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I G. Toury. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: Benjamins, 1995, p. 267-268.
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2 Baker M. Corpus-Based Translation Studies: The Challeng.es That Lie Ahead';/ H. Sommers (ed.) Festschtnft for Juan Sager. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: Benjamins, 1996, p. 181 - 184.
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CaMO CJIOBO «BTOPMqHhIH» CO)];ep)I(MT )];OJIIO OueHKM, rrpM'leM He caMOH JIeCTHoH. qTO BTOPMqHO, TO He06513aTeJIhHO. DepBM'IHhIH KOMMyHMKaTMBHhIH aKT (C03)];aHMe OpMfMHa JIa) CaMO)];OCTaTO'leH, OH He rrpe)];rrOJIafaeT rrepeBO)]; B KaqeCTBe 06513aTeJIhHOfO YCJIOBMH: CJIOBeCHOe rrpOM3Be)];eHMe Ha KaKOM-TO 513hIKe MO)l(eT rrpeKpaCHO cymecTBoBaTb M 6e3 rrepe BO)];a (TeKCTbI, CrreUMaJIbHO rrpe)];Ha3HaqeH HhIe M5I rrepeBO)];a - HBJIeHMe He TaKoe TMrrMqHoe). DepeBO)]; )l(e 6e3 OpMfMHaJIa HeB03MO)l(eH. CJIe)];OBaTeJIbHO, O)];MHM3 xapaK TepHbIx rrpM3HaKOB rrepeBO)];HOfO TeKCTa - efO
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rrpOM3Be)];eHMH Ha )];pyrOM 513hIKe, rrpMTH3alO lIIYIOHa TO, '1T06hI 3aMeHMTb C060H rroMMH
HMK: 06 3TOM CBMJJ:eTeJIbCTByeT e TO, 'ITO Ha 06JIo)I(Ke KHMfM 3HaqMTC5I MMH aBTopa OPMfM HaJIa, a cpaMMJlM5I rrepeBO)];qMKa B nyqIlleM cnyqae yrroMHHYTa Ha TMTYJIhHOM JIMCTe. Ho
BC5IKMH MMelOIUMH XOT5I 6bI HM'ITO)I(HbIe rrpe)]; CTaBJIeHMH 0 CJIOBeCHOM TBOpqeCTBe rrOHMMa eT, 'ITO BO BceH rrOJIHOTe 3TM rrpMT5I3aHM5I HeocymecTBMMbI: BC5IKOe M3MeHeHMe B TeKCTe 6e3 COrJIaCMH aBTopa JIMillaeTeKCT rrOMMHHO CTM. l1 peqb MJJ:eT)];a)I(e06 M3MeHeHMHX, BHOCM MbIX B TeKCT Ha TOM )l(e 513hIKe, Ha KaKOM OH HarrMcaH - a 'ITO roBOPMTb 0 efO rrepeBbIpa )l(eHMM Ha)];pyrOMH3bIKe. TaKMM 06Pa30M, BTO poe KaqeCTBO, OTJIM'laIOIUee rrepeBO)];HOH TeKCT OT OPMfMHaJIbHOfO - UMumamu8Hocmb, XOT5I C03)];aTeJIM 3TOH MMMTaUMM M MMelOT )];ep30CTh BbmaBaTh ee 3a rrOMMHHMK.
TpeThH oc06eHHocTb rrepeBO)];HbIX TeKC TOB - HeM36e)I(Hoe CJIe)];CTBMe BTOpOH. Oco6a» ueHHOCTh rrOMMHHMKa COCTOMT B efO YHMKaJIbHOCTM. DOMMHHMK O)];MH. KorrMH MO)l(eT 6bITb MHO)l(eCTBO. 11 oueHMBaIOTC5I OHM ITO CXO)J,CTBY C OPMfMHaJIOM.
