbIM napaMeTpaM 3KBHBaJIeHTHOH cxeMbl TYHHeJIbHO­

ro ,LlHO,Lla (pHC.4.4) onpe,LleJUleTC.!l ero C06CTBeHH8JI npe,LleJIbH8JI qac­

TOTa

fnpe,ll	1	-- 1	(4.13)
	2Jl".R-Cp-n	~-
		RS

4.3 3KcnepBMeBTa.JIbHan YCTaHoBKa

3KcrrepHMeHTaJIbHaJI YCTaHoBKa ,nJUI H3MepeHIDI BAX

TYHHeJIhHOrO .n;Ho.n;a rrOKa3aHa Ha pHcYHKe 4.5. YCTaHoBKa rro-

I HO Wf* $pv,

PMC. 4.5 bJIOK-CXeMa 3KcneplfMeHTllJlhHOH YCTaHOBKIf

3BOJUIeT CHHMaTh BOJIhT-aMnepHYro XapaKTepHCTHKY B CTaTH­ qeCKOM pexHMe B np.srMoM HanpaBJIeHHH.

4.438.L(aHBe Ha pa60ry

4.4.103HaKOMIITbcjJ C npHH.QHnHaJIbHOH cxeMoH H3MepHTeJIb­ HOH YCTaHoBKH.

4.4.2CHjJTh BOJlbT-aMnepHYIO xapaKTepHcTHKY TYHHem,Horo

,LlHO,Lla.

4.4.3TIo nonyqeHHbIM ,LlaHHbIM H3 BAX HCCJle.n;yeMoro ,LlHO,Lla

onpe,LleJlHTb CJIe,LlYIOIIJ.He BHYTpeHHHe H BHemHHe napaM~bI npH­

60pa: I!Fn, Em. W, n, Ima<,

p-n-p

IIj'

!

36

4.5 IIop~OI( BbIllOJlHeHHH pa60Tbi

4.5.1ITOny4HTb YKa3aHHJI OT npenO.D:aBareml. 0 nop.sI.D:Ke pa60ThI C3KcnepHMeHT3JIhHOH YCTaHoBKoH.

4.5.203HaKOMHThC.sI C npe.D:enbHO .D:OnycTHMbIMH 3Ha4eHHJIMH napaMeTpoB Hccne.D:YeMoro .D:HO.D:a H B .D:3JIbHeHmeM, npH CHSlTHH BAX, npOBO.D:HTb H3MepeHHJI TonhKO B npe.D:enax nacnoPTHhIx 3Ha­ 4eHHH TOKOB H Hanp.sI)KeHHH.

4.5.3CHSlTh BOnhT-aMnepHYIO XapaKTepHcTHKY TYHHenhHoro

.D:HO.D:a. ITo pe3ynbTaTaM H3MepeHHH nocTPoHTh 3aBHCHMOCTh TOKa TYHHenhHOrO .D:HO.D:a OT Hanp.sI)KeHH.sI H onpe.D:enHTh 3Ha4eHHa

Vmax,Vmin H Imax.

4.5.4 113 BblpaiKeHHJI (4.8) onpe.D:enHTh 3Ha4eHHe !lFn.

4.5.5113 BblpaiKeHHJI (4.7) onpe.D:enHTb 3Ha4eHHe Em.

4.5.6 Bhl4HcnHTh BepOSITHOCTh W TYHHenHpOBaHH.sI :meKTpOHOB C :mepmeH Em 4epe3 p-n nepexo.D: no BhlpaiKeHHIO (4.4). BhICOTY nOreH~3JIhHOro 6aphepa UonpHHSlTh promoH Eg-!lFn, I 2 HM.

4.5.7 Hcnonb3Y.sI <poPMYny (4.10), BbI4HcnHTh KOHQeHTP~HIO

3JleKTPoHoB n 30He npOBO.D:HMOCTH nonynpOBO.D:HHKa.

4.5.8 ITo BbIpaiKeHHIO (4.11) onpe.D:enHTh MaKCHM3JIhHl>IH TYH­ HeJlhHl>IH TOK H CpaBHHTh ero C 3KcnepHMeHT3JIhHl>IM 3Ha4eHHeM

Imax. IlnOI1J,a.D:h p-n nepexo.D:a S npHHSlTh paBHoH 10.3 CM2.

