(4) chain effect
It means that when a country is engaged in export, due to factors of production are gradually attracted to the expanding export sector, thereby export stimulates and promotes the expansion of industries or sectors linked to the export sector in inputs and outputs, and thus promotes the comprehensive economic growth.
11
For example, manufactured goods export will expand the upstream raw materials, parts and components industries, and will expand the downstream transportation, insurance, warehousing and other industries.
12
(5) competitive effect
The foreign trade of a less advanced country can introduce the competition mechanism to promote the national productivity, and to accelerate its economic development.
13
(6) learning effect
When there are advanced countries on the international market, it’s a chance for some less advanced countries to learn and imitate, they can learn from the advanced countries of the policy, science and technology, production technology, thus will promote their economic development.
14
(7) scale effect
One country / region’s foreign trade expands its market scope, the production extricates itself from the limitations of the domestic market, and the enterprises are able to allocate the inputs of capital and labor and to achieve the best spots according to the market demand and production capacity, so that they will get scale economy, improve equipment utilization and production efficiency.
15
(8) employment effect
A country’s import and export situation exert a tremendous influence on its domestic employment amount and employment structure. A certain level of import increase may cause the domestic import-competing sector workforce’s unemployment. In contrast, the export increase will reduce unemployment rate, increase employment amount. In addition, the distribution of employment among the various sectors will change due to the role of structural effect.
16
§2 international trade’s
sustainable development contents:
1. meaning and basic principles of the sustainable development;
2. important position of international trade in sustainable development.
17
1 meaning and basic principles of sustainable development
contents:
(1)definition of the sustainable development
(2)basic principles of the sustainable development
18
(1) definition of sustainable development
2 aspects:
definition of the United Nations
Commission on Environment and Development
definition of the World Environmental
Protection Union
19
(1)definition of sustainable development
definition of the United Nations
Commission on Environment and Development: It means that not only satisfying the needs of the present people but also not compromising the future generations’ ability of meet their needs.
20