Chapter 1

1. Тема: The human body.

2. Словообразование: The locative prefixes; Noun suffixes:- (i) ty, -th -ment, -itis; Adjective Suffixes: -able, -ible,-al, -ful,-ic, -ical, -ious, -ous,-ish,-ive

3.Грамматика: Предлоги места, направления и времени; Числительные; Местоимения some, any, no и их производные; Местоимения few, a few, little, a little, many, much; Обзор функций It; Noun+noun combination – существительное в функции определения

1.

Class work.

Ex. 1. Translate the nouns with suffix - (i)ty given below: Reality, possibility, responsibility, quality, activity, ability.

Ex. 2. Form the nouns with the suffix -ment from the verbs given below and translate them: To require, to treat, to achieve, to appoint, to excite.

Ex. 3. a) Look at pictures 1 and 2 and read and translate the anatomical terms pertaining to the parts of the trunk and the body = torso.

b) List the organs located in the chest.

c) List the organs located in the abdomen.

d) List the bones located in the skeleton.

e) Memorize the terms:

Pertaining to the Body

• Face - facial

• Eye - ocular

• Nose - nasal

• Mouth - oral

• Tooth – teeth – dental

• Ear – otic

• Neck – cervical

• Chest = thorax – thoracic

• Lungs – pulmonary

• Heart – cardiac

• Diaphragm – diaphragmatic

• Abdomen - abdominal

• Esophagus = alimentary tract – esophageal

• Bowels = intestine – intestinal

• Stomach – gastric

• Pancreas - pancreatic

• Duodenum – duodenal

• Liver – hepatic

• Gallbladder – biliary

• Kidney – renal – nephric

• Urine - Urinary bladder

• Vessel – vascular

• Skin – cutaneous - dermal

• Cell – cellular

Pertaining to the Skeleton

• Skull - cranial

• Bone – bony - osseous

• Ribs – costal

• Pelvis – pelvic

• Breastbone = sternum

Picture 1.

Picture 2.

The following is the systems of the body: the skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, endocrine and reproductive systems.

Ex. 4. Analyze the functions of It. Translate the sentences.

A.

1. Where is the mixture? It is on the table.

2. The operation was not successful. It caused the complications.

3. After the treatment his blood pressure was normal. It was 120/75.

B.

1. It is warm and the patients are walking in the garden.

2. It was easy to do the test.

3. It is known that heart disease is problem № 1 in many countries.

4. It is certain that smokers suffer from lung cancer very often.

C.

1. It was the new medicine that improved his health.

2. It was after the injection that the patient developed a headache.

3. It was not until 70-s when AIDS came to Europe.

4. It is the lung infection that is the most serious complication of grippe.

Ex. 5. Memorize the words:

• Whole = entire – весь, целый

• the limbs = the upper and lower extremities - конечности

• to extend – идти по направлению, распространяться, простираться

• internal organs = viscera – внутренние органы

• to pack – плотно прилегать друг к другу, упаковывать

• to surround - окружать

• tissue – ткань

• connective tissue – соединительная ткань

• outer tissue - наружная (внешняя) ткань

• to protect – защищать, protection

• а cavity - полость

• a dome-shaped organ – куполообразный орган

• only you – только ты

• the only patient – единственный пациент

• on either side – на каждой стороне

• proper - собственно

• to involve – вовлекать, поражать

• to affect – поражать

• to suffer - страдать

Ex. 6. Look through Text A. Find the sentences with It and analyze its function. Read and translate these sentences.

Text A. The Whole Body.

The whole body is a very complex organism. It consists of three main parts: the head, the trunk and the limbs (the upper and lower extremities). The trunk is the central part of the body. The head and the neck extend above the trunk and are continuous with it. The upper limbs are joined on either side of the trunk and the lower limbs extend downwards from it. It is known that the outer tissues of the trunk form the body wall. There are nine systems in the body: the skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, endocrine and reproductive system.

All the body systems are independent. The internal organs (viscera) are closely packed together but can work freely and easily. The internal organs are surrounded by the bones and muscles. The connective tissue holds all the structures and organs together

It is a skeleton that gives the strength and protection to the body.

The body consists of 2 cavities— the chest and the abdomen. The heart and lungs are in the chest; the abdomen contains the digestive and urinary systems. A dome-shaped organ - the diaphragm separates the chest and abdomen.

It is a skin that is the largest organ in the body. It is known that the skin covers 2 square meters of the body in the adult.

The liver is the most complicated organ with the greatest number of functions.