BC5IKoe cpaBHeHMe crrpaBeMMBO JIMIllh)];0 M3BeCTHOfO rrpe)J,eJIa, M TYT cpaBHeHMe «rro)]; JIMHHMK - KOrrMH» = «OPMfMHaJI - rrepeBO)];» )];aeT C60H. OueHMTb CXO)J,CTBO )l(MBOrrMCHOfO rrOJIOTHa M ero KorrMM He TaK TPY)];HO. DpaB)];a, BceM M3BeCTHO, 'ITO eCTh Ha CBeTe MCKYCCTBO Be)];hI-3KCrrepThI, crroc06HhIe ITO HerrOHHTHbIM )];MJleTaHTY rrpM3HaKaM OTJIM'IMTb aBTOpcKYIO pa60TY )];a)I(e OT OqeHh rrOXO)l(eH KorrMM, HO 6JIaro)];ap51 60JIbilleH HafJIHJJ:HOCTM 3pMTeJIh HOro 06pa3a YKa3aTh 06IUMe '1epTbI CXO)];CTBaM OTJIM'lMH crroc06eH M )J,MJleTaHT. He TaK rrpo CTO 06CTOMT )];eJIO C oueHKoH CXO)];CTBa Me)l(JJ:y OPMfMHaJIOM M rrepeBO)];OM. MHOro BhI 3HaeTe JIIO)];eH, crroc06HbIX qeCTHO rrpM3HaTb: «51 B rrepeBO)];ax He pa36MpaIOCh»? 11 MHOro JIM M3 Tex, KTO, ITO c06CTBeHHOMY MHeHMIO, B HMX pa36MpaeTCH, crroc06eH BHHTHO M3JIO)l(MTb,
ITO KaKMM KpMTepMHMM OH MX oueHMBaeT? qaIUe Bcero 3TMM KpMTepMeM 6y)];eT C06CT BeHHO «HpaBMTC5I - He HpaBMTCH», KOTopoe JJ:JIH y6e)];MTeJIhHOCTM '1aCTeHbKO rrO)J,MeHHeTC5I 60JIee BeCOMbIM: (<I1 paBMJlbHO - HerrpaBMJlb HO» . Ha 3TOM-TO OCHOBaHMM Hepe)];KO BhIHO CMTC5I c eHMe, HaCKOJIhKO rrepeBO)]; rro)];o- 6eH OpMfMHaJIy. HeMy)];peHo, 'ITO MHOfMe «B3hICKaTeJIhHbIe Cy)];bM», OTMe'la» He)];OqeThI rrepeBO)];'1MKa, Ha caMOM )];eJIe YKa3hIBalOT Bce fO JIMIllhHa Tex cnyqaM, f)];e caMM OHM rrepeBe-
34
JIH 6bI HHaqe (XOTH KpHTHKYeMbIM: BapHaHT rrepeBO a MO)l(eT 6bITb HHqeM He X)')Ke).
ECJIH B3rJIHHyrb Ha peMeCJIO IIepeBO qHKa C yqeToM 3THX oc06eHHOCTeM: IIepeBo Horo TeKCTa (<paKYJIbTaTHBHOCTb, HMHTaTHBHOCTb, BapHaTHBHOCTb), Bblpa)l(eHHe «BbICOKoe HC KYCCTBO» MO)l(eT IIOKa3aTbCH roPbKOM: HaCMelll KOM:. I1CKYCCTBO TO)l(e! IIpocTo-HaIIpocTo pa60Ta KOIIHHCTa, KOTOPbIM: 6e3 3a3peHHH COBeCTH Bb aeT CBOIO KOIIHIO 3a IIOMHHHHK, XOTH K bIM: IIOCeTHTeJIb BbICTaBKH CIIOCO6eH C eJIaTb KOIIHIO IIonyqllle.
TaKoe qYSCTBO XOTH 6bI B HHqTO)I(HOM: O- 3e HaBepHHKa HCIIbITaJI K bIM: IIepeBO qHK. OHO BbI3bIBaeT TaKoe OTHOllleHHe K CBOeM: pa60Te, KOTopoe MO)I(HO Ha3BaTb «KOMIIJIeK COM KOMMYHHKaTHBHOM: HeIIOJIHOueHHOCTH».
He60JIblllOe OTCTYIIJIeHHe OT TeMbI. IIepe BO eM:CTBHTeJIbHO MO)I(HO C IIOJIHbIM IIpaBOM Ha3BaTb BbICOKHM HCKYCCTBOM. MYKH H p O CTH, KOTopble HCIIbITbIBaeT IIepeBO qHK, IIO ClUle oIllyrneHHH He cJIa6ee Tex qyBCTB, KOTopble 3HaKOMbI BCHKOMY qeJIOBeKY TBOp qeCKHX 3aHHTHM:. CJIOBeCHaH H306peTaTeJIb HOCTb, CTHJIHCTHqeCKaH rH6KOCTb, YMeHHe pa3JIHqaTb CMbICJIOBble OTTeHKH - Bce 3TH Ka qeCTBa B xY O)l(eCTBeHHOM IIepeBo e Ba)l(HbI He B MeHblIleM:, a, B03MO)I(H0, a)I(e B 60JIblIleM: CTeIIeHH, qeM B caMOCTOHTeJIbHOM TBOpqeCT Be. Ho IIpHpo a Y TBOpqeCTBa IIepeBO qeCKO ro HHaH. 06 3TOM CTOHT IIOroBOPHTb IIo p06Hee, HO He B 3TOM: CTaTbe, a TO He60JIblllOe OTCTYIIJIeHHe OT TeMbI IIpeBpaTHTCH B 60JIbllloe.
