10. Typology of the Main (Principal) Parts of the Sentence

All parts of the sentence in the contrasted languages have both an isomorphic functional meaning and lexico-grammatical nature. Common/ isomorphic is also the traditional subdivision of them into a) the main and into b) secondary parts of the sentence. The main parts are the subject (підмет) and the predicate (присудок). The secondary parts are the object, the attribute and different adverbial modifiers (додаток, означення, обставинні члени речення).

The subject and the predicate in the contrasted languages are considered to be interdependent parts of the sentence. They are bearers of predication forming the sentence. Cf. They laughed. (Hemingway) Вони засміялися.

Other parts of the sentence are usually dependent on the subject, on the predicate or on one another. As in the following sentence. Everyone knows his own business best. (Pritchett)

The constituent word-group of this sentence in English and in its Ukrainian variant in syntactic presentation (patterning) are as follows:

1) the primary predication (S-P) word-group Everyone knows Кожен знає;

2) the predicate-object word-group knows < his own business знає свою власну справу;

3) the attributive word-group his own business свою власну справу and

4) the predicate-adverbial modifier word-group known best знає найкраще. Therefore, the highest degree of combinability in this sen-tense has the simple verbal predicate with its postpositive complements.

The structure of the parts of the sentence in the contrasted languages is characterised by isomorphic features in the main. There are distinguished the following structurally common types of them in English and Ukrainian:

1) simple, i. e. expressed by a single word-form (synthetic or analytical);

2) extended or expanded, i. e. expressed by a subordinate or by a co-ordinate word-group;

3) complex (when expressed by a secondary predication construction/word-group). Some parts of the sentence in English and Ukrainian may be expressed by a regular clause. For example: What you told me is a lie. (Twain) This subject can be substituted for a single word performing the same function: That/ it is a lie. Similarly in Ukrainian: Те, що ти казав мені, — брехня; Те (це) є брехня.

Typological Characteristics of the Subject

Being one of the central parts of a two-member sentence, the subject in the contrasted languages has, naturally, an identical syntactic function. But despite this, the subject has some distinguishing features characteristic of the English language only.

Some ways of expressing the subject are found only in English. These are 1) by means of the indefinite pronouns one, you, they, eg: When one loves one's art, no service seems too hard. (O. Henry) They say I am like my father, grandfather. (Dickens) You don't say so; 2) by means of the impersonal or anticipatory/ introductory pronoun it: It was just very dark. (Murdoch.) It was fun to think that she could be crazy. (Maugham); 3) by means of the formal/ introductory "there", which is used, as a rule, to introduce the rhematic subject: "There's nothing wrong with him." (Caldwell); 4) by means of the infinitival secondary predication for-phrase: "For me to come is impossible", Louise said. (C. Herman) "...it is absurd for you to doubt yourself. (I. Snow); which is also available in Ukrainian (cf. Для мене це зробити легше за все) but has no complex predicative nature. 5) by means of the subjective with the infinitive or participle construction forming, like the for + to + infinitive construction, the so-called complex subject. Cf. The fire is certain to produce panic in the morning. (Dreiser) They seem to have quite forgotten him already. (T. Hardy) He was seen arguing with the ship's doctor... (Sinclair); 6) by the gerundial construction: Tom's coming here was a blessing. (Fitzgerald)

Typological Characteristics of the Predicate

The main features of the predicate are common in English and Ukrainian. Allomorphism is pertained only to some forms of expressing it in English (by the continuous and perfect forms of the finite verb or by the gerund), eg: Minnie was thinking of the resource which Carry would add. (Dreiser) Many young men had taken silk. (Maugham) Deciding is acting.