4.5.9113 rpa<pHKa BAX Hccne.D:YeMoro .D:HO.D:a onpe.D:eJlHTh cpeJ(­ Hee 3Ha4eHHe oTPHQaTem,Horo .D:H<p<pepeHQH3JIhHOro conpoTHBne­ HHJI Rep.

4.5.10 ITo <popMYne (4.13) BhI4HCJIHTh C06CTBeHHYIO npeJ(em:,­ HYIO 4acTOTY Hccne.D:YeMoro TYHHenhHoro AHO.D:a npH cne.D:YIOI1J,HX napaMeTPax: Cp•n 1,2 n<l>; Rs = 10M.

37

5 ~CCIlE.QOBAH~E CTATW·IECK~X XAPAKTEP~CT~K

5~nOIlflPHOrOTPAH3~CTOPA

5.1 ll,eJIb pa60Tbi

l1.eJlblO HaCTOSll1J,eH na60paTopHOH pa60TbI SlBn.sIeTCSI 03HaKOM­ neHHe C npHH~nOM pa60ThI 6HnonSlpHoro TPaH3HCTopa H HCCne,Ll,O­ BaHHe ero CTaTHCTH4eCKHX xapaKTepHCTHK B cxeMe c o611J,eo 6a300 H 0611J,HM 3MHTTepoM.

5.2TeopeTH4eCKaH 4aCTb

5.2.1ITpHHQHn pa60Thl TPaH3HCTopa.

TpaH3HcTop npe.D:CTaBJISleT c0600 nonynpOBO.D:HHKOBblH npH6op,

HMelOl1J,HO .D:Ba p-n nepexo.D:a, pa3J(eneHHhlX cnoeM nonynpoBoJ(HH­

Ka. CTPYKTYPHM cxeMa TpaH3HcTopa THna nOKa3aHa Ha PH­

cyHKe 5.1. ]leBhlH p-n nepexoJ( I BKnI04aeTCR: B npSlMoM HanpaBne­ HHH H Ha3hlBaeTCSI 3MHTTCpHhIM. npaBhlH p-n nepexo.D: H II BKnIO­ 4aIOTCR: B 06paTHoM HanpaBJIeHHH H Ha3hlBaeTCSI KonneKTopHhlM. Cpe.D:HSI.sI n- 06naCTh Ha3hlBaeTCR 6a300.

	I	II
+		K	Pl1c.5.l - CTPYKTYPH8JI cxeMa
			p-n-p TpaH3l1CTOpa (BKJII04.e­
			Hl1e C o6mei:i 6a3oi:i)
			+
PaCCMOTPHM pa60TY TPaH3HCTopa THna p-n-p. (Pa6oTa TPaH3H­
cTopa	n-p-n npHHQHnH3JIhHO HH4eM He OTnH4aeTCR, KpOMe 3HaKa

HocHTeneo 3apJl.D:a). nOCKOnbKY 3MHTTepHhlH nepeXO.D: BKJII04eH B npRMOM HanpaBneHHH, TO Qepe3 Hero 113 p-06naCTll, KOTOPYIO 6YJ(eM Ha3hlBaTb 3MHTTCPOM, B 6a3y HH)KeKTHpYlOTcSI )1.hlpKH. TOnl1J,HHa 6a3bI W.D:Oll)KHa 6hlTh MHoro MeHbllle )1.llHHbl ,Ll,11<P<PY3110HHoro CMe­ l1J,eHml )1.hIpOK Lp. B 3TOM cny4ae OCHOBHaSi QaCTb HH)KeKTHpOBaH-

T ·-m

]

V (o6paTHoe CMeIll,eHHe),MO)KHO

	52
5) H3MeIDUI h B HHTepBaJIe 0,2 - 1 A C warOM 0,1 A, CllilTb 3a­
BHCHMOCTb 1+	OT npH VK===10B. Onpe.ll.emlTb [JITw:x'
6) yCTaHOBHTb	[£max. CH~ITb 3aBHCHMOCTb 1+ h21E OT VI< B

,ll.Hana30He VK=10=40 B C warOM 5 B. I10CTPOHTb 3aBHCHMOCTb h21F;.