KOMIIJIeKC KOMMYHHKaTHBHOM: HeIIOJIHO ueHHOCTH Bblpa)l(aeTCH Y pa3HbIX IIepeBO qH KOB IIo-pa3HOMY. O HH H36aBJIHIOTCH OT Hero rrpH IIOMOIllH JIHXOM: POKHPOBKH: 06bHBJIHIOT CBOIO KOIIHIO IIOMHHHHKOM, a IIOMHHHHKY OTBOMT BCIIOMOraTeJIbHYIO pOJIb «HCTOqHHKa B OXHOBeHHH» (KOHueIIUHH «HeIIp03paqHOrO rrepeBO qHKa» )• .l(pyme y apHIOTCH B 6paB H C IIeHOM: Y pTa - H 6e3 BCHKHX pyrHX OCHO BaHHM: - OKa3bIBaIOT, 'ITO HX IIepeBO IIpa BlfJIbHbIM:, IIOTOMY 'ITO OHH- e C 3THM TeKCTOM pa60TaJIH H 3HaIOT ero JIyqllle. (Ha O HOM 3a ce aHHH KJIy6a IIepeBO qHKOB MaCTHTbIM: roCTb Ha BOIIPOC, IIOqeMY OH B IIepeBo e aMe-
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TH)I(eJIee Bcero IIPHXO HTCH TpeTbHM - TeM, KTO OTHOCHTCH K CBoeMY peMeCJIY CO ?:: BCeM: cepbe3HOCTbIO. HeysepeHHOCTb, IIOPO)l(eHHaH 3THM KOMIIJIeKCOM, ycyry6JIHeTCH Y ;:x: HHX C03HaHHeM BOM:HOM: OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH - .s::;::: nepe aBTopOM H nepe qHTaTeJIHMH. C O HOM: ;.: CTOPOHbI, XOqeTCH onpaB aTb qHTaTeJIbCKHe 0:C. o aHHH. C pyrOM: - He XOqeTCH HCKa3HTb 06JIHK aBTopa. Ho B pyr 06JIHK aBTopa He on paB aeT qHTaTeJIbCKHX O aHHM:?
B CBoe BpeMH MHe IIOCqaCTJIHBHJIOCb pa60TaTb C 3aMeqaTeJIbHbIM pe aKTopOM - HaTaJIbCM: HHKoJIaeBHOM: Ky pHBueBOM:, Qepe3 pyKH KOTOPOM: npOIllJIH MHorHe c06paHHH KJIaCCHKOB MHPOBOM: JIHTepaTYPbI, BbIXO HB lIlHe KaK "plfJIO)l(eHHe K HaJIy «OroHeK» . IIopOM: CnyqaJIOCb, 'ITO HaTaJIbH HHKOJIaeBHa IIpeMaraJIa HCIIpaBHTb B MoeM IIepeBo e CJIO Ba H Bblpa)l(eHHH, KOTopble Ka3aJIHCbeM: qepec qyp He06bl'IHbIMH lfJIH a)I(eHeIIpaBlfJIbHbIMH, a Kor a 51 B03Pa)l(aJI, 'ITO Bcero JIHlllb nepe aIO He06bl'IHOCTb lfJIH HeIIpaBlfJIbHOCTb nepeBOHMoro aBTopa, OHa MaXaJIa pyKOM:: (JI HO. PelllaM: caM. He aBTopa 6y YT pyraTb, a Te6H» .
TaKoe MO)I(HO YCJIbIlllaTb He TOJIbKO OT pe aKTopa. TaKoe HHOM: pa3 roBOPHT ce6e H ca MH nepeBO qHKH.
Ho a)I(e Kor a npOqHaH peIIYTaUHH IIepe BO qHKa 3aIllHIuaeT ero OT HapeKaHHM:, ero Bce-TaKH MOrYT O OJIeBaTb COMHeHHH HHOro po a: KaK 6bI CBOeM: OIIpOMeT'IHBOM: CMeJIO CTbIO B nepeBo e He OBeCTH eJIO O TOro, 'ITO qHTaTeJIb pyrHeT Bce )l(e H aBTopa.
IIocJIe Bcero CKa3aHHoro JIerKO IIOHHTb, IIOqeMY IIepeBO HKH, KOJIe6JIHCb B BbI60pe 3KBHBaJIeHTa, qaCTO OT aIOT npe IIOqTeHHe He 60JIee HPKOMY (B ClfJIY CBOeM: HeCTa apT HOCTH), a 60JIee H e)I(HoMY (B CMJIy CBOeM:
35
IIHl:POKOti ynOTPe6JITeJIhHOCTH) BapHaHTY -
HHhIMH CJIOBaMH, ClIOC06CTBYIOT B03paCTa
HHIO CTaH,J::(apTH3aUHH.