The basic unit of the body is the cell. It is a microscopic structure. The body is made up of billions of the

cells.

Home work.

Ex. 7. Analyze the functions of It. Translate the sentences.

1. It is in the typical form of grippe that the symptoms begin suddenly.

2. It is known that the disease duration in a mild case is usually 3-4 days.

3. It is dangerous to sleep on a full stomach.

4. It is the protein diet that helped him to lose his weight.

5. It is found that a dark-haired person has on his head about 120,000 hairs, a blond-about 150,000 and red-headed people only about 90,000.

6. The upper limbs are located on either side of the trunk and the lower limbs extend downwards from it. Though it is not life-threatening, headache can affect daily life activities.

7. It is determined that diabetics who take this new medicine have a much lower cancer incidence than diabetics who don’t.

8. It is hemoglobin that gives the blood the red color.

Ex. 8. Memorize the terms from ex. 3 and the words from Ex. 5.

Ex. 10. Read and translate text A.

2.

Class work.

Ex. 11 (a). Suffix - itis = inflammation = Russian suffix ит.

A. Work out the medical terms: Hepatitis, gastritis, carditis, bronchitis.

B. Use the medical terms for: inflammation of the prostate, inflammation of the kidney, inflammation of the vessel, inflammation of the liver, inflammation of the ear, inflammation of the lungs.

Ex. 11 (b). Insert the names of the organs. Translate the sentences.

1. It is hepatitis that involves the ….. .

2. It is pneumonia that affects the ….. .

3. It is nephritis that affects the ….. .

4. It is an upper respiratory infection that involves such organs as the ….. .

5. It is in gastritis when the patient suffers from the ….. pain.

6. It is in infarction when the patient suffers from the ….. pain.

7. It is in otitis when the patient suffers from the ….. pain.

8. It is in migraine when the patient suffers from the ….. ache.

Ex. 12. Analyze the functions of It. Translate the sentences.

1. Don’t take more of this medicine, don’t take it more often, and don’t take it for a longer time than your doctor ordered.

2. You can take this medicine with or without food, but take it in the same time each time.

3. It is known that the higher dose of vitamin D in childhood the greater protection for type 1 diabetes in later life.

4. It is prednisone that is the most common medication in rheumatism.

5. It is difficult to work when you have a headache.

6. It is estimated that from 5% to 7% of the body weight is blood.

7. It is in winter months when respiratory infections are much more often.

Ex. 13. Describe the pictures below. Pay attention to the prepositions.

Picture 3.

Picture 4.

Ex. 14. Choose the correct preposition to complete the sentences. Pictures 1, 2, 3, 4 will help you in your work.

1. The stomach lies….. the liver and the large intestine. (between, above, under)

2. The stomach is …… the liver. (in front of, below, to the left of)

3. The pancreas is located ……the stomach. (to the left of, to the right of, below)

4. The small intestine is located….. the large intestine and sigmoid colon. (behind,

between, above)

5. The ribs are …… the heart and lungs.(within, around, under)

6. The heart and lungs are located….. the chest. (at, within, just behind)

7. The heart is situated ….. the ribs. (immediately behind, immediately in front of, just below)

8. The skull is …..the top of the body.(on, at, in)

9. The sternum is ….. the heart. (behind, around, in front of)

10. The sigmoid colon is situated….. the trunk.(at the top, at the bottom of, within)

Ex. 15. Complete the sentences with the prepositions of time.

1. Our classes on Chemistry will take place …..Monday ….. 11.30.

2. The pharmaceutical students study…..5 years, but as for medical students they study …..6 years; ….. these years they study many special and general subjects.

3. We shall graduate ….. the University ….. 5 years.

4. Our summer holidays last ….. July….. September.

5. Our winter holidays will begin…..the 25^th of January.

6. We are to meet in the hostel ….. ….. 6 o’clock.

7. Think ….. your answer.

8. Our University was founded ….1940.

Ex. 16. a) Read text B and entitle it. b) Agree or disagree with the information given below. Confirm your statements with the text.

1. The trunk = the body.

2. The neck and the head form a part of the trunk

3. The diaphragm lies above the thoracic cavity.

4. The walls of the thoracic cavity are composed of the ribs, the breastbone, and the intercostal muscles.

5. The heart and the lungs lie within the thoracic cavity.

6. The cavity above the diaphragm is larger than the cavity below the diaphragm.

7. The pelvic cavity is a part of the abdomen.

8. The organs of digestion are the only internal organs in the abdomen.

9. The abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity are separated by muscles.

10. The reproductive organs are located in the pelvis.