OT VK , onpe.ll.eJlHTb npOH3BO.ll.HYIO dh211,1dVK H paCC4.HTaTb conpoTHB-

JleHHe KOJlJleKTOpa npH IJ max;

7)HCnOJlb3YR <P0PMYJll,( (6.6) H (6.8), paCC4.HTaTb COnpOTHBJle­ HHe 3MHTTepa H .ll.H<P<pY3HOHHYIO COCTaBJlRIOI.Qy1O COnpOTHBJleHHR 6a3WTpaH3HCTopa;

8)nOJlb3YRCb <pOPMYJlaMH Ta6nH.QbI, onpe.ll.enHTb ManOCHrHaJIb­ Hwe h- napaMeTPbl .ll.JlR BKJ1lOqeHHR TPaH3HcTopa no cxeMe C OE H 03. Pe3YJlbTaTbl npe.ll.CTaBHTb B BH.ll.e Ta6JlH.QbJ.

7 ~CCnEAOBAH~E XAPAKTEPHCTHK nOnEBOrO

TPAH3~CTOPA C YnpABnS:UOLU~M p-n nEPEXO.QOM

7.1 QeJJb paooTbl

HCCJle.ll.OBaTb <pH3HQeCKHe npO.Qeccbl, ne)KaIll,He B OCHOBe pa60­ TbI npH60pa. H3Y4.HTb BXO.ll.Hble H BbIXo,n:Hb[e XapaKTepHCTHKH H c,n:enaTb KOJlHQeCTBeHHYIO o.QeHKY napaMeTPoB TpaH3HcTopa.

7.2 TeOpeTHqeCKaH. qaCTb

I10JleBOH TPaH3HcTOp C ynpaBllilIOIlI,HM p-n nepeXO.ll.OM OTHOCHT­ CR K KJ1accy YHHnonRpHblX npH60poB, pa60TalOIlI,HX Ha OCHOBHhlX HOCHTeJlRX. )J,eHcTBHe 3TOro npH60pa OCHOBaHO Ha 3<p<peKTe MO,n:y­ JlR.QHH nOnepe4.Horo CeQeHHR npOBo,n:RIlI,ero KaHana, B 06beMe IIO­ JlynpOBO.ll.HHKa, 3a CQeT H3MeHeHHR BHeWHHM HanpR)KeHHeM IIIHpH­ HbI 06JlaCTH npOCTpaHCTBeHHoro 3apR,n:a p-n IIepexo,n:a.

I10CKOJlbKY B 06naCTH p-n nepeXO.ll.a npOHCXO.ll.HT CMeHa THna npOBO.ll.HMOCTH, TO TIO 03HaQaeT, 'ITO B 06JlaCTH npOCTpaHCTBeHHoro 3apn.ll.a npOBO.ll.HMOCTb MHHHMaJIbHaR, TaK KaK KOH.QeHTPa.QHn CBO­

53

60,n:HbIX HOCHTeJleH 6JlH3Ka K c06CTBeHHoH. I10TIOMY, eCJlH K p-n nepexo,n:y npHKJ1a,n:bIBaeTCR BHeIIIHee HanpIDKeHHe V, TO ero OCHOB­ HaSi QaCTb na,n:aeT Ha 06JlaCTH npOCTPaHCTBeHHoro 3apSl,n:a. CYMMH­ PYSlCb C KOHTaKTHOH paBHOCTblO nOTeH.QHaJIOB, BHeUJHee HanpH)Ke­ HHe H3MeHHeT nOTeH.QHaJIbHbIH 6apbep <Pk, a CJle.ll.OBaTeJlbHO, H L.

I1yCTb BHeIIIHee HaIIpR)KeHHe HanpaBJleHO TaK, 'ITO 3HaKH VK H V

COBII3,lJ.alOT (06paTHoe HanpaBJ1eHHe). B 3TOM CJlyqae nOTeH.QHaJIb­ HbIM 6apwp YBeJlH4.HBaeTCH, a 3HaQHT paCTeT H pa3Mep 06JlaCTH npOCTPaHCTBeHHoro 3apR.ll.a L. 06bIQHO p-n nepeXO.ll. C03.ll.aeTCn

.ll.H<p<pY3HeH npHMeCH, HanpHMep, aK.QenropoB B 3JleKTPOHHbIM no­ nynpOBo,n:HHK. ,lVIR 06Pa30BaHHR p-n nepexo,n:a He06xo.ll.HMO, 'lT06bl

BbmOJlHSlJlOCb HepaBeHCTBO N;»Nd. B 3TOM cnyQae

1/2

L = 2880(Vk + V)

(7.1)

[ q 2Nd

TaKHM 06pa30M L_012 H, H3MeHRR

H3MeHRTbL.