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= 3HTeJIhHhle Cpe.nCTBa, KOTOphle OTJIwqaIOT ero
CTMJIh OT .npyrHX H KOTOPhIM OH OT.naeT oc060e
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...ro,0 JIeKCHqeCKOrO, rpaMMaTHqeCKOrO H T..n. t:; ABTOPCKOti MO)!(eT 6hITh H rpaQ:>HKa, H nyHK a TYaUH5I, H qneHeHHe Ha a63aUhI. ABTopcKoe -
3TO He TOJIhKO OKKa3HOHaJIhHhle cpe.nCTBa (HeOJIOrH3MhI, He06hlqHhle CJIOBOCOqeTaHH5I, MeTaQ:>ophI, 3lIHTeThI, CHHTaKcwqeCKHe KOH CTPYKIIHH H IIp.), HO H cpe.nCTBa CTaH,J::(apT Hhle, o.nHaKO YlIOTpe6JI5IIOIIIHeCH B 5I3hIKe KOHKpeTHoro lIHCaTeJIH C HeCTaH.napTHoti peryJI5IpHOCThIO MJIH B He06hJqHoti Q:>YHKUHH (CKOJIhKO }')Ke HCCJIe.nOBaTeJIeti lIHCaJIO 06 oc060ti POJIH CJIOBa «B.npyr» B lIpOH3Be.neHH5IX <P.M. )1,ocToeBcKoro MJIH Hapo.nHoti 3THMOJIO rHH H.C. JIecKoBa). TaKHM 06pa30M, B 5I3hIKe BCHKoro xy.nO)!(eCTBeHHoro lIpOH3Be.neHH5I MO)!(HO BhmeJIHTh aBTopCKoe HaqaJIO (HJl:HO CTMJIh) H 06IIIe5I3hIKOBhle (KoHBeHUHOHaJIh Hhle) cpe.nCTBa.
o CnyqaHX, Kor.na 06IIIe5I3hIKOBoe B lIepe Bo.ne lIepe.naeTC5I Q:>OPMaJIhHOTOqHhIMH, HO He KOHBeHUHOHaJIhHhIMH Jl:JI5I H3hIKa lIepeBo.na cpe.nCTBaMH, B « MocTax» }')Ke lIHCaJIOCh H He- 0.nHoKpaTH08. CTaH,J::(apTH3aUHH - 5IBJIeHHe lIPOTHBOlIOJIO)!(HOe: 3TO lIepe.naqa aBTopcKoro lIpHeMa 06IIIe5I3hIKOBhIMH cpe.nCTBaMH, H3-3a qero TeKCT Tep5IeT HH,J::(HBHJl:YaJIhHOCTh, rOJIoca aBTOpa H repoeB 3ByqaT C O.nHOti H TOti )!(e 6e3pa3JIwqHoti HHToHaUHeti. B03hMeM HwqeM He
8 eM., HarrpHMep: M. EepllH, B.K. JIaH'lHKOB. Ycrrex
H ycrrewHOCTb. PyCCKaJI KJIaCCHKa B rrepeBollaxP. I1HBepa H JI. BOJIOXOHCKOM - « MOCTbI» NQ 1(9), 2006, A.M. llIeHH <<JIHHlIeM, UbIIIa». KaK HeMuoB ,UHJIaHa CJIellHTb 3a 6a3a POM yqHJI. - «MOCTbI,> NQ 2(14), 2007 H LIp. B CBH3H C 3THM HBJIeHHeM MO)J(HO 6blJlO 6bI rrorOBopHTb 0 lIPYTOM 3aKOHe r. TYPH - 3aKOHe HHTep¢JepeHUHH (the law of interference), HO K TeMe 3TOM CTaTbH OH HMeeT JIHWb KOC BeHHoe OTHoweHHe.
,"",;. :;"'''.;,-.
lIpHMeqaTeJIhHYIO Q:>pa3Y: "It is not for personal gain but in compliance with my sick wife's wishes". KOHeqHO, TaKoti lIepeBO.n Ky.na 3ay pMHee 0pHrHHaJIa: « He KOPhICTH PaLJ:H, a TOK MO BO HClIOJIHeHHe BOJIH 60JIhHOti )!(eHhI» . Peqh OTua <Pe.nopa, KOTOPYIO I1JIhQ:> H I1eTPOB, OKpaCMJIH apXaHqHoti JIeKCHKoti H rpaMMaTH qeCKHMH Q:>opMaMH, B lIepeBo.ne BhIUBeJIa lIOJIHOCThIO. <Ppa3a, KOTopaH B PYCCKOM H3hI Ke c.neJIaJIaCh KphmaToti, BhlrJIMHT TaK, qTO HaLJ:e)!(Jl: 063aBecTHch Kphmh5IMH B H3hIKe lIe peBo.na y Hee HHKaKHX.
To )!(e caMoe lIPOH30umO C Q:>pa30ti H3 paCCKa3a I1.r. By.nxayca, lIepeBe.neHHoro Ha PYCCKHti9:
"The scheme I would suggest cannot fail of success, but it has what may seem to you a drawback, sir, in that it requires a certain financial outlay."
"He means, " I translated to Corky, "that he has a pippin of an idea, but it's getting to cost a bit."
