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Файл:экза мен / экзамен / 1.Гідраграфія як частка гідралогіі сушы / 1.1 Метады даследаванняў
.txt яю1 . 1 . 5B04K 40A;54020==O^
A=>^=K<V V 30;>^=K<V <5B040<V 40A;54020==O^ C 3V4@03@0DVV 7 O^;ONFF0 M:A?54KFK9=K V AB0FKO=0@=K, O:VO HK@>:0 2K:0@KAB>^20NFF0 V 0@30=VG=0 40?0^=ONFL 047V= 4@C3>30. # <V=C;K< 0<0;L 047V=K< <5B040< 0?VA0==O 2>4=KE 01 5:B0^ 1K^ M:A?54KFK9=K <5B04, O:V< :0@KAB0;VAO 40A;54GK:V. 0A;O 0@30=V70FKV @M3C;O@=KE =07V@0==O^ 70 3V4@0;03VG=K< @M6K<0< AB0FKO=0@=K <5B04 40A;54020==O^ AB0^ 0<0;L 047V=K< 7 30;>^=KE <5B040^ C 3V4@03@0DVV V 3V4@0;>33VV C2>3C;5.
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<MB09 @072VFFO A5;LA:09 30A?040@:V 1K;0 ?@025475=0 70E>4=OO M:A?54KFKO ?0 0ACHM==N 10;>B 0;5AAO ( 1 8 7 3 - 1 8 9 8 33. ) , M:A?54KFKO . . K;V=A:030 =0 ?>^4=V 0AAVV ( 1 8 8 0 - 1 8 9 1 33. ) V M:A?54KFKO . . "V;;> ?0 40A;54020==N 2KB>:0^ 1C9=59HKE @M: ^@0?59A:09 G0AB:V 0AVV ( 1 8 9 4 - 1 9 0 4 33. ) . ;O :00@4K=0FKV 40A;54020==O^ @>7=KE CAB0=>^ C 1 9 0 2 3>475 0AV9A:0O :04M<VO =02C: 0@30=V7020;0 A?5FKO;L=CN 040<5@=CN :0<VAVN.
# 3MBK ?5@KO4 1K;> 2K40475=0 HM@03 ?@0F C 30;V=5 3V4@03@0DVV. !O@>4 VE =091>;LH 2O4><KO: . . 059:0^ ;V<0BK 7O<=>30 H0@C, C 0A01;V20AFV 0AVV ( 1 8 9 4 ) ; . . K:0G>^ #A:@KFF5 V 70<O@70==5 @M: 0AV9A:09 V<?5@KV ( 1 8 8 6 ) ; . . 0EFV= 1 <5E0=V7<C @0G=>30 @MGKHG0 ( 1 8 9 5 ) V V=H.
# A025F:V ?5@KO4 C AC2O7V 7 V=4CAB@KO;V70FKO9 :@0V=K =0 ?O@M4=V ?;0= 1K;V ?0AB0^;5=K ?KB0==V @072VFFO 3V4@0M=5@35BK:V, 2>4=030 B@0=A?0@BC, 0@0HM==O V V=HKO, HB> ?0B@01020;0 HK@>:VE 40A;54020==O^ @M6K<0 AFQ:C @M:. "0<C C 1 9 1 9 3>475 1K^ 0@30=V7020=K 0AV9A:V 3V4@0;03VG=K V=ABKBCB, O:V AB0^ 1C9=K< =02C:>2K< V <5B04KG=K< F5=B@0< 2K2CGM==O 2>4=KE 01 5:B0^ BM@KB>@KV !!! . ;0=0<5@=05 40A;54020==5 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 5;0@CAV ?@02>47V;0AO C AC2O7V 7 2K:0=0==5< ?;0=0 - . :@0<O 3V4@0M=5@35BK:V 2K@0H0NFF0 ?KB0==V ;5A0A?;020, @072VFFO A5;LA:09 V @K1=09 30A?040@0:, 2K2CGM==O 07Q@ V 10;>B.
0 @072VFF5 3V4@03@0DVV 5;0@CAV 7=0G=0 ?0^?;K20;V 40A;54020==V 07Q@. 5@HKO =02C:>2KO ?@0FK 2O4><KE @CA:VE 2CG>=KE . .. 5@0HG03V=0, !. . C@0259A:030 1K;V ?0:;0475=K C 0A=>2C 2>75@07=0^AB20, =0C:V 01 07Q@0E. # 1 8 9 4 - 1 9 0 0 3040E 1K;0 ?@025475=0 M:A?54KFKO 0A:>^A:030 C=V25@AVBMB0 ?04 :V@0^=VFB20< . . =CGK=0, O:0O ?@02O;0 3V4@03@0DVG=05 40A;54020==5 =5:0B>@KE 07Q@ V @M: 5;0@CAV. =0G=KO =02C:>20- ?@0:BKG=KO @01>BK ?@02>47V;0 VF51A:0O @K1030A?040@G0O M:A?54KFKO ( 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 6 33. ) . 02O@HM==5< 40A;54020==O^ 07Q@ ?5@H09 ?0;>2K %% AB03>447O 1K;> 2K40==5 ?5@H030 09GK==030 40?0<>6=V:0 . . 030A;>^A:030 V !. . C@0259A:030 >75@07=0^AB20 ( 1 9 3 7 ) .
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# 3 0 - E 3040E =0 BM@KB>@KV 0E>4=O9 5;0@CAV ?@02>47V;VAO 40A;54020==V 075@ @0A;0^A:09 075@=09 3@C??K, 0;5AAO 2O4><K<V ?>;LA:V<V 2CG>=K<V !. O=FM2VG0< V . 0=4@0F:V<.
0A;O 4@C3>9 ACA25B=09 209=K 40A;54020==V 2>4=KE 01 5:B0^ 1K;V A:0=FM=B@020=K C 5;0@CA:V< 2>4=KE ?@0L;5< ( ?07=59 &M=B@0;L=K :><?;5:A=030 2K:0@KAB0==O 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^) V HM@03C ?@05:B=KE V=ABKBCB0^: 5;3V?@020430A ( 3. V=A:) , !0N73V?@020430A ( 3. V=A:) , ;010@0B>@KO 2>75@07=0^AB20 #, 5;0@CA:V <5;VO@0FKV V 2>4=09 30A?040@:V ( 70@07 ;C302>4AB20) , 04475;K 3V4@0;>3VV V 3V4@03@0DVV MA?C1;V:0=A:030 3V4@0<5BM0@0;03VG=030 FM=B@0.
0A;54020==V 2>4=KE 01 5:B0^ C :0=FK %% AB03>447O ?@02>47V;VAO 7 <MB09 VE 2K:0@KAB0==O C 3V4@0M=5@35BKFK, 013@C=B020==O <5;VO@0BK^=KE @01>B, 0@30=V70FVV 1C9=>9 @K1=09 30A?040@:V, @072VFFO 2>4=030 B@0=A?0@BC V 0@30=V70FKV <5@0?@K5<AB20^ ?0 0E>25 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^, @0A?@0F>^:V AE5< :><?;5:A=030 2K:0@KAB0==O 2>4=KE V 7O<5;L=KE @MAC@A0^ 5;0@CAV.
2 / 1
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2KG09=0 ?@K@>407=0^FK 04=>AOFL 40 :0BM3>@KV @MAC@A0^, C BK< ;V:C V 2>4=KE, CA5 A@>4:V 4;O 6KFFO ;N4759, O:VO 7401K20NFF0 C ?@K@>475. @K B0:VE C<>20E 40 :0BM3>@KV =0BC@0;L=KE ?@K@>4=KE @MAC@A0^ <>3CFL 04=>AVFF0 CA5 :0<?0=5=BK ?@K@>4=030 =020:>;L=030 0AO@>447O, 0 3MB0 7=0GKFL @0A;V=K, 6K2Q;L=K A25B, 3;510, ?025B@0, ?025@E=52KO V ?0475<=KO 2>4K, :0@KA=KO 2K:0?=V. @KBM@K5< 40 04=OA5==O VE 40 ?@K@>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 7 O^;O5FF0 A0< D0:B VE 2K:0@KAB0==O C 6KFFV G0;025FB20. MB0 07=0G05, HB> ?@K@>4=K<V @MAC@A0<V 7 O^;ONFF0 CA5 :0<?0=5=BK ?@K@>4K, O:VO 2K:0@KAB>^20;VAL, 2K:0@KAB>^20NFF0 FV 1C4CFL 2K:0@KAB>^20FF0 C 1C4CGK<.