Tenepb paccMoTPHM npHH.QHn pa60TbI TPaH3HcTopa, cxeMa KO­ Toporo nOKa3aHa Ha pHcYHKe 7.1.

				I 3aTBop
		: I		PI:
I1cTOK		"--		om	tL	;	CTOK
			-----;r---		--~-	'	I­
				----------1----"
	n	/ ...........
				om	Ln:
	~	: I		p	I	:
	_~			I 3aTBOp
	+?				+
PHC.7.1	- CxeMa pa60Thl TpaH3HcTopa CynpaSIDIIOIl\HM p-n nepexo.noM

...	.0III
--------

V3 1!,

54

IIpH60p npe.ll.CTaBnaeT C060H KPHCHUIn nonynpOBO.ll.HHKa, Ha­ npHMep, n-THna, Ha KOHIJ,aX KOToporo HMelOTC.sI OMHqeCKMe nepexo­

.ll.bI - HCTOK (CneBa) H CTOK (CrrpaBa). Ha BepXHeH H HH.lKHeH rpaH.sIX KpHCTanna H3rOTOBneHhI p-n rrepeXO.ll.hI TaK, ~O Na»Nd. BhITIOnHe­ HHe :noro HepaBeHCTBa He06xo.ll.HMO .ll.J1.s1 TOro, ~06hI paCIlIHpeHHe

rrpOHCXO.ll.HllO B CTOPOHY n-06naCTH. BenHqHHa L Ha pHcYHKe 7. I .

OTMeqeHa nYHKTHpOM. ECllH Me)l(JJ,)' HCTOKOM H CTOKOM npHKnMhI­ BaeTC.sI Pa3HOCTh rrOTeHIJ,HanOB VCII' TO no KpHcTanny nOTeqeT TOK.

TOK 6Y.ll.eT rrpOTeKaTh rro n-KaHany, OrpaHliqeHHOMY 06naCT.sI­ MH rrpOCTPaHCTseHHoro 3ap.sl.ll.a p-n nepeXO.ll.OB Ln. EcnH K p­

06llacTaM, KOTophle Ha3hIBaIOTC.sI 3aTBopOM, rrpHKnMbIBaeTCH Ha­ rrp.sl:JKeHHe V3H B 06paTHOM HanpaSneHHH, TO, KaK cne.ll.Yer H3 Bhlpa­

>KeHH.sI (7.1), SenHqHHa Ln C POCTOM V311 HaqHeT YBenHqHBaThCa, a WHpHHa KaHana W - YMeHhwaThC.sI. TaKHM 06pa30M, H3MeH.sI.sI Ha­ np.sl>KeHHe Ha 3aTsope V3H , MO:JKHO ynpaM.sITb npOBO.ll.HMOCThlO Ka­ Hana. B 3TOM H 3aKnlOqaeTC.sI npHHIJ,Hn pa60ThI nOJIeBOrO TpaH3H­ cTopa C ynpaBn.sllOmHM p-n rrepeXO.ll.OM.

Y CHllHTenbHhle CBOHCTsa TpaH3HcTopa orrpe.ll.en.slIOTCH rny6HHoH MO.ll.Yn.slIJ,HH conpOTHBneHH.sI Me)l(JJ,)' CTOKOM H HCTOKOM. 3T0 corrpo­ THMeHHe Ha3hIBaeTC.sI corrpoTHBneHHeM rrpOBO.ll..sIIIIerO KaHana

I

~HO=PbW' (7.2)

r.ll.e P - Y.ll.enhHOe corrpOTHBneHHe rronyrrpOBO.ll.HHKa B 06naCTtf Ka­ Hana; L - .ll.J1HHa KaHana; b - rny6HHa KaHana; W - IIIHpHHa KaHana. IIpH rrpOTeKaHHH TOKa B KaHane ero IIIHpHHa W H3MeH.sIeTCa, YMeHhwaaCb rro HarrpaBneHHIO K CTOKY, KaK 31'0 rrOKa3aHO Ha PHCYH­ Ke 7.1. 31'0 npOHCXO.ll.HT rroToMY, ~o Pa3HOCTh rrOTeHIJ,HanOB CTOK­ HCTOK VCI! pacrrpe.ll.enaeTc.sI B.ll.Onh KaHana. lIlHpHHa 06naCTH rrpo­ CTpaHCTBeHHoro 3apa.ll.a p-n nepeXO.ll.OB 3aTBopa onpe.ll.en.sleTca Pa3­ HOCTblO nOTeHIJ,HanOB Me)l(JJ,)' 3aTBopOM H KaHaJIOM.