- nJ1aHY, KOTOPblH SI XOTeJ1 6bl npeAllO>KHTb, C3P, rapaHTHpoBaH ycnex, OAHaKO He HCKJ1104alO, 4TO Bbl MO>KeTe HaHTH B HeM H3bSlH: OH nOTpe6yeT HeKoTopblX
cpHHaHcOBblX BJ10>KeHHH.
- Y ,/J,>KHBca eCTb reHl-1aJ1bHa51HAeSl, - 06b5lCHHJ1 SI KOpKH, - HO nOTpe6YlOTcSl AeHbrH.
AHmHticKHM qHTaTeJI5IM By.nxayca Bhlpa )!(eHHe "a pippin ofan idea" TaK 3alIOMHMJIOCh cBoeti 5IPKOCThIO, qTO cetiqac HHor.na ynOT pe6JI5IeTC5I }')Ke KaK caMOCT05ITeJIhHa5I e.nHHH ua, 6e3 OTChmKH K CBoeMY HCTOqHHKy. KTO H3 qHTaTeJIeti lIepeBo.na MhICJIeHHO OTMeTMJI M5I ce65I Q:>pa3Y «reHHaJIhHaH HJl:e5I» ?
B Ciiopax C MHOrOJIHKHM 6YKBaJIH3MOM, KOTOPhlti cero.nH5IIllH5I5I Mo.na lIpe.nlIHChIBaeT lIOqTHTeJIhHO HMeHOBaTh «Q:>opeHH3aUHeti» , lIPHXO.nHTC5I TO H .neJIO lIOBTOPHTh, qTO 06IIIe5I3hIKOBoe lIepe.naeTC5I 06IIIe5I3hIKOBhIM, orqero B OTBeT qaCTO CJIhIIllHIllh ynpeKH B Ha Ca)!(Jl:eHHHmaLJ:KOlIHCH. B CB5I3H co CTaH,J::(ap TH3aUHeti (TO eCTh 3TOti caMoti rJIaLJ:KOlIHChIO) He06xo.nHMO, BHJl:HMO, .norOBopHTh TO, qTO, Ka3aJIOCh 6hI, H TaK 5ICHO H3 3a5IBJIeHHoti lIO-
9 3l1eCb H lIaJIee ¢JaMHJIHH rrepeBOll'lHKOB He YKa3bI BaIOTCH C03HaTeJIbHO. Hecrroco6HOCTb oueHHTb lI0CTO HHCTBa H HellOCTaTKH rrepeBOlla 6e3 BbIHCHeHHH 'IHHa3BaHHlI rrepeBOll'lHKacomaCHO cy:w:eCTBYIOIUeM ra6eJIH 0 paHrax - rrepBbIM rrpH3HaK lIHJIeTaHTH3Ma. 3Ta CTaTbH rrpellHa3Ha'leHa l\1IH rrpo¢JeCCHOHaJIOB.
36
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IIpeo.uoJIeTh 06'heKTHBHhle rrpHqHHhI CTaH,UapTH3aUHH .ueJIO 3aTpy.uHHTeJIbHoe. qTO )[(e .uo rrpHqHH cy6'heKTHBHbIX, 3TO BrrOJIHe B qeJIoseqeCKHX CHJIax. Ho KpOMe OqeBH,UHhIX crroco60B, 0 KOTOPhIX HarrHcaHO e MHoro (pa3BHTHe rrepeBo.uqeCKHX HaBbIKOB, rrpHo6peTeHHe orrblTa, paCIIIHpeHHe H3bIKOBoro Kpyro30pa H rrp.), CTOHT rrOMHHTb H 0 Heo6xo
.uHMOCTH H36aBAATbCH OT KOMIIJIeKCa KOMMy HHKaTHBHOH HerrOJIHOueHHOCTH - BhI6HpaTb BapHaHT He rro.u BJIHHHHeM co6CTBeHHhIX orra ceHHH, a HCXOM H3 O eTJIHBOrO rrOHHMaHHH YMeCTHOCTH H orrpaB.uaHHOCTH 3TOro BbI6opa. 3TO rrOHHMaHHe He 3aMeHHeT HHTYHUHIO, a rrOMoraeT eH H rr03BOAAeT rrpOBepHTb rrpa BHJIbHOCTb ee rro.uCKa30K.