As to its structure, the predicate may be in both languages 1) Simple verbal (expressed by the synthetic or analytical form of the finite verb, as in the sentences above); 2) Simple nominal, which is very widely used in Ukrainian and much rarer in English. For example: "Splendid game, cricket". (Huxley) My ideas obsolete!!!!!!! (B. Shaw) Me to jump first? Чудова гра крикет! Моя ідея застаріла!?! Голос у мене мов грім. The simple nominal predicate may also be expressed in Ukrainian by the impersonal verb forms in -но,-то, as well as by different nominals which form in English part of the compound nominal predicate. Cf. Yanosh is/was killed. "Яноша вбито!" (Гончар) Його звільнено з посади. Не is/has been fired. На сьогодні все перевірено й збитки підраховано. The simple nominal predicate may often be adverbial in Ukrainian. For example: Наші всі вже там. Нам і всім уже годі/зась. The Ukrainian language (like the Russian) makes an especially intensive use of the simple nominal predicate both in colloquial and in literary speech in sentences like Це вони. Ми студенти, а не учні. Він завжди гарний приклад для інших підлітків. Всі вони сьогодні ще вчорашні випускники середньої школи. Ukrainian school grammars treat such and the like functions of postpositive nouns as predicatives, i.e. as part of the compound nominal predicate. In reality, however, they are not identical even to such predicates as Ми - викладачі, а ви - наші студенти, where the dash can be treated as a substitute sign for the missing linking verb to be (i.e. in Ukrainian). Consequently, such cases represent simple nominal predicates, and not compound nominal predicates as we have in sentences with the linking verb to be like in the following sentence by the poet P. Tychyna: Ми єсть народ, якого правди сила ніким звойована ще не була. Or in sentences like Вони вже є студентами нашого університету.

3) The third group of simple predicate constitute the so-called phraseological predicates expressed by verbal set expressions. For example, Of all that Johny took no notice. (London) На все це Джонні не звертав уваги. Clare gave him a sweet look. (Galsworthy) Клер звела на нього ніжний погляд. Здалеку подав свій чистий голос чорний дрозд. The blackbird gave a loud clear call. (Ibid.)

Note. Pertaining only to English is the simple contaminated predicate consisting of a verb in any tense and aspect form and of a past participle. Cf. The air-raids on Berlin in March 1945 had continued unabated. The rescue work in the disaster area is going on day and night unabated. (R. Digest)

Ukrainian equivalents of this type of simple verbal predicate will beof the same structure, i.e. simple verbal: Повітряні рейди... тривали безперестанку / не припинялися. Рятувальні роботи... продовжуються вдень і вночі/ не припиняються ні вдень, ні вночі.

The Compound Predicate and Ways of Expressing It

There exists complete isomorphism in the nature, meaning and structural types of the compound predicate in the contrasted languages. Their subtypes are generally common too. Namely:

1. The Compound Verbal Modal Predicate which comprises a modal verb or its equivalent and the infinitive or gerund (the latter in English only). The modal verb expresses the modal lexical meaning of the pred icate as possible, impossible, desirable, obligatory, necessary, certain/un certain, planned, etc. For example: "You ought to be working now." (Joyce) "We'd better go home." (Galsworthy) Ви мали б працювати зараз/ Ви повинні бути на роботі зараз. "That needs a bit of think ing". (A. Christie) Над цим треба/необхідно трохи подумати; I couldn't help smiling. (Maugham) Я не міг втриматися від посмішки.

Common in both languages is also the compound verbal predicate, which comprises verbs denoting desire, intention, determination, hope, attempt, etc. Eg: I want to go home. (Banks) "I'm going to be at the concert..." (Parker) Я хочу йти додому. Я маю намір бути/хочу прийти на концерт... І was trying to learn German. (Maugham) Я пробував учити німецьку мову. "I've tried to do the best I can for her." (F. King) Я намагався зробити для неї все, що міг. Не did not want to speak, not to anyone. (Lawrence) Він не хотів розмовляти, ні з ким.

The compound modal verbal predicate may include phraseological units/set expressions: He said I should take it easy a bit. (D. Lessing) Він казав, щоб я це не брав близько до серця... she was only too included to take advantage of his weakness. (Galsworthy) ... їй тільки дуже кортіло скористатися його слабкістю. "You'd better get off here," Charlie said. (D. Lessing) "Тобі краще б вийти тут", - сказав Чарлі. "I'd better get up by the driver." (Mansfield) Я б краще сіла коло шофера.

2. The Compound Verbal Aspective Predicate consisting of verbs5. The mixed types of the compound predicate are of isomorphic nature in English and Ukrainian. They are a) the compound modal nominal predicate: "It must have been one of the servants". (Maugham) The boy must be forty by now. (Galsworthy) Цьому хлопцеві має бути сорок років. Вона може бути вчителькою; b) the compound phrasal nominal predicate: The scared lad continued to remain silent. (Saroyan) Заляканий учень продовжував бути мовчазним/продовжував мовчати; с) the compound modal phrasal predicate: "You must stop pretending ignorance." (Maugham) "Ти мусиш кинути прикидатися невинною".

Table 27

Simple Predicate

Compound Predicate

Language

Verbal

Nominal

Phraseological

Secondary

Contaminated

Verbal

Nominal

Modal

Phrasal

Aspect

Double