# M:0=0<VG=09 3503@0DVV :0@KAB0NFF0 1>;LH 2C7:V< ?0=OFF5< 3MB09 :0BM3>@KV. 04 ?@K@>4=K<V @MAC@A0<V <0NFF0 =0 C2075 BKO @MGK2K ?@K@>4K, O:VO 2K:0@KAB>^20NFF0 G0;025FB20< C <0BM@KO;L=09 2KB2>@G0AFV ?@K 40475=K< C7@>^=V @072VFFO 2KB2>@GKE AV;, 3MB0 7=0GKFL C :0=:@MB=KE 3VAB0@KG=KE V M:0=0<VG=KE 01AB02V=0E. 06;V20AFL 04=OA5==O VE 40 ?@K@>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 2K7=0G05FF0 ABC?5==N ( C7@>^=5<) VE 2K2CG0=0AFV, BME=VG=K< C7@>^=5< 3@0<04AB20, M:0=0<VG=09 <MB073>4=0AFN 2K:0@KAB0==O.
"0:>5 ?0=OFF5 ?>^=0AFN 04=>AVFF0 40 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^. 2KG09=0 C 3V4@0;>3VV 40 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 04=>AOFF0 CA5 2>4K, O:VO 7=0E>47OFF0 C ?@K@>475 C A201>4=K< AB0=5 ( EV<VG=0 =5 72O70=KO) , HB> C:;NG05 2>4K ?025@E=52030 V ?0475<=030 AFQ:C, 3;5102CN 2V;L30FL, 204C ;5402V:>^, <0@A:VO 2>4K V 204C ?025B@0, HBCG=KE 2>4=KE 01 5:B0^.
4@C3>30 1>:C, =0?@K:;04 !. . 5=4@0^, ;VGK^, HB> ?04 2>4=K<V @MAC@A0<V ?04@07C<O20NFF0 CA5 BKO ?@K@>4=KO 2>4K, O:VO <>6=0 2K:0@KAB>^20FL AQ==O, :V@020FL VE @M6K<0<, 0 B0:A0<0 O:VO 1C4CFL 2K:0@KAB>^20FF0 C 1C4CGK=V V =04 3MBK< 70@07 C6> 2O4CFF0 =501E>4=KO @01>BK. "0:>5 ?0=OFF5 04?02O405 VE M:0=0<VG=0<C ?0=OFFN, F5A=0 72O70=0 7 C7@>^=5< @072VFFO 3@0<04AB20.
0 AQ==OH=V G0A ?@K 04?0254=K< @072VFVV 2KB2>@GKE AV; 2K:0@KAB>^20NFF0 72KG09=0 ?@MA=KO 2>4K. 040 ACA25B=030 0:VO=C V ;5402V:>^ @073;O405FF0 O: @MAC@AK 1C4CGK=V.
0 47O@60^=K< AB0=40@B0< 2>4=KO @MAC@AK 3MB0 70?0AK ?025@E=52KE V ?0475<=KE 2>4 04?0254=09 BM@KB>@KV.
2 / 2
K;K !025F:V !0N7 709<0^ ?5@H05 <5AF0 C A25F5 ?0 70?0A0< ?025@E=52KE 2>4 ( B01;. 2 . 1 . ) . 01 ?@02V;L=0 0F0=VFL V CO2VFL 01 @M0;L=KE 2>4=KE 70?0A0E @MA?C1;V:V =501E>4=0 C;VG20FL =0ABC?=KO 0A?5:BK, O:VO C7=V:0NFL ?@K 8E 2K:0@KAB0==V V O:VO C @>7=09 ABC?5=V 01<O6>^20NFL VE 2K:0@KAB==5 ^ 30A?040FK:
" =5@0^=0<5@=0AFL @07<5@:020==O 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ ?0 BM@KB>@KV @MA?C1;V:V;
" VE 7<O=5==5 =0 ?@0FO3C 3>40 ( ?0 ?>@0< 3>40) V ?0 0A>1=K< 3040<;
" =501E>4=0AFL C 20475 C AC2O7V 7 @072VFFQ< 30A?040@:V;
" 701@C4620==5 204K AFQ:02K<V 2>40<V;
" 701@C4620==5 25@E=VE 30@K7>=B0^ ?0475<=KE V 3@C=B>2KE 2>40^, O:VO 2K:0@KAB>^20NFF0 4;O 701OA?OGM==O 2OA:>2030 V 30@04A:>30 =0A5;L=VFB20 ?VB=>9 204>9;
" 701@C4620==5 204K @04KQ0:BK^=K<V M;5<5=B0<V ?0A;O 020@KV =0 'M@=>1K;LA:09 -!, =VB@0B0<V V =VB@KB0<V.
# AC2O7V 7 3MBK<V 0:0;VG=0AFO<V 2>40701OA?5G0=0AFL @MA?C1;V:V =501E>4=0 ;VGKFL =540AB0B:>209. # ?0@0^=0==V 7 4@C3V<V :@0V=0<V 1K;K !025F:V !0N7 709<0^ AQ<05 <5AF0 ?0A;O 0@253VV, $@0=FKV, (25FKV, @07V;VV, VB0O V (. MA?C1;V:0 5;0@CAL ?0 70?0A0< 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ CABC?05 =020B 47O@6020< 0;BKV.
0 ABC?5=V 20407015A?OGM==O 47EO@602K ^@0?59A:09 G0AB:V ! @07<5@:020=K ?0 3 - < 7>=0<: 2KA>:09, AO@M4=O9 V =V7:09 701OA?5G0=0AFV.
>=0 2KA>:09 2040701OA?5G0=0AFV 709<05 :0;O ?0;>2K BM@KB>@K, C O:>9 =07V@0NFF0 ;VH:V 204K, HB> ?@K2>47VFL 40 CB20@M==O 10;>B V 7010;>G0=KE 7O<5;L.
>=0 AO@M4=O9 2040701OA?5G0=0AFV 04@>7=V205FF0 40AB0B:>209 :>;L:0AFN 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 4;O ?0B@M1 30A?040@:V ( &M=B@0;L=0O 0AVO, #@0;) .
>=0 =V7:09, FV 7>=0 =540AB0B:>209 2040701OA?5G0=0AFV C:;NG05 ?>^475=L #:@0V=K, @K<, 0=10AA, 02>;660 V 3. 4. , 475 2>4=KO @MAC@AK A:;040NFL =5:0;L:V ?@0FM=B0^ 04 CAVE 70?0A0^, 0 4;O 701OA?OGM==O 204>9 ?0B@M1=0 ?5@0:V4:0 204K 7 4@C3VE @0G=KE 10A59=0^.
MB0 03C;L=K <0;N=0: 2040701OA?5G0=0AFV :@0V=, O:V C<>^=0 04;NAB@>^205 ABC?5=L 2040701OA?5G0=0AFV :@0V= 204>9. MA?C1;V:0 5;0@CAL <>6=0 04=5AFV 40 4@C3>9 7>=K. 4=0: C6> C :0=FK 6 0 - E 304>^ 1K;V ?@K=OBK <5@K 4;O ?5@0@07<5@:020==O AFQ:C ?0 O5 BM@KB>@KV V 1K;0 ?01C4020=0 C 1 9 7 6 3>@475 V;59A:0- V=A:0O 2>4=0O AVABM<0.
0 725AB:0< 7O@60^=030 2>4=030 :040AB@0 C @MA?C1;VFK ?5@02030NFL <0;KO @M:V V =52O;V:VO @MG:V.
4=0: 7=0G=0O :>;L:0AFL 204K 7=0E>47VFF0 C 2040Q<0E 70?02>;5=030 204001<5=0, 04=0^;5==5 @MAC@A0^ O:VE 041K205FF0 70 402>;V ?@0FO3;K ?5@KO4 .
>4=KO @MAC@AK, C 04@>7=5==5 04 4@C3VE ?@K@>4=KE @MAC@A0^, <0NFL A205 0A01;V20AFV, A?5FKDV:C 2K:0@KAB0==O, HB> =501E>4=0 C;VG20FL V 2540FV ?@K VE 2K:0@KAB0=VV V 2O475==V 30A?040@:V.
