- •1. Translation Theory. Object and objectives
- •2. The Notion of Translation
- •3. Equivalence in translation: Theory of Equivalence
- •4. Equivalence in Translation: Types of Equivalents
- •5. Models in Translation
- •6. Situational model (definition, stages, pros and cons)
- •7. Semantic model (definition, example, stages, pros and cons)
- •8. Transformational model (definition, example, stages, pros and cons)
- •9. Semantic-transformational model (definition, example, stages, pros and cons).
- •10. Transformations
- •11. Pragmatics of translation: definition, types.
- •12. Main types of translation
11. Pragmatics of translation: definition, types.
Pragmatics — the analysis of language in terms of situational context within which utterances are made, including the knowledge and beliefs of the speaker and the attitude between speaker and listener.
Pragmatics is the relations of the sign and its users.
Types: pragmatics of linguistic signs (meaningful elements whose preservation in translation is desirable at any level of equivalence), pragmatics of an individual speech act (translation event may be pragmatically oriented toward a concrete TR and pursue some aims beside; extralinguistic context is important).
Pragmatic adaptations: addition, omission, explanation, generalization, specification.
Pragmatic value is a concept, which assesses its success in achieving the pragmatic purpose.
12. Main types of translation
According to the predominant communicative function:
literary translation — rendering into the TL literary texts, i.e. works of fiction or poetry whose main function is to make an emotional or aesthetic impression upon the reader (prose, poetry, plays);
informative translation — rendering into the TL non-literary texts whose main purpose is to inform a reader (scientific, technical, newspapers materials, official papers, public speeches, political and propaganda materials, ads).
According to the form of speech: written (continuous), oral (momentary).
Technical translation: to identify the situation described in the original, observe stylistic requirements of scientific and technical materials to make text acceptable to the specialist.
English newspapers use more colloquial style than Russian ones.
Official diplomatic papers: every word should be carefully chosen.
Journalistic texts: may feature elements of literary texts (stylistic devices).
Film scripts: necessity to fit the pronunciation of the translated words to the movement of the actor’s lips.
Comic strips: numerous allusions to the facts well known to the regular readers, but less familiar to the Russian reader.
Ads: their sole purpose is to win over the prospective customers.
Oral translation: consecutive, simultaneous.