Добавил:
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:
Скачиваний:
20
Добавлен:
28.04.2017
Размер:
14.06 Кб
Скачать
яю1.2. VAB>@KO 3V4@03@0DVG=KE 40A;54020==O^ =0 5;0@CAV

K2CG0NGK 3VAB>@KN 3V4@03@0DVG=KE 40A;54020==O^ <>6=0 OA:@020 C10GKFL V 7@07C<5FL AQ==OH=VO 204030A?040@GKO ?@01;5<K, 0:@MA;VFL H;OEV 2K2CGM==O 2>4=KE 01 5:B0^ 5;0@CAV 4;O 2K@0HM==O @>7=KE 204030A?040@GKE 7040G.

5@HKO 3V4@03@0DVG=KO 40A;54202==V <K ACAB@0:05< C 40?OB@>^A:09 CAV. # ;5B0?VA0E XII AB03>447O <K ACAB@0:05< 0?VA0==V 2>4=KE H;OE>^, ?02>40: V =0204=5==O^, BM@<V=0^ 70<O@70==O V :@K30;><C =0 @M:0E, V=HKE 3V4@0;03VG=KE 7 O^. # 3MBK G0A =0A5;L=FB20< 3V4@03@0DVG=KO 725AB:V 2K:0@KAB>^20;VAL 4;O E0@0:BM@KABK:V @M: O: H;OE>^ 7=>AV=.

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

5@H05 =091>;LH ?04@01O7=05 0?VA0==5 3V4@03@0DVV BM@KB>@KV 5;0@CAV 1K;> 2K:0=0=0 C :0=FK %#1 AB03>447O, :0;V ?0 @0A?0@046M==N V:0;0O 047V2V;0 !V@>B:V O3> 0A01VAB0<C :0<>@=V:C 0:>^A:0<C 1K;> ?@0?0=020=0 A:;0AFV :0@BC O;V:030 :=OAB20 VB>^A:030. 03MBC;L, O: 5= 402540^AO 70 <O6>9 <0;0 2540;V 01 3MB09 47O@6025. ;O A0AB0^;5==O :0@BK A?0B@M1V;0AO 0<0;L 16 304>^. 0:>^A:V 402>;V ?04@01O7=0 A:;0^ :0@BC, 0 C ?@K;06M==V ?5@0;VGK^ CA5 @M:V V 07Q@K, ?04@01O7=0 0?VA0^ BM@KB>@KN 5;0@CAV V VB2K, C40:;04=V^ ?0<K;:V ?0?O@M4=VE 40A;54GK:0^. 0 D>=5 3@04CA=09 A5B:V 402>;V 40:;04=0 ?0:070=K 3V4@03@0DVG=KO 01 5:BK, ?0A5;VHGK. 0@B0 =0 G0BK@>E 2O;V:VE ;VAB0E 1K;0 2K40475=0 =0 ;0BK=V ^ 1613 3>475 C <ABM@40<5 C <09ABM@=V .5@BVA0. 07=59 :0@B0 ?5@04@C:020;0AO =0 ;0FV=A:09 (42>9GK) V D@0=FC7A:09 <>25. #?5@HK=N ?@K25475=K 725AB:V 01 5;0@CA:V< 0;5AAV.  >4;5A8O, 8=0G5 >;5AL5, 68B5;8 =07K20NBAO >;5HC:8..., A>A54=85 A >;K=LN, 7018B>5 8 701>;>G5==>5 (<5AB>), >B:C40 8 =0720=85  B>?:85 .

V4@03@0DVG=KO 40A;54020==V C G0AK OB@0 I 709<0NFL 7=0G=05 <5AF0 C 2K2CGM==V 2>4=KE 01 5:B0^ 5;0@CAV V 72O70=K C ?5@HCN G0@3C 7 @072VFF5< @0G=>30 B@0=A?0@BC, ?@0<KA;>20AFV, 30=4;N V =02C:V. MB0 ?0B@01020;0 ?0;O?HM==O 2>4=KE H;OE>^, 1C40^=VFB20 :0=0;0^. # 6=V^=V 1700 3>40 1K^ 70<5@0=K ?5@HK @0AE>4 204K =0 >;75 :0;O 3>@040 0<KHK=0, 0 C 1715 3>475 1K^ ?01C4020=K ?5@HK 2040<5@=K ?>AB =0 O25 :0;O 5B@0?0^;0^A:09 :@M?0AFV. 0 70304C OB@0 1 C 3MBKO G0AK ?@02>47OFF0 =07V@0==V 70 C7@>^=O<V 204K =0 @M:0E.

091>;LH 2O4><KO 2K40==V B03> G0AC ( B;0A >AA89A:89 , 1745;  84@>3@0D8G5A:89 B;0A >AA89A:>9 8<?5@88 , 1832;  84@>3@0D8O >AA88 C H0AFV B0<0E, 1844-1849) <5;V 2O;V:05 7=0GM==5 4;O @072VFFO 3V4@03@0DVV O: A0<0AB>9=09 =02C:V. 4=0: DC=40<5=B0;L=05 7=0GM==5 <5^ ?OFVB><=K  5>3@0D>-AB0B8AB8G5A:89 A;>20@L >AA89A:>9 8<?5@88 . . !O<Q=020-&O=LH0=A:030, 2K40475=K CA:V< 3503@0DVG=K< B020@KAB20< C 1863-1866 3040E.