040 C ?@K=FK?5 7 O^;O5FF0 =52KG0@?0;L=K< ?@K@>4=K< @MAC@A0<, B0: O: O=0 7=0E>47VFF0 C 047V=K< 70<:=CBK< ?@K@>4=K< :@C30720@>F5. =0G=09 0:0;VG=0AFN 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^, O:>5 F5A=0 72O70=0 7 :@C30720@>B0< 204K 3MB0 047V=AB20 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^. #A5 2>4=KO @MAC@AK 7 O^;ONFF0 G0AB:09 3V4@0AD5@K O<;V V F5A=0 72O70=K 7 4@C3V<V ?@K@>4=K<V :0<?0=5=B0<V: 0B<0AD5@09, ;VB0AD5@09, 1VOAD5@09. 570;56=0 04 2>4=0AFV 3>4 03C;L=0O :>;L:0AFL 204K =0 O<;V C AO@M4=V< =5 7<O=O5FF0, 04=0: 041K205FF0 7=0G=05 ?5@0@07<5@:020==5 ^ ?@0AB>@K V ?0 G0AC. # AC2O7V 7 3MBK< 04=0^;5==5 204K ^ @>7=KE 2>4=KE 01 5:B0E 041K205FF0 7 @>7=09 ECB:0AFN ( B01;. 2 . 4 ) .
091>;LHK 204001<5= 041K205FF0 C @M:0E V 3;515. MB0O 0:0;VG=0AFL <05 2O;V:05 7=0GM==5. !CG0A=0O 30A?040@:0 72KG09=0 72O70=0 7 2K:0@KAB0==5< AFQ:C @M: V 2V;L30FV 3;51K. 5;L<V <0@C4=0 V475 :@C30720@>B 204K 25:02KE 70?0A0^ ?0475<=KE 2>4, 2>4 ;5402V:>^, A=56=V:0^. E 70?0AK <>6=0 ;VGKFL =O7<5==K<V, HB> B@M10 C;VG20FL ?@K VE 2K:0@KAB0==V.
0B@M1=0 C;VG20FL V B>5, HB> 25;VGK=O 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ V VE @07<5@:020==5 ?0 BM@KB>@KV 70;56KFL 04 03C;L=KE :;V<0BKG=KE V <5BM0@0;03VG=KE C<>^ V 7<O=O5FF0 04 3>40 40 3>40 V 7 ?>^=0GK =0 ?>^475=L. #AB>9;V20AFL 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 25;L<V 7=0G=K 0A?5:B ?@K VE 2K:0@KAB=VV, ?;0=020==V 2K:0@KAB0==O C 1C4CGK=V.
4=>9 7 C;0AFV20AF59 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 7 O^;O5FF0 <03GK<0AFL H<0B@07>2030 VE 2K:0@KAB0==O, 04=0G0A>2030 2K:0@KAB0==O C =5:0;L:VE 30;V=0E 30A?040@:V. 0;>^=K<V =0?@0<:0<V 2K:0@KAB0==O 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 7 O^;ONFF0:
" A0<0 2040, O: ?@K@>4=05 CB20@M==5 C ?@0<KA;>20AFV, A5;LA:09 V :0<C=0;L=09 30A?040@FK;
" O: =>AL1VB M=M@3VV C 3V4@0M=5@35BKFK;
" 2>4=0O 0:20B>@KO 4;O AC40E>4AB20, @K10;>^AB20, 3. 4.
%0@0:BM@=09 0A01;V20AFN 204K 7 O^;O5FF0 C;0AFV20AFL 204K 40 A0<00GKHGM==O. 7O:CNGK 3MB0<C A:;040=0<C ?@K@>4=0<C ?@0FMAC ?@K@>4=0O 2040 ?@K ?0?040==V =52O;V:VE 01 Q<0^ ?0;NB0=B0^ 74>;L=0 A0<00GKHG0FF0 04 VE, ?5@02>47VFL 701@C4620NGKO @MGK2K C 0A040:, C 0@30=VG=05 @MGK20 V 3. 4.
2 / 3
K;K !025F:V !0N7 709<0^ ?5@H05 <5AF0 C A25F5 ?0 70?0A0< ?025@E=52KE 2>4 ( B01;. 2 . 1 . ) . 01 ?@02V;L=0 0F0=VFL V CO2VFL 01 @M0;L=KE 2>4=KE 70?0A0E @MA?C1;V:V =501E>4=0 C;VG20FL =0ABC?=KO 0A?5:BK, O:VO C7=V:0NFL ?@K 8E 2K:0@KAB0==V V O:VO C @>7=09 ABC?5=V 01<O6>^20NFL VE 2K:0@KAB==5 ^ 30A?040FK:
" =5@0^=0<5@=0AFL @07<5@:020==O 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ ?0 BM@KB>@KV @MA?C1;V:V;
" VE 7<O=5==5 =0 ?@0FO3C 3>40 ( ?0 ?>@0< 3>40) V ?0 0A>1=K< 3040<;
" =501E>4=0AFL C 20475 C AC2O7V 7 @072VFFQ< 30A?040@:V;
" 701@C4620==5 204K AFQ:02K<V 2>40<V;
" 701@C4620==5 25@E=VE 30@K7>=B0^ ?0475<=KE V 3@C=B>2KE 2>40^, O:VO 2K:0@KAB>^20NFF0 4;O 701OA?OGM==O 2OA:>2030 V 30@04A:>30 =0A5;L=VFB20 ?VB=>9 204>9;
" 701@C4620==5 204K @04KQ0:BK^=K<V M;5<5=B0<V ?0A;O 020@KV =0 'M@=>1K;LA:09 -!, =VB@0B0<V V =VB@KB0<V.
# AC2O7V 7 3MBK<V 0:0;VG=0AFO<V 2>40701OA?5G0=0AFL @MA?C1;V:V =501E>4=0 ;VGKFL =540AB0B:>209. # ?0@0^=0==V 7 4@C3V<V :@0V=0<V 1K;K !025F:V !0N7 709<0^ AQ<05 <5AF0 ?0A;O 0@253VV, $@0=FKV, (25FKV, @07V;VV, VB0O V (. MA?C1;V:0 5;0@CAL ?0 70?0A0< 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ CABC?05 =020B 47O@6020< 0;BKV.
0 ABC?5=V 20407015A?OGM==O 47EO@602K ^@0?59A:09 G0AB:V ! @07<5@:020=K ?0 3 - < 7>=0<: 2KA>:09, AO@M4=O9 V =V7:09 701OA?5G0=0AFV.
>=0 2KA>:09 2040701OA?5G0=0AFV 709<05 :0;O ?0;>2K BM@KB>@K, C O:>9 =07V@0NFF0 ;VH:V 204K, HB> ?@K2>47VFL 40 CB20@M==O 10;>B V 7010;>G0=KE 7O<5;L.
>=0 AO@M4=O9 2040701OA?5G0=0AFV 04@>7=V205FF0 40AB0B:>209 :>;L:0AFN 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 4;O ?0B@M1 30A?040@:V ( &M=B@0;L=0O 0AVO, #@0;) .
>=0 =V7:09, FV 7>=0 =540AB0B:>209 2040701OA?5G0=0AFV C:;NG05 ?>^475=L #:@0V=K, @K<, 0=10AA, 02>;660 V 3. 4. , 475 2>4=KO @MAC@AK A:;040NFL =5:0;L:V ?@0FM=B0^ 04 CAVE 70?0A0^, 0 4;O 701OA?OGM==O 204>9 ?0B@M1=0 ?5@0:V4:0 204K 7 4@C3VE @0G=KE 10A59=0^.
MB0 03C;L=K <0;N=0: 2040701OA?5G0=0AFV :@0V=, O:V C<>^=0 04;NAB@>^205 ABC?5=L 2040701OA?5G0=0AFV :@0V= 204>9. MA?C1;V:0 5;0@CAL <>6=0 04=5AFV 40 4@C3>9 7>=K. 4=0: C6> C :0=FK 6 0 - E 304>^ 1K;V ?@K=OBK <5@K 4;O ?5@0@07<5@:020==O AFQ:C ?0 O5 BM@KB>@KV V 1K;0 ?01C4020=0 C 1 9 7 6 3>@475 V;59A:0- V=A:0O 2>4=0O AVABM<0.