ECJIH rrepeBO,UqHK OC03HaeT HaCYUUHOCTb rrepe.uaqH aBTopCKHX cpe.uCTB, rrepe.u HHM BCTaeT HOBhIH Borrpoc: KaKHMeHHO HX rrepe.ua BaTb. He Bce <pOPMaJIbHbIe cpe.uCTBa B HCXO.u HOM TeKCTe TOqHO BocrrpOH3Bo.uHMbI B rrepeBO
.ue HJIH OKa3bIBaIOT Ha qHTaTeAA rrepeBo.ua TO )[(e B03.ueHCTBHe, qTO H B OpHrHHaJIe. Ho Kor.ua TaKHX orpaHJ{qeHHHHeT, TO <pOPMaJIhHO TOqHO MY KorrHpOBaHHIO aBTopcKOro rrpHeMa HJ{qTO He MellIaeT. Kor.ua TOT )[(e rrepeBO,UqHK, KOTO PbIH TaK HeMHJIOCep.uHO 060llIeJICH C peIIJIH KOH OTua <l>e.uopa, B rrepeBo.ue Toro )[(e pOMa Ha (orrHcaHHe BeceHHero YTpa) rrepe.uaeT: «3a HOqb XOJIO.u 6bID coeoeH 6e3 ocmamKa <...>
He60 6bIJIO 8 MeAKUX o6Aa"tHb1X KAell,Kax <...>
BeTep MAeA rro.u KapHH30M» KaK: "During the night the cold was consumed <...> The sky was
covered with small dimpling-like clouds <...>
IO B rrepeBOAe rrpOlf3BeAeHllll l1. l1Jib<jJa11 E. Ikrpo Ba CTaHAapTll3al\lliI oc06eHHO orraCHa, rrOCKOJlbK)' yCTa HOBKa Ha llHAllBllAYaJJll3al\1lI0 CTI1JUI 6blJla .lLlUI rrllCaTeJlell rrpllHl\llrrllaJJbHoll. KaK BcnOMllHaeT 06 llX cOBMecTHoll pa60Te E. ITeTpOB: «ITpllMepHo K KOHl\Y pa60TbI HaA " 12 CTYJlbllMll" MbI CTaJJll3aMeqaTb, qTO llHorAa rrpOll3HOCllM KaKoe-HIl6YAb CJlOBO llJIll<jJPa3YOAHOBpeMeHHO. 06bIQHO MbI OTKa3bIBaJJllCb OT TaKoro CJlOBa 11 rrpllHllMaJJllCb llC KaTb Apyroe.
- ECJlll CJlOBO rrpllIIIJIO B rOJlOBY OAHOBpeMeHHO ABYM,- rOBOpllJl l1J1b<jJ,-3HaQllT, OHO MO)l(eT rrpllllTll B rOJlOBY TpeM 11 QeTblpeM, 3HaQllT, OHO CJllliliKOM 6J1113KO Jle)l(aJJo. He JleHllTeCb, )i(eHlI, AaBallTe rrOllilieM Apyroe. 3TO TpYAHO. Ho KTO CKa3aJJ,QTO COQllHllTb xYAO)l(eCTBeH Hble npOll3BeAeHlliIJlerKOe AeJlo?»
The wind lazed under the eaves", ero BapHaHTbI |
:3 |
rrpe.uCTaBJIHIOTCH BrrOJIHe rrpaBOMepHbIMH10. |
a |
EllIe O.uHH rrpHMep. B paCCKa3e O. feHpH |
'"" |
-t |
|
"Extradited from Bohemia" eCTb aBTOpCKoe |
c:r |
::z |
|
OTCTYfiJIeHHe 0 cy.uh6e He3a.uaqJIHBbIX rrpOBHH- |
|
UHaJIOB, rrpHexaBllIHX B HbIO-MoPK, qTo6bI, |
"-' |
rro BbIpa)[(eHHIO rryllIKHHCKOro MouapTa, <<rrpe- |
|
.uaTbCH BOJIbHOMY HCKYCCTBY» : |
= |
|
----' |
The most pathetic sight in New York except the |
|
manners of the rush-hour crowds is the dreary march |
|
of the hopeless army of Mediocrity. Here Art is no |
|
benignant goddess, but a Circe who turns her wooers |
|
into mewing Toms and Tabbies who linger about the |
|
doorsteps of her abode, unmindful of the flying ;x: |
|
brickbats and boot-jacks of the critics. Some of us |
|
creep back to our native villages to the skim-milk of "I |
|
told you so"; but most of us prefer to remain in the |
0::. |
cold courtyard of our mistress's temple, snatching the scraps that fall from her divine table d'hote.
BOT KaK rrepe.uaHO 3TO pacc eHHe B
.uByx rrepeBo.uax:
CaMoe rpycTHoe 3pem1UJ,e B HblO-lliopKe - eCJH1 He C'lI1TaTb nOBeAeHI1S1 TOllnbl B 'lac nl1K - ;lTO YHbllloe WeCTBl1e 6e3AapHbiX pa60B nOcpeACTBeHHoCTI1. VIM I1CKYCCTBO SlBllSleTCSI He 611aroCKlloHHOH 60r11HeH, a l..l1pLleeH,( KOTopaSl 06paUJ,aeT CBOI1X nOKllOHHI1KOB B ylll1'lHblX KOTOB, MSlYKalOUJ,I1X y Hee nOA ABepblO, HeB311paSl Ha lleTSlUJ,l1e B HI1X KaMHI1 11 CanO)l(Hble KO1l0AKI1 KPI1TI1KOB. HeKOTopble n01l3KOM A0611palOTCSI AO pOAHoro 3axOllYCTbSl, rAe I1X yrOUJ,alOT CHSlTblM MO1l0KOM 113pe'leHI1S1:«rOBOpl11111 Mbl BaM» , - 6011bWI1H CTBO )l(e OCTaeTCSI Mep3Hyrb BO ABope xpaMa 60r11HI1, nl1TaSlCb KpOXaMI1 C ee 60)l(eCTBeHHoro Ta611bAOTa.
CaMoe npl1cKop6Hoe 3peJlI1UJ,e B HblO-lliopKe - no MI1MO OTBpaTI1TellbHblX MaHep TOllnbl B 'lac nl1K - ;lTO Mpa'lHOe WeCTBl1e 6e3HaAe)l(HOH apMaAbl nocpeACT BeHHOCTeH. VlCKYCCTBO 3AeCb - He nO'lI1TaeMOe 60)l(eCTBO, a 06011bCTI1TellbHaSl l..l1pLleSl,( npeBpaUJ,a lOUJ,aSl CBOI1XnOKllOHHI1KOB B MSlYKalOUJ,l1xKOTOB 11 KO weK, He nepeCTalOUJ,I1X 0611BaTb noporl1 ee 'lepTOra HeB311paSl Ha KpynHblH Kalll16p 60enpl1naCOB, npl1Me HSleMblX KpI1TI1KaMI1. .o,a, HeKOTopble MallOAYWHO yno1l3alOT Ha3aA B pOAHbie neHaTbl, 'lT06bl nOKopHO cllywaTb Top)l(eCTBYIOUJ,ee «'ITO Te6e rOBOpl111I1?»; OAHaKO 6011bWI1HCTBO npeAnO'lI1TaeT He nOKI1AaTb XOllOAHoro ABopa Ee 3aMKa, AOBOllbCTBYSlCb 06beA KaMI1 C 60)l(eCTBeHHoro CTOlla.
Bpo.ue 6bI, HH O.uHH H3 3THX rrepeBO.uOB HeJIb3H yrrpeKHYTb B H3JIHllIHeH CYXOCTH H 6e3JIHKOCTH. Ho rrpHCMOTPHMCH K ueHTpaJIb HOMY o6pa3y, Ha KOTOPOM CTPOHTCH 3Ta pa3BepHYTaH MeTa<pOpa: KOBapHaH ll,HpueH H ee rrOKJIOHHHK, 06pallIeHHbIe He B CBHHeH, KaK y
37
fOMepa, a B KOllieK (06pa3 C06JIa3HHTeJIhHH
UhI UHPQeH - O,nHH H3 JII06HMhIX MH<p0JIOrH:t: qeCKHX 06pa30B O. feHpH, TaK qTO ero MO)!(-
HO paCCMaTPHBaTh KaK 3JIeMeHT aBTopCKoro
lI):(HOCTlIJI5I). O,nHaKO BO BTOPOM nepeBo,ne 3Ta
CB5I3Ha5I MeTa<popa pa3BaJIHBaeTC5I: "brickbats
•and bootjacks", KOTOPhIMH OTrOIDIIOT KOIlleK,
npeBpallialOTC5I B «60enpHnachI KpynHoro
KaJIH6pa» , KOTOphIe ):(JI5I pa3rOHa KOllieK npH-
B MeH5IIOTC5I, Ka)!(eTC5I, He qaCTO, "skim-milk"
C2 (on5ITh KOIllaqHH JIeHTMoTHB) npona,naeT
'""-J
Z!!!BOBce,. nOKJIOHHHKH UHPQeH «06HBaIOT no-
..Q porH» (qTO TaK)!(e He COBceM B5I)!(eTC5I C KOIll t:::KaMH). KaK 6hI HH CTapaJIC5I BTOPOH nepeBO o ,nqHK paCQBeTHTh CBOH TeKCT «apMa,nOH»
(nOqeMY-TO «6e3HMe)!(HOH» ) H «pO,nHhIMH neHaTaMH» , 3TO e ero c06CTBeHHa5I nepe
Bo,nqeCKa5I pe3BOCTh, aBTopCKHH )!(e 06pa3 CMa3aH ,no HeY3HaBaeMOCTH. TYT He TaKOH 5IBHhIH CJIyqaH CTaH):(apn13aUHH, KaK nepeBO,n <ppa3hI H3 paCCKa3a By,nxayca, H Bce )!(e OTKa3 OT TOqHOH nepe,naqH aBTopCKHX 06pa30B npH BO,nHT K TOMY, qTO HH):(HBHJJ:YaJIhHhIH CTlIJIh aBTopa no,nMeH5IeTC5I Illa6JIOHHOH 60HKO
CThlO. lIHTaTh, MO)!(eT, H He C HO, HO 3TO He TO, qTO HanHCaJI O. feHpHi i.
BocnpOH3BOM aBTOpCKHH npHeM <pop MaJIhHO TOqHbIM 3KBHBaJIeHTOM, HMO, o,nHa KO, HMeTb B BlI):(y,nBe onaCHOCTH. Bo-nepBhIX, CJIe,nyeT y6e,nHThC5I, qTO BocnpOH3Bo,nHMbIH npHeM ,neHCTBHTeJIbHO OTHOCHTC5I K aBTOp CKHM. I1Haqe He,nOJIrO BnaCTb B OIIIH6KY, KO TOPYIO, HanpHMep, COBepIllllJI aHrJIHHCKHH nepeBo,nqHK «MepTBbIX ,nYIII» , nepe,naBIIIHH <ppa3Y: «O,nHaKO )!(e OH 3TO He npUlffl.y8a!l8
JlCeHue» KaK "however he did not take it into
respect", ,na eme H cHa6,nHBIIIHH 3TOT nepeBO,n
11 ECJUI KorO-TO 3al1HTepecyeT :3Ta TeMa, COlllJllOCh Ha ):II1ill10MHYlO pa6oTy, me Bonpoc 0 pa3BepHYThIX MeTa <popax B nepeBO):lax np0l13Be):leHI1H O. feHpl1 OCBemeH 60Jlee fJly60KO: http://www.thinka\oud.ru/grad/amir grad.pdf
npHMeqaHHeM: «O,nHH H3 MHorHX CJIyqaeB, KOr,na fOrOJIh BH,nOH3MeH5IeT YCTOHqHBOe
Bhlpa)!(eHHe (npUllRmb 8paC'1em, npUHJlmb 8 co-
06paJICeHue» >. KOHeqHO )!(e, B 3TOM cJIyqae HHKaKOe aBTopCKoe HaqaJIO He np05IBJI5IeTC5I: fOrOJIh HHqerO He H306peTaJI, a npOCTO HCnOJIh30BaJI paCXo)!(ee B ero BpeM5I KJIHIlle, HeH3BeCTHoe nepeBo,nqHKY. ll03TOMY HeJIHIll He 6hIBaeT npOBepHTh, ,neHCTBHTeJIhHO JIH 3TO aBTopCKHH 060POT lIJIH )!(e ynOTPe6HTeJIhHOe Bhlpa)!(eHHe, KOTopoe Te6e ,no CHX nop He no nMaJIOCh (XOpOIIIHH HCTOqHHK npOBepKH B TaKHX CJIyqa5IX - Kopnyca 5I3hIKOB Bpo,ne Ha QHOHaJIhHOrO Kopnyca pYCCKoro 5I3hlKa lIJIH EpHTaHCKoro HaQHOHaJIhHOro Kopnycai2).
BO-BTOPhIX, nepeBo,nqHK He no,nBe,neT aBTopa JIHIllh B TOM cJIyqae, eCJIH, nepeHOC5I B nepeBO,n ero HH):(HBHJJ:YaJIhHhIH npHeM, C06JIIO ,neT TPe60BaHHe eCTeCTBeHHOCTH (B TOH Mepe, B KaKOH OHa 6hIJIa 3TOMY npHeMY CBOHCTBeH Ha B OpHrHHaJIe). Ha 3TH CJIyqaH MO)!(HO pac npOCTPaHHTh Ha6JIIO,neHHe E. 3aM5ITHHa 0 He OJIOrH3Max (TO)!(e - npH CBoeM n05IBJIeHHH Ha CBeT - aBTopCKOM npHeMe): «)l(u3Hecnoco6HhIMH OKa3hIBalOTC5I TOJIhKO Te HeOJIOrH3MhI, KOTophIe COOTBeTCTByIOT 3aKOHaM H ,nyxy 5I3hI Ka <...> B 60JIhIIIHHCTBe CJIyqaeB, Kor,na BhI BCTPeqaeTe HaCT05IlUHH XOPOIIIHH HeOJIOrH3M - BhI TOJIhKO C TPy,nOM MO)!(eTe YCTaHOBHTh, qTO 3TO - HeOJIOrH3M: Bcer,na Ka)!(eTC5I, qTO KaK 6y,nTO BhI ,na)!(e BCTPeqaJIH 3TO CJIOBO: Ha CTOJIbKO eCTeCTBeHHO OHO 3ByqHT» .
KaK )!(e nOCTynaTh B Tex CJIyqa5IX, Kor,na TOqHa5I rrepe,naqa aBTopCKoro rrpHeMa He)!(eJIa TeJIhHa lIJIH HeB03MO)!(Ha? 06 3TOM rroti:.neT peqh BO BTOPOH qaCTH CTaThH.
(OKOH'1aHUe C.!leayem)
12http://www.ruscornora.ru!index.html http://wwwnatcorn. .ox.ac.uk!
38