0;L=59H0O 0:BK2V70FKO 3V4@03@0DVG=KE 40A;54020==O^ C 4752OB=04F0BK< AB03>447V 1K;0 2K720=0 04<5=09 :@M?0A=>30 ?@020 V 1C@=K< @072VFFQ< :0?VB0;VABKG=KE 04=>AV=. 0G0;0AL M?>E0 ECB:030 @>ABC ?@0<KA;>20AFV, 30=4;N V 04?0254=0, 2>4=030 B@0=A?0@BC V 40A;54020==O^ 2040Q<0^ V @M: O: 2>4=KE H;OE>^. 0 1C9=KE @M:0E ?0GK=05FF0 @M3C;O@=05 AC40E>4AB20. !?5FKO;L=KO 40A;54020==V 20405<0^ V 2040B>:0^ ?@02>47OFF0 ^ AC2O7V 7 @072VFFQ< GK3C=0G=09 A5B:V.

# 2K=V:C 4759=0AFV 02V30FK9=0-0?VA=>9 :0<VAVV V=VABM@AB20 H;OE>^ 7=>AV= (1874-1894) 1K;V 2K:0=0=0 74K<:0 V 0?VA0==5 0<0;L CAVE 1C9=KE @M: 0AVV, 70A=020=0 2040<5@=0O A5B:0 V ?5@HKO 3V4@0<5B@KG=KO AB0=FKV.

 <MB09 @072VFFO A5;LA:09 30A?040@:V 1K;0 ?@025475=0 70E>4=OO M:A?54KFKO ?0 0ACHM==N 10;>B 0;5AAO (1873-1898 33.), M:A?54KFKO . . K;V=A:030 =0 ?>^4=V 0AAVV (1880-1891 33.) V M:A?54KFKO . . "V;;> ?0 40A;54020==N 2KB>:0^ 1C9=59HKE @M: ^@0?59A:09 G0AB:V 0AVV (1894-1904 33.). ;O :00@4K=0FKV 40A;54020==O^ @>7=KE CAB0=>^ C 1902 3>475 0AV9A:0O :04M<VO =02C: 0@30=V7020;0 A?5FKO;L=CN 040<5@=CN :0<VAVN.

# 3MBK ?5@KO4 1K;> 2K40475=0 HM@03 ?@0F C 30;V=5 3V4@03@0DVV. !O@>4 VE =091>;LH 2O4><KO: . . 059:0^  ;V<0BK 7O<=>30 H0@C, C 0A01;V20AFV 0AVV (1894); . . K:0G>^  #A:@KFF5 V 70<O@70==5 @M: 0AV9A:09 V<?5@KV (1886); . . 0EFV=  1 <5E0=V7<C @0G=>30 @MGKHG0 (1895) V V=H.

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

0 ?@0FO3C 7=0G=030 G0AC =0 @072VFF5 3V4@03@0DVV 5;0@CAV C?;K20;0 02C:>20-40A;54G0O AB0=FKO @K1=09 30A?040@:V ?@K 0@:><75<5 !!  (1928), O:0O C 1957 3>475 1K;0 ?5@0^B2>@0=0 C 5;0@CA:V V=ABKBCB @K1=09 30A?040@:V, O:V A04759=VG0^ 40A;5402==O< 07Q@, A060;0: V =5:0B>@KE 2040AE>2VHG0^ =0 BM@KB>@KV 5;0@CAV.

# 30-E 3040E =0 BM@KB>@KV 0E>4=O9 5;0@CAV ?@02>47V;VAO 40A;54020==V 075@ @0A;0^A:09 075@=09 3@C??K, 0;5AAO 2O4><K<V ?>;LA:V<V 2CG>=K<V !. O=FM2VG0< V . 0=4@0F:V<.

0A;O 4@C3>9 ACA25B=09 209=K 40A;54020==V 2>4=KE 01 5:B0^ 1K;V A:0=FM=B@020=K C 5;0@CA:V<  2>4=KE ?@0L;5< (?07=59 &M=B@0;L=K  :><?;5:A=030 2K:0@KAB0==O 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^) V HM@03C ?@05:B=KE V=ABKBCB0^: 5;3V?@020430A (3.V=A:), !0N73V?@020430A (3.V=A:), ;010@0B>@KO 2>75@07=0^AB20 #, 5;0@CA:V  <5;VO@0FKV V 2>4=09 30A?040@:V (70@07  ;C302>4AB20), 04475;K 3V4@0;>3VV V 3V4@03@0DVV MA?C1;V:0=A:030 3V4@0<5BM0@0;03VG=030 FM=B@0.

0A;54020==V 2>4=KE 01 5:B0^ C :0=FK %% AB03>447O ?@02>47V;VAO 7 <MB09 VE 2K:0@KAB0==O C 3V4@0M=5@35BKFK, 013@C=B020==O <5;VO@0BK^=KE @01>B, 0@30=V70FVV 1C9=>9 @K1=09 30A?040@:V, @072VFFO 2>4=030 B@0=A?0@BC V 0@30=V70FKV <5@0?@K5<AB20^ ?0 0E>25 2>4=KE @MAC@A0^, @0A?@0F>^:V AE5< :><?;5:A=030 2K:0@KAB0==O 2>4=KE V 7O<5;L=KE @MAC@A0^ 5;0@CAV.