0 725AB:0< 7O@60^=030 2>4=030 :040AB@0 C @MA?C1;VFK ?5@02030NFL <0;KO @M:V V =52O;V:VO @MG:V.
4=0: 7=0G=0O :>;L:0AFL 204K 7=0E>47VFF0 C 2040Q<0E 70?02>;5=030 204001<5=0, 04=0^;5==5 @MAC@A0^ O:VE 041K205FF0 70 402>;V ?@0FO3;K ?5@KO4 .
>4=KO @MAC@AK, C 04@>7=5==5 04 4@C3VE ?@K@>4=KE @MAC@A0^, <0NFL A205 0A01;V20AFV, A?5FKDV:C 2K:0@KAB0==O, HB> =501E>4=0 C;VG20FL V 2540FV ?@K VE 2K:0@KAB0=VV V 2O475==V 30A?040@:V.
040 C ?@K=FK?5 7 O^;O5FF0 =52KG0@?0;L=K< ?@K@>4=K< @MAC@A0<, B0: O: O=0 7=0E>47VFF0 C 047V=K< 70<:=CBK< ?@K@>4=K< :@C30720@>F5. =0G=09 0:0;VG=0AFN 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^, O:>5 F5A=0 72O70=0 7 :@C30720@>B0< 204K 3MB0 047V=AB20 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^. #A5 2>4=KO @MAC@AK 7 O^;ONFF0 G0AB:09 3V4@0AD5@K O<;V V F5A=0 72O70=K 7 4@C3V<V ?@K@>4=K<V :0<?0=5=B0<V: 0B<0AD5@09, ;VB0AD5@09, 1VOAD5@09. 570;56=0 04 2>4=0AFV 3>4 03C;L=0O :>;L:0AFL 204K =0 O<;V C AO@M4=V< =5 7<O=O5FF0, 04=0: 041K205FF0 7=0G=05 ?5@0@07<5@:020==5 ^ ?@0AB>@K V ?0 G0AC. # AC2O7V 7 3MBK< 04=0^;5==5 204K ^ @>7=KE 2>4=KE 01 5:B0E 041K205FF0 7 @>7=09 ECB:0AFN ( B01;. 2 . 4 ) .
091>;LHK 204001<5= 041K205FF0 C @M:0E V 3;515. MB0O 0:0;VG=0AFL <05 2O;V:05 7=0GM==5. !CG0A=0O 30A?040@:0 72KG09=0 72O70=0 7 2K:0@KAB0==5< AFQ:C @M: V 2V;L30FV 3;51K. 5;L<V <0@C4=0 V475 :@C30720@>B 204K 25:02KE 70?0A0^ ?0475<=KE 2>4, 2>4 ;5402V:>^, A=56=V:0^. E 70?0AK <>6=0 ;VGKFL =O7<5==K<V, HB> B@M10 C;VG20FL ?@K VE 2K:0@KAB0==V.
0B@M1=0 C;VG20FL V B>5, HB> 25;VGK=O 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ V VE @07<5@:020==5 ?0 BM@KB>@KV 70;56KFL 04 03C;L=KE :;V<0BKG=KE V <5BM0@0;03VG=KE C<>^ V 7<O=O5FF0 04 3>40 40 3>40 V 7 ?>^=0GK =0 ?>^475=L. #AB>9;V20AFL 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 25;L<V 7=0G=K 0A?5:B ?@K VE 2K:0@KAB=VV, ?;0=020==V 2K:0@KAB0==O C 1C4CGK=V.
4=>9 7 C;0AFV20AF59 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 7 O^;O5FF0 <03GK<0AFL H<0B@07>2030 VE 2K:0@KAB0==O, 04=0G0A>2030 2K:0@KAB0==O C =5:0;L:VE 30;V=0E 30A?040@:V. 0;>^=K<V =0?@0<:0<V 2K:0@KAB0==O 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 7 O^;ONFF0:
" A0<0 2040, O: ?@K@>4=05 CB20@M==5 C ?@0<KA;>20AFV, A5;LA:09 V :0<C=0;L=09 30A?040@FK;
" O: =>AL1VB M=M@3VV C 3V4@0M=5@35BKFK;
" 2>4=0O 0:20B>@KO 4;O AC40E>4AB20, @K10;>^AB20, 3. 4.
%0@0:BM@=09 0A01;V20AFN 204K 7 O^;O5FF0 C;0AFV20AFL 204K 40 A0<00GKHGM==O. 7O:CNGK 3MB0<C A:;040=0<C ?@K@>4=0<C ?@0FMAC ?@K@>4=0O 2040 ?@K ?0?040==V =52O;V:VE 01 Q<0^ ?0;NB0=B0^ 74>;L=0 A0<00GKHG0FF0 04 VE, ?5@02>47VFL 701@C4620NGKO @MGK2K C 0A040:, C 0@30=VG=05 @MGK20 V 3. 4.
2 / 4
07<5@:020==5 AFQ:C ?0 BM@KB>@KV 5;0@CAV 70;56KFL 04 3503@0DVG=09 HK@0BK V 7<5=K ?@K@>4=KE V :;V<0BKG=KE C<>^, @M;L5DC BM@KB>@KV, @07<5@:020==O 0B<0AD5@=KE 0?04:0^, AC04=>AV= ?0<V6 25;VGV=O<V 0B<0AD5@=KE 0?04:0^ V 2K?0@M==O.
# @07<5@:020==V AFQ:C ?0 BM@KB>@KV @MA?C1;V:V =07V@05FF0 03C;L=05 ?0=V6M==5 AO@M4=O3O 30402>30 AFQ:C 7 ?>^=0GK =0 ?>^475=L ( @KA. 2 . 4 ) . "0:>5 @07<5@:020==5 AFQ:C 72O70=0 7 ?0<O=LHM==5< 01 5<C 25A=02>30 @072>447O V ?02O;VGM==5< 25;VGK=V 2K?0@M==O 7 ?025@E=V 7O<;V ^ FQ?;CN G0AB:C 3>40. ?0^=>G=030- CAE>4C =0 ?0^4=Q2K 70E04 =07V@05FF0 ?0<O=LHM==5 70?0A0^ 204K ^ A=56=K< ?>:@K25 V 0B<0AD5@=KE 0?04:0^ ?5@0206=0 ^ FQ?;CN G0AB:C 3>40.
0 03C;L=K <0;N=0: @07<5@:020==O AFQ:C ?0 BM@KB>@KV C?;K205 @M;L5D. /: V @07<5@:020==5 0B<0AD5@=KE 0?04:0^, B0: V AFQ:C 70;56KFL 04 7<O=5==O^ C @M;L5D5. 0 ^72KHH0^ 5;0@CA:09 3@04K ?@KE>47VFF0 1>;LH0O :>;L:0AFL 0B<0AD5@=KE 0?04:0^ V =091>;LH 2KA>:VO ?0:07GK:V <>4C;O AFQ:C.
0 40475=K< @07;V:C & =0 1 9 9 9 3>4 =091>;LH0O 25;VGK=O AO@M4=O30 H<0B30402>30 AFQ:C =07V@05FF0 =0 ?0^=>G=K< 70E0475 ( 40 6 - 8 ;/ A. :<2 ) V ?>^=0GK BM@KB>@KV @MA?C1;V:V ( 7 - 8 ;/ A. :<2 ) . 09<5=LH0O =>@<0 AFQ:C 047=0G05FF0 =0 :@09=V< ?0^4=Q2K< 70E0475 V ?0^4=Q2K< CAE>475 5;0@CAV ( <5=LH 4 ;/ A. :<2 ) . 0 1>;H09 G0ABFK 5;0@CA:030 0;5AAO, @M4?0;5AAO, &M=B@0;L=0- O@M7V=A:09 =V7V=5, 0 0B:A0<0 C 10A59=0E =O?@0, Q<0=0 <>4C;L AFQ:C 20305FF0 C <560E 4 - 6 ;/ A. :<2 . V=V<0;L=KO 7=0GM==V <>4C;O AFQ:C 70 H<0B304>2K ?5@KO4 ?@KE>47VFF0 =0 =V6=O5 FOGM==5 @M: >1@K:, &=0, >@0G, 0@K=V V V=H. , CAE>4=O9 G0AB:V 07K@A:030 V ><5;LA:030 0;5AAO
2 / 5
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# A025F:V ?5@KO4 C AC2O7V 7 V=4CAB@KO;V70FKO9 :@0V=K =0 ?O@M4=V ?;0= 1K;V ?0AB0^;5=K ?KB0==V @072VFFO 3V4@0M=5@35BK:V, 2>4=030 B@0=A?0@BC, 0@0HM==O V V=HKO, HB> ?0B@01020;0 HK@>:VE 40A;54020==O^ @M6K<0 AFQ:C @M:. "0<C C 1 9 1 9 3>475 1K^ 0@30=V7020=K 0AV9A:V 3V4@0;03VG=K V=ABKBCB, O:V AB0^ 1C9=K< =02C:>2K< V <5B04KG=K< F5=B@0< 2K2CGM==O 2>4=KE 01 5:B0^ BM@KB>@KV !!! . ;0=0<5@=05 40A;54020==5 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 5;0@CAV ?@02>47V;0AO C AC2O7V 7 2K:0=0==5< ?;0=0 - . :@0<O 3V4@0M=5@35BK:V 2K@0H0NFF0 ?KB0==V ;5A0A?;020, @072VFFO A5;LA:09 V @K1=09 30A?040@0:, 2K2CGM==O 07Q@ V 10;>B.