55

II03ToMY B6nH3H HCTOKa 3Ta Pa3HOCTb nOTeHIJ,HanOB paBHa HO

OHa YBenHqHBaeTC.sI no HanpaMeHHIO K CTOKY 3a CqeT nMeHHH Ha­ np.sl>KeHH.sI B KaHane, C03.ll.aHHOro rrpOTeKalOIIIHM TOKOM Me)l(JJ,)' HC­ TOKOM H CTOKOM Ie. HaH60llhIIIee 3HaqeHHe Pa3HOCTH rrOTeHIJ,HanOB, orrpe.ll.enalOmeH IIIHpHHY 06naCTH npOCTPaHCTBeHHoro 3apMa p-n rrepeXO.ll.OB 3aTBopa, HaxO.ll.HTC.sI B 06naCTH CTOKa H paBHO (V)II + VCI!)'

I10:lTOMY B 06JIacTH CTOKa IIIHpHHa KaHana HaHMeHbIIIaSI.

fnaBHhIMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH TpaH3HCTopa HBJIHIOTC.sI 3aBHCH­ MOCTh TOKa Ie OT Harrp.sl>KeHH.sI Ha 3aTBope Ic=j{V311) rrpH rrOCTO.slHHOM HarrpH>KeHHH Ha CTOKe H Ic=f{Ycl!) rrpH rrOCTO.sIHHOM Harrp.sl>KeHHH Ha 3aTBope. TOK CTOKa rroneBoro TPaH3HCTopa orrpe.ll.eJ1.s1eTC.sI BhIpa:JKe­

HHeM:

	1	2 V:J	2	CH	3/2 ]
			- (V3H +			, (7.3)
Ie	= R	+ _.	112
	CHO	3	V
			3HOTC
r.ll.e VgHOTC -	HanpH:JKeHHe OTCeqJ(}f (HarrpH:JKeHHe, rrpH				KOTOPOM 06­

naCTH npOCTPaHCTBeHHOrO 3apSI.ll.a p-n rrepeXO.ll.OB nOJIHOCThlO nepe­ KpOIOT KaHan).

3To BhIpa:JKeHHe .ll.eHCTBHTenhHO rrpH ycnoBHH W:;tO, T.e. KaHan He

nepeKpblT. I1epeKphITHe KaHana npoHCXO.ll.HT H3-3a YBeJ1HqeHH.sI H

VCII' B MOMeHT nepeKpbITHH KaHana Hanp.sl>KeHHe Ha p-n nepeXO.ll.e

paBHO

V';,IlOTC == Ji;1! + VCII	(7.4)
B KaqeCTBe npHMepa paCCMOTPHM	B03MO:JKHOCTh OTCeqKH 3a

cqeT YBenHqeHH.sI VCII' nOJIaraa, qTO V3H =0. YBenHqeHHe VCII npHBO­

.ll.HT K pocry Ie KOTOPhIH, B CBOIO Oqepe.ll.b, YBenHqHBaeT nMeHHe HarrpH:JKeHHH Ha p-n nepeXO.ll.e, H YMeHbIIIeHHIO CeqeHHH KaHana, a Cne.ll.OBaTenbHO, K YMeHbweHHIO pOCTa TOKa Ic. TaKHM 06Pa30M, pOCT TOKa Ie rrpHBO.ll.HT K ero >Ke caMoorpaHHqeHHIO. OrceqKH TOKa

.ll.0 HYna He npOHCXO.ll.HT, TaK KaK YMeHbIIIeHHe CeqeHHH KaHana no­ pO)K.1J.aeTC.sI caMHM pOCTOM TOKa, a eCJIH OH YMeHhWHTCH .ll.0 HYJIH, TO

. "C,.

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.....

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