страноведение

" ( . (% , , , , ." % , - (. # ( , " (. , ". , , , % .

. % $.

3 :

: % ( ( = " " . -

" ,
49 6% " . " % "	= .

% % . N " = F "- % , " " = ( ,- . - , A, .

" " & . -.

& # % . -# ( " % ",

51

% (	, ( "# . & -
" ! J II " .
	( ! -
% ( ! ( " & .
1864 " & . -
" .

" :	# , !, ,
= . > # A

.

& J II " -& . " ".

<" " & " – ! & , &, & , & ". = # % -& " ,F " F " ". = -= " " " ( , # 20 . = "6 , & – 7 . ! & -% " " F -.

E , & " J II: "# , - ( , %# ( % = .

=	, -
. E "	.

4. " 3, 5 % .

52

16. 20 .

1. % " , -" :

– ( ! – ( )

– : = – (, , " , , "

> – > – " ? – , "

% – # .

% 9 – -

% – ( , , ( " – % " – - – (

- & –

- – ( , = ,

2. " 2 % .

3. % .

& 1860 " 9-&. - # A % ! .

" # . % & 1861 7 . : A ( " " - . B " = .

. 1/5 % -, " # ( - . " " ! ( -. : , -" .

- # " . % 13–14 %= " % ( . -.

53

-
. -
				.	> =
" #	"			,
, %
				.
- II
(1894–1917).			-
%		,
" ,				-
" % .					-
" -
.					-

"" , " ..

	! II	4. " -
		3, 4 % .

54

17.

1. % " , -" :

' – & = ", -% A % =- "

' – ,-" % = , A % -

%	1905
! ,	–
!	$ – " "

$ – %

A – , % - " , " ( , %

# – , #

# , – %– " ,– – "

% – " " , " " -%

% – , ! ,"

% - % = :, , ! . .

%	– ! #
( ,	"
% –	! ,	" " , "
,
" – "		, "

" – - – , ! % % "

! % , " - % , A % %% ,

@ – L " # ! , % = ( )

55

% $

2. " 2 % .

3. % .

-# " " , = " = ,

& , = -

1904–1905 .

1905–1907 .

-% (!9 1905 . A -"

% , - " # ! (, .

--, ! " «$ =- !», «8-% %

!». , – % , , ! – %-

(! .

1905 % -, % 2 % .

= " , "# " , , " ".

17 1905 - II -# . -% ". Q " " =-! $ . - , " " " ," . - " , ! % - % .

(! # %.% A % -

		. - -
(!	% .
,	%	" %-

: 17 1905 ". -– K > . %

56

"#	",
& ( ". % . Q		" "
= .

' '

4. " 3, 5 % .

57

18. (1914–1918 .)

1. % " , -" :

– - % L ,, J G ! .

8 – N .

' - * – = -".

% – "

% – , % ( 2 - .

% * – , ( . D – - % L-

, K , J - + . @ – # , % .

2. " 2 % .

3. % .
	% 20 '
				– -
	& *		. D-
	":	K ,		J -
	+ .
	= ": -
	, J , G ! .
	"
	= J E "
I	(	" -
	8 . (			1914
	" !.
A = J -	L . -% %
.

= (, K – J -(.1914 K L .J , G ! .

% " , *. 1914 J = . -

58

" = , = ", . -. $ " . + A 1915 -. 1917 = K- .

. : " &. $ % " . & 1917 , # " ( ". -(! 1917 ! #(% 1918 . " K . -% .

4. " 3, 4 % .

59

19. 1917

1. % " , -" :

' @ - –

!	$ –
> – #
? – =
? –

% – %

- – A " " - – , @ – ,

2. " 2 % .

3. % .

% (1914–1918 .) -! -A % , =-. 23 & 1917 . % % - (! . 2 1917 . - II . >- " ! $ & -. # , - ! % . "", # .

, # #	) $
'

60