0 @072VFF5 3V4@03@0DVV 5;0@CAV 7=0G=0 ?0^?;K20;V 40A;54020==V 07Q@. 5@HKO =02C:>2KO ?@0FK 2O4><KE @CA:VE 2CG>=KE . .. 5@0HG03V=0, !. . C@0259A:030 1K;V ?0:;0475=K C 0A=>2C 2>75@07=0^AB20, =0C:V 01 07Q@0E. # 1 8 9 4 - 1 9 0 0 3040E 1K;0 ?@025475=0 M:A?54KFKO 0A:>^A:030 C=V25@AVBMB0 ?04 :V@0^=VFB20< . . =CGK=0, O:0O ?@02O;0 3V4@03@0DVG=05 40A;54020==5 =5:0B>@KE 07Q@ V @M: 5;0@CAV. =0G=KO =02C:>20- ?@0:BKG=KO @01>BK ?@02>47V;0 VF51A:0O @K1030A?040@G0O M:A?54KFKO ( 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 6 33. ) . 02O@HM==5< 40A;54020==O^ 07Q@ ?5@H09 ?0;>2K %% AB03>447O 1K;> 2K40==5 ?5@H030 09GK==030 40?0<>6=V:0 . . 030A;>^A:030 V !. . C@0259A:030 >75@07=0^AB20 ( 1 9 3 7 ) .
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0A;O 4@C3>9 ACA25B=09 209=K 40A;54020==V 2>4=KE 01 5:B0^ 1K;V A:0=FM=B@020=K C 5;0@CA:V< 2>4=KE ?@0L;5< ( ?07=59 &M=B@0;L=K :><?;5:A=030 2K:0@KAB0==O 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^) V HM@03C ?@05:B=KE V=ABKBCB0^: 5;3V?@020430A ( 3. V=A:) , !0N73V?@020430A ( 3. V=A:) , ;010@0B>@KO 2>75@07=0^AB20 #, 5;0@CA:V <5;VO@0FKV V 2>4=09 30A?040@:V ( 70@07 ;C302>4AB20) , 04475;K 3V4@0;>3VV V 3V4@03@0DVV MA?C1;V:0=A:030 3V4@0<5BM0@0;03VG=030 FM=B@0.
0A;54020==V 2>4=KE 01 5:B0^ C :0=FK %% AB03>447O ?@02>47V;VAO 7 <MB09 VE 2K:0@KAB0==O C 3V4@0M=5@35BKFK, 013@C=B020==O <5;VO@0BK^=KE @01>B, 0@30=V70FVV 1C9=>9 @K1=09 30A?040@:V, @072VFFO 2>4=030 B@0=A?0@BC V 0@30=V70FKV <5@0?@K5<AB20^ ?0 0E>25 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^, @0A?@0F>^:V AE5< :><?;5:A=030 2K:0@KAB0==O 2>4=KE V 7O<5;L=KE @MAC@A0^ 5;0@CAV.
2 / 1
MA?C1;V:0 5;0@CAL 04=>A=0 =5 1030B0 2>4=K<V @MAC@A0<V. MB0 0:0;VG=0AFL 01C<>^;5=0 HM@030< 01 5:BK^=KE V 4@C3VE D0:B0@0^, O:VO 04;NAB@>^20NFL @M0;L=CN AVBC0FVN 7 ?@01;5<0<V 701OA?OGM==O V 2K:0@KAB0==O ?025@E=52KE V ?0475<=KE 2>40^ @MA?C1;V:V.
2KG09=0 ?@K@>407=0^FK 04=>AOFL 40 :0BM3>@KV @MAC@A0^, C BK< ;V:C V 2>4=KE, CA5 A@>4:V 4;O 6KFFO ;N4759, O:VO 7401K20NFF0 C ?@K@>475. @K B0:VE C<>20E 40 :0BM3>@KV =0BC@0;L=KE ?@K@>4=KE @MAC@A0^ <>3CFL 04=>AVFF0 CA5 :0<?0=5=BK ?@K@>4=030 =020:>;L=030 0AO@>447O, 0 3MB0 7=0GKFL @0A;V=K, 6K2Q;L=K A25B, 3;510, ?025B@0, ?025@E=52KO V ?0475<=KO 2>4K, :0@KA=KO 2K:0?=V. @KBM@K5< 40 04=OA5==O VE 40 ?@K@>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 7 O^;O5FF0 A0< D0:B VE 2K:0@KAB0==O C 6KFFV G0;025FB20. MB0 07=0G05, HB> ?@K@>4=K<V @MAC@A0<V 7 O^;ONFF0 CA5 :0<?0=5=BK ?@K@>4K, O:VO 2K:0@KAB>^20;VAL, 2K:0@KAB>^20NFF0 FV 1C4CFL 2K:0@KAB>^20FF0 C 1C4CGK<.
# M:0=0<VG=09 3503@0DVV :0@KAB0NFF0 1>;LH 2C7:V< ?0=OFF5< 3MB09 :0BM3>@KV. 04 ?@K@>4=K<V @MAC@A0<V <0NFF0 =0 C2075 BKO @MGK2K ?@K@>4K, O:VO 2K:0@KAB>^20NFF0 G0;025FB20< C <0BM@KO;L=09 2KB2>@G0AFV ?@K 40475=K< C7@>^=V @072VFFO 2KB2>@GKE AV;, 3MB0 7=0GKFL C :0=:@MB=KE 3VAB0@KG=KE V M:0=0<VG=KE 01AB02V=0E. 06;V20AFL 04=OA5==O VE 40 ?@K@>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 2K7=0G05FF0 ABC?5==N ( C7@>^=5<) VE 2K2CG0=0AFV, BME=VG=K< C7@>^=5< 3@0<04AB20, M:0=0<VG=09 <MB073>4=0AFN 2K:0@KAB0==O.
"0:>5 ?0=OFF5 ?>^=0AFN 04=>AVFF0 40 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^. 2KG09=0 C 3V4@0;>3VV 40 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 04=>AOFF0 CA5 2>4K, O:VO 7=0E>47OFF0 C ?@K@>475 C A201>4=K< AB0=5 ( EV<VG=0 =5 72O70=KO) , HB> C:;NG05 2>4K ?025@E=52030 V ?0475<=030 AFQ:C, 3;5102CN 2V;L30FL, 204C ;5402V:>^, <0@A:VO 2>4K V 204C ?025B@0, HBCG=KE 2>4=KE 01 5:B0^.
4@C3>30 1>:C, =0?@K:;04 !. . 5=4@0^, ;VGK^, HB> ?04 2>4=K<V @MAC@A0<V ?04@07C<O20NFF0 CA5 BKO ?@K@>4=KO 2>4K, O:VO <>6=0 2K:0@KAB>^20FL AQ==O, :V@020FL VE @M6K<0<, 0 B0:A0<0 O:VO 1C4CFL 2K:0@KAB>^20FF0 C 1C4CGK=V V =04 3MBK< 70@07 C6> 2O4CFF0 =501E>4=KO @01>BK. "0:>5 ?0=OFF5 04?02O405 VE M:0=0<VG=0<C ?0=OFFN, F5A=0 72O70=0 7 C7@>^=5< @072VFFO 3@0<04AB20.
0 AQ==OH=V G0A ?@K 04?0254=K< @072VFVV 2KB2>@GKE AV; 2K:0@KAB>^20NFF0 72KG09=0 ?@MA=KO 2>4K. 040 ACA25B=030 0:VO=C V ;5402V:>^ @073;O405FF0 O: @MAC@AK 1C4CGK=V.
0 47O@60^=K< AB0=40@B0< 2>4=KO @MAC@AK 3MB0 70?0AK ?025@E=52KE V ?0475<=KE 2>4 04?0254=09 BM@KB>@KV.
2 / 2
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" =5@0^=0<5@=0AFL @07<5@:020==O 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ ?0 BM@KB>@KV @MA?C1;V:V;
" VE 7<O=5==5 =0 ?@0FO3C 3>40 ( ?0 ?>@0< 3>40) V ?0 0A>1=K< 3040<;
" =501E>4=0AFL C 20475 C AC2O7V 7 @072VFFQ< 30A?040@:V;
" 701@C4620==5 204K AFQ:02K<V 2>40<V;
" 701@C4620==5 25@E=VE 30@K7>=B0^ ?0475<=KE V 3@C=B>2KE 2>40^, O:VO 2K:0@KAB>^20NFF0 4;O 701OA?OGM==O 2OA:>2030 V 30@04A:>30 =0A5;L=VFB20 ?VB=>9 204>9;
" 701@C4620==5 204K @04KQ0:BK^=K<V M;5<5=B0<V ?0A;O 020@KV =0 'M@=>1K;LA:09 -!, =VB@0B0<V V =VB@KB0<V.
# AC2O7V 7 3MBK<V 0:0;VG=0AFO<V 2>40701OA?5G0=0AFL @MA?C1;V:V =501E>4=0 ;VGKFL =540AB0B:>209. # ?0@0^=0==V 7 4@C3V<V :@0V=0<V 1K;K !025F:V !0N7 709<0^ AQ<05 <5AF0 ?0A;O 0@253VV, $@0=FKV, (25FKV, @07V;VV, VB0O V (. MA?C1;V:0 5;0@CAL ?0 70?0A0< 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ CABC?05 =020B 47O@6020< 0;BKV.
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MB0 03C;L=K <0;N=0: 2040701OA?5G0=0AFV :@0V=, O:V C<>^=0 04;NAB@>^205 ABC?5=L 2040701OA?5G0=0AFV :@0V= 204>9. MA?C1;V:0 5;0@CAL <>6=0 04=5AFV 40 4@C3>9 7>=K. 4=0: C6> C :0=FK 6 0 - E 304>^ 1K;V ?@K=OBK <5@K 4;O ?5@0@07<5@:020==O AFQ:C ?0 O5 BM@KB>@KV V 1K;0 ?01C4020=0 C 1 9 7 6 3>@475 V;59A:0- V=A:0O 2>4=0O AVABM<0.
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4=0: 7=0G=0O :>;L:0AFL 204K 7=0E>47VFF0 C 2040Q<0E 70?02>;5=030 204001<5=0, 04=0^;5==5 @MAC@A0^ O:VE 041K205FF0 70 402>;V ?@0FO3;K ?5@KO4 .
>4=KO @MAC@AK, C 04@>7=5==5 04 4@C3VE ?@K@>4=KE @MAC@A0^, <0NFL A205 0A01;V20AFV, A?5FKDV:C 2K:0@KAB0==O, HB> =501E>4=0 C;VG20FL V 2540FV ?@K VE 2K:0@KAB0=VV V 2O475==V 30A?040@:V.
040 C ?@K=FK?5 7 O^;O5FF0 =52KG0@?0;L=K< ?@K@>4=K< @MAC@A0<, B0: O: O=0 7=0E>47VFF0 C 047V=K< 70<:=CBK< ?@K@>4=K< :@C30720@>F5. =0G=09 0:0;VG=0AFN 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^, O:>5 F5A=0 72O70=0 7 :@C30720@>B0< 204K 3MB0 047V=AB20 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^. #A5 2>4=KO @MAC@AK 7 O^;ONFF0 G0AB:09 3V4@0AD5@K O<;V V F5A=0 72O70=K 7 4@C3V<V ?@K@>4=K<V :0<?0=5=B0<V: 0B<0AD5@09, ;VB0AD5@09, 1VOAD5@09. 570;56=0 04 2>4=0AFV 3>4 03C;L=0O :>;L:0AFL 204K =0 O<;V C AO@M4=V< =5 7<O=O5FF0, 04=0: 041K205FF0 7=0G=05 ?5@0@07<5@:020==5 ^ ?@0AB>@K V ?0 G0AC. # AC2O7V 7 3MBK< 04=0^;5==5 204K ^ @>7=KE 2>4=KE 01 5:B0E 041K205FF0 7 @>7=09 ECB:0AFN ( B01;. 2 . 4 ) .
091>;LHK 204001<5= 041K205FF0 C @M:0E V 3;515. MB0O 0:0;VG=0AFL <05 2O;V:05 7=0GM==5. !CG0A=0O 30A?040@:0 72KG09=0 72O70=0 7 2K:0@KAB0==5< AFQ:C @M: V 2V;L30FV 3;51K. 5;L<V <0@C4=0 V475 :@C30720@>B 204K 25:02KE 70?0A0^ ?0475<=KE 2>4, 2>4 ;5402V:>^, A=56=V:0^. E 70?0AK <>6=0 ;VGKFL =O7<5==K<V, HB> B@M10 C;VG20FL ?@K VE 2K:0@KAB0==V.
0B@M1=0 C;VG20FL V B>5, HB> 25;VGK=O 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ V VE @07<5@:020==5 ?0 BM@KB>@KV 70;56KFL 04 03C;L=KE :;V<0BKG=KE V <5BM0@0;03VG=KE C<>^ V 7<O=O5FF0 04 3>40 40 3>40 V 7 ?>^=0GK =0 ?>^475=L. #AB>9;V20AFL 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 25;L<V 7=0G=K 0A?5:B ?@K VE 2K:0@KAB=VV, ?;0=020==V 2K:0@KAB0==O C 1C4CGK=V.
4=>9 7 C;0AFV20AF59 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 7 O^;O5FF0 <03GK<0AFL H<0B@07>2030 VE 2K:0@KAB0==O, 04=0G0A>2030 2K:0@KAB0==O C =5:0;L:VE 30;V=0E 30A?040@:V. 0;>^=K<V =0?@0<:0<V 2K:0@KAB0==O 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 7 O^;ONFF0:
" A0<0 2040, O: ?@K@>4=05 CB20@M==5 C ?@0<KA;>20AFV, A5;LA:09 V :0<C=0;L=09 30A?040@FK;
" O: =>AL1VB M=M@3VV C 3V4@0M=5@35BKFK;
" 2>4=0O 0:20B>@KO 4;O AC40E>4AB20, @K10;>^AB20, 3. 4.
%0@0:BM@=09 0A01;V20AFN 204K 7 O^;O5FF0 C;0AFV20AFL 204K 40 A0<00GKHGM==O. 7O:CNGK 3MB0<C A:;040=0<C ?@K@>4=0<C ?@0FMAC ?@K@>4=0O 2040 ?@K ?0?040==V =52O;V:VE 01 Q<0^ ?0;NB0=B0^ 74>;L=0 A0<00GKHG0FF0 04 VE, ?5@02>47VFL 701@C4620NGKO @MGK2K C 0A040:, C 0@30=VG=05 @MGK20 V 3. 4.
2 / 3
K;K !025F:V !0N7 709<0^ ?5@H05 <5AF0 C A25F5 ?0 70?0A0< ?025@E=52KE 2>4 ( B01;. 2 . 1 . ) . 01 ?@02V;L=0 0F0=VFL V CO2VFL 01 @M0;L=KE 2>4=KE 70?0A0E @MA?C1;V:V =501E>4=0 C;VG20FL =0ABC?=KO 0A?5:BK, O:VO C7=V:0NFL ?@K 8E 2K:0@KAB0==V V O:VO C @>7=09 ABC?5=V 01<O6>^20NFL VE 2K:0@KAB==5 ^ 30A?040FK:
" =5@0^=0<5@=0AFL @07<5@:020==O 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ ?0 BM@KB>@KV @MA?C1;V:V;
" VE 7<O=5==5 =0 ?@0FO3C 3>40 ( ?0 ?>@0< 3>40) V ?0 0A>1=K< 3040<;
" =501E>4=0AFL C 20475 C AC2O7V 7 @072VFFQ< 30A?040@:V;
" 701@C4620==5 204K AFQ:02K<V 2>40<V;
" 701@C4620==5 25@E=VE 30@K7>=B0^ ?0475<=KE V 3@C=B>2KE 2>40^, O:VO 2K:0@KAB>^20NFF0 4;O 701OA?OGM==O 2OA:>2030 V 30@04A:>30 =0A5;L=VFB20 ?VB=>9 204>9;
" 701@C4620==5 204K @04KQ0:BK^=K<V M;5<5=B0<V ?0A;O 020@KV =0 'M@=>1K;LA:09 -!, =VB@0B0<V V =VB@KB0<V.
# AC2O7V 7 3MBK<V 0:0;VG=0AFO<V 2>40701OA?5G0=0AFL @MA?C1;V:V =501E>4=0 ;VGKFL =540AB0B:>209. # ?0@0^=0==V 7 4@C3V<V :@0V=0<V 1K;K !025F:V !0N7 709<0^ AQ<05 <5AF0 ?0A;O 0@253VV, $@0=FKV, (25FKV, @07V;VV, VB0O V (. MA?C1;V:0 5;0@CAL ?0 70?0A0< 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ CABC?05 =020B 47O@6020< 0;BKV.
0 ABC?5=V 20407015A?OGM==O 47EO@602K ^@0?59A:09 G0AB:V ! @07<5@:020=K ?0 3 - < 7>=0<: 2KA>:09, AO@M4=O9 V =V7:09 701OA?5G0=0AFV.
>=0 2KA>:09 2040701OA?5G0=0AFV 709<05 :0;O ?0;>2K BM@KB>@K, C O:>9 =07V@0NFF0 ;VH:V 204K, HB> ?@K2>47VFL 40 CB20@M==O 10;>B V 7010;>G0=KE 7O<5;L.
>=0 AO@M4=O9 2040701OA?5G0=0AFV 04@>7=V205FF0 40AB0B:>209 :>;L:0AFN 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 4;O ?0B@M1 30A?040@:V ( &M=B@0;L=0O 0AVO, #@0;) .
>=0 =V7:09, FV 7>=0 =540AB0B:>209 2040701OA?5G0=0AFV C:;NG05 ?>^475=L #:@0V=K, @K<, 0=10AA, 02>;660 V 3. 4. , 475 2>4=KO @MAC@AK A:;040NFL =5:0;L:V ?@0FM=B0^ 04 CAVE 70?0A0^, 0 4;O 701OA?OGM==O 204>9 ?0B@M1=0 ?5@0:V4:0 204K 7 4@C3VE @0G=KE 10A59=0^.
MB0 03C;L=K <0;N=0: 2040701OA?5G0=0AFV :@0V=, O:V C<>^=0 04;NAB@>^205 ABC?5=L 2040701OA?5G0=0AFV :@0V= 204>9. MA?C1;V:0 5;0@CAL <>6=0 04=5AFV 40 4@C3>9 7>=K. 4=0: C6> C :0=FK 6 0 - E 304>^ 1K;V ?@K=OBK <5@K 4;O ?5@0@07<5@:020==O AFQ:C ?0 O5 BM@KB>@KV V 1K;0 ?01C4020=0 C 1 9 7 6 3>@475 V;59A:0- V=A:0O 2>4=0O AVABM<0.
0 725AB:0< 7O@60^=030 2>4=030 :040AB@0 C @MA?C1;VFK ?5@02030NFL <0;KO @M:V V =52O;V:VO @MG:V.
4=0: 7=0G=0O :>;L:0AFL 204K 7=0E>47VFF0 C 2040Q<0E 70?02>;5=030 204001<5=0, 04=0^;5==5 @MAC@A0^ O:VE 041K205FF0 70 402>;V ?@0FO3;K ?5@KO4 .
>4=KO @MAC@AK, C 04@>7=5==5 04 4@C3VE ?@K@>4=KE @MAC@A0^, <0NFL A205 0A01;V20AFV, A?5FKDV:C 2K:0@KAB0==O, HB> =501E>4=0 C;VG20FL V 2540FV ?@K VE 2K:0@KAB0=VV V 2O475==V 30A?040@:V.
040 C ?@K=FK?5 7 O^;O5FF0 =52KG0@?0;L=K< ?@K@>4=K< @MAC@A0<, B0: O: O=0 7=0E>47VFF0 C 047V=K< 70<:=CBK< ?@K@>4=K< :@C30720@>F5. =0G=09 0:0;VG=0AFN 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^, O:>5 F5A=0 72O70=0 7 :@C30720@>B0< 204K 3MB0 047V=AB20 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^. #A5 2>4=KO @MAC@AK 7 O^;ONFF0 G0AB:09 3V4@0AD5@K O<;V V F5A=0 72O70=K 7 4@C3V<V ?@K@>4=K<V :0<?0=5=B0<V: 0B<0AD5@09, ;VB0AD5@09, 1VOAD5@09. 570;56=0 04 2>4=0AFV 3>4 03C;L=0O :>;L:0AFL 204K =0 O<;V C AO@M4=V< =5 7<O=O5FF0, 04=0: 041K205FF0 7=0G=05 ?5@0@07<5@:020==5 ^ ?@0AB>@K V ?0 G0AC. # AC2O7V 7 3MBK< 04=0^;5==5 204K ^ @>7=KE 2>4=KE 01 5:B0E 041K205FF0 7 @>7=09 ECB:0AFN ( B01;. 2 . 4 ) .
091>;LHK 204001<5= 041K205FF0 C @M:0E V 3;515. MB0O 0:0;VG=0AFL <05 2O;V:05 7=0GM==5. !CG0A=0O 30A?040@:0 72KG09=0 72O70=0 7 2K:0@KAB0==5< AFQ:C @M: V 2V;L30FV 3;51K. 5;L<V <0@C4=0 V475 :@C30720@>B 204K 25:02KE 70?0A0^ ?0475<=KE 2>4, 2>4 ;5402V:>^, A=56=V:0^. E 70?0AK <>6=0 ;VGKFL =O7<5==K<V, HB> B@M10 C;VG20FL ?@K VE 2K:0@KAB0==V.
0B@M1=0 C;VG20FL V B>5, HB> 25;VGK=O 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ V VE @07<5@:020==5 ?0 BM@KB>@KV 70;56KFL 04 03C;L=KE :;V<0BKG=KE V <5BM0@0;03VG=KE C<>^ V 7<O=O5FF0 04 3>40 40 3>40 V 7 ?>^=0GK =0 ?>^475=L. #AB>9;V20AFL 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 25;L<V 7=0G=K 0A?5:B ?@K VE 2K:0@KAB=VV, ?;0=020==V 2K:0@KAB0==O C 1C4CGK=V.
4=>9 7 C;0AFV20AF59 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 7 O^;O5FF0 <03GK<0AFL H<0B@07>2030 VE 2K:0@KAB0==O, 04=0G0A>2030 2K:0@KAB0==O C =5:0;L:VE 30;V=0E 30A?040@:V. 0;>^=K<V =0?@0<:0<V 2K:0@KAB0==O 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^ 7 O^;ONFF0:
" A0<0 2040, O: ?@K@>4=05 CB20@M==5 C ?@0<KA;>20AFV, A5;LA:09 V :0<C=0;L=09 30A?040@FK;
" O: =>AL1VB M=M@3VV C 3V4@0M=5@35BKFK;
" 2>4=0O 0:20B>@KO 4;O AC40E>4AB20, @K10;>^AB20, 3. 4.
%0@0:BM@=09 0A01;V20AFN 204K 7 O^;O5FF0 C;0AFV20AFL 204K 40 A0<00GKHGM==O. 7O:CNGK 3MB0<C A:;040=0<C ?@K@>4=0<C ?@0FMAC ?@K@>4=0O 2040 ?@K ?0?040==V =52O;V:VE 01 Q<0^ ?0;NB0=B0^ 74>;L=0 A0<00GKHG0FF0 04 VE, ?5@02>47VFL 701@C4620NGKO @MGK2K C 0A040:, C 0@30=VG=05 @MGK20 V 3. 4.
2 / 4
07<5@:020==5 AFQ:C ?0 BM@KB>@KV 5;0@CAV 70;56KFL 04 3503@0DVG=09 HK@0BK V 7<5=K ?@K@>4=KE V :;V<0BKG=KE C<>^, @M;L5DC BM@KB>@KV, @07<5@:020==O 0B<0AD5@=KE 0?04:0^, AC04=>AV= ?0<V6 25;VGV=O<V 0B<0AD5@=KE 0?04:0^ V 2K?0@M==O.
# @07<5@:020==V AFQ:C ?0 BM@KB>@KV @MA?C1;V:V =07V@05FF0 03C;L=05 ?0=V6M==5 AO@M4=O3O 30402>30 AFQ:C 7 ?>^=0GK =0 ?>^475=L ( @KA. 2 . 4 ) . "0:>5 @07<5@:020==5 AFQ:C 72O70=0 7 ?0<O=LHM==5< 01 5<C 25A=02>30 @072>447O V ?02O;VGM==5< 25;VGK=V 2K?0@M==O 7 ?025@E=V 7O<;V ^ FQ?;CN G0AB:C 3>40. ?0^=>G=030- CAE>4C =0 ?0^4=Q2K 70E04 =07V@05FF0 ?0<O=LHM==5 70?0A0^ 204K ^ A=56=K< ?>:@K25 V 0B<0AD5@=KE 0?04:0^ ?5@0206=0 ^ FQ?;CN G0AB:C 3>40.
0 03C;L=K <0;N=0: @07<5@:020==O AFQ:C ?0 BM@KB>@KV C?;K205 @M;L5D. /: V @07<5@:020==5 0B<0AD5@=KE 0?04:0^, B0: V AFQ:C 70;56KFL 04 7<O=5==O^ C @M;L5D5. 0 ^72KHH0^ 5;0@CA:09 3@04K ?@KE>47VFF0 1>;LH0O :>;L:0AFL 0B<0AD5@=KE 0?04:0^ V =091>;LH 2KA>:VO ?0:07GK:V <>4C;O AFQ:C.
0 40475=K< @07;V:C & =0 1 9 9 9 3>4 =091>;LH0O 25;VGK=O AO@M4=O30 H<0B30402>30 AFQ:C =07V@05FF0 =0 ?0^=>G=K< 70E0475 ( 40 6 - 8 ;/ A. :<2 ) V ?>^=0GK BM@KB>@KV @MA?C1;V:V ( 7 - 8 ;/ A. :<2 ) . 09<5=LH0O =>@<0 AFQ:C 047=0G05FF0 =0 :@09=V< ?0^4=Q2K< 70E0475 V ?0^4=Q2K< CAE>475 5;0@CAV ( <5=LH 4 ;/ A. :<2 ) . 0 1>;H09 G0ABFK 5;0@CA:030 0;5AAO, @M4?0;5AAO, &M=B@0;L=0- O@M7V=A:09 =V7V=5, 0 0B:A0<0 C 10A59=0E =O?@0, Q<0=0 <>4C;L AFQ:C 20305FF0 C <560E 4 - 6 ;/ A. :<2 . V=V<0;L=KO 7=0GM==V <>4C;O AFQ:C 70 H<0B304>2K ?5@KO4 ?@KE>47VFF0 =0 =V6=O5 FOGM==5 @M: >1@K:, &=0, >@0G, 0@K=V V V=H. , CAE>4=O9 G0AB:V 07K@A:030 V ><5;LA:030 0;5AAO
2 / 5
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
;51020- 350;03VG=KO V 350<0@D0;03VG=KO C<>2K. 0 70@M3C;O20=0AFL AFQ:C C?;K205 =0O^=0AFL C <560E 204071>@0 2>40?@0=V:0;L=KE ?OAG0=KE V AC?OAG0=KE 3@C=B>^. M:V, O:VO <0NFL @0^=V==K @M;L5D V A:;0475=K ?OAG0=K<V V AC?OAG0=K<V 3@C=B0<V <0NFL @0^=0<5@=K AFQ: ( @M:V #4@0=:0, #;;0, >1@ V V=H. ) .
OAG0=KO V AC?OAG0=KO 3@C=BK <0NFL ?02KH0=CN DV;LB@0FKN V @070< 7 @0^=V==K< @M;L5D0< A?@KONFL V=B5=AV^=0<C ?@0A>G20==N 0B<0AD5@=KE 0?04:0^ V?0?0^=5==N 70?0A0^ 3@C=B>2KE 2>4. @K 4>1@K< 4@M=V@020==V @M:V ?02O;VG20NFL ?0475<=CN G0AB:C AFQ:C C <0;02>4=KO ?5@KO4K.
;>HG0 204071>@0. #?;K^ ?;>HGK 204071>@0 =0 AFQ: 2K@0605FF0 A;010. 4=0:, 70^2060=0, HB> 7 ?02O;VGM==5< ?;>HGK 204071>@0 ?02O;VG205FF0 AFQ: C ;5B=5- 0A5==NN V 7V<>2CN <560=L, 3. 7=0GKFL, HB> AFQ: 1>;LH CAB>9;V2K =0 ?0@0FO3C 3>40. 07<5@:020==5 AFQ:C ?0 ?>@0< 3>40 C <560E 04=03> 3V4@0;03VG=030 @0Q=0 <0;0 72O70=0 7 ?;>HG09 204071>@0. MB0 B;C<0GKFF0 1>;H 7=0G=K< C?;K20< 07Q@=0AFV, 10;>FVAB0AFV V ;OAVAB0AFV =0 AFQ:. :@0<O 3MB030 1>;LH05 7=0GM==5 <05 0A2>5==0AFL 204071>@0.
7Q@=0AFL. 07Q@=0AFN 72O70=0 B0: =07K205<05 ?@K@>4=05 @M3C;O20==5 AFQ:C. 7Q@=0AFL BM@KB>@KV 204071>@0 ?@K:<5B=0 047=0G05FF0 =0 ?>^=0GK 5;0@CAV C 10A59=5 @. 0E>4=OO 72V=0, 475 047=0G05FF0 =091>;LH0O 07Q@=0AFL ( 40 1 0 % ) . 0O^=0AFL 07Q@ A?@KO5 2K@0^=>20==N AFQ:0 =0 ?@0FO3C 3>40. ! ?02O;VGM==5< 07Q@=0AFV 204071>@0^ AFQ: 2OA=>9 ?0<O=H05FF0, 0 C ;5B=VO ?5@KO4 ?02O;VG205FF0. 7Q@K 70B@K<;V20NFL G0AB:C 25A=02>30 AFQ:C C A20VE :0B;02V=0E, 0 70BK< ?0ABC?>20 0440NFL O3> @M:0< C <0;02>4=K ?5@KO4.
1;5A5=0AFL. <0;L 20 CAVE 3V4@0;03VG=KE @0Q=0E =07V@05FF0 C?;K^ ;OA=KE <0AV20^ =0 AFQ:. ?02O;VGM==5< ;OAVAB0AFV 204071>@0^ 4>;O 25A=02>30 AFQ:C C 30402K< @0^7@M75 ?0<O=H05FF0, 0 C ;5B=50A5==V ?02O;VG205FF0. # ;OA0E =0:>?;V205FF0 1>;LH A=53C, A=53 B05 ?0ABC?>20 V ?0?0^=O5 3@C=B>2KO 2>4K. M:V 7 2KA>:V< ?0:07GK:0< ;OAVAB0AFV <0N. FL 1>;LH CAB>9;V2K ;5B=V AFQ:. #?;K^ ;OAVAB0AFV 204071>@0^ =0 25;VGV=N 7V<>2030 AFQ:C =5 ?@K:<5B=0.
0;>FVAB0AFL. 0 C<>20E 5;0@CAV 10;>FVAB0AFL <0;0 C?;K205 =0 C=CB@K30402>5 @07<5@:020==5 AFQ:C. 4=0:, H<0B30402K 25A=02K AFQ: 7 1>;LH 7010;>G0==KE 204071>@0^ 1>;LHK, 0 C ;5B=V ?5@KO4 <5=LHK. !O@M4=V H<0B304>2K 7V<>2K AFQ: =5 70;56KFL 04 10;>FVAB0AFV 4@M=V@C5<09 BM@KB>@KV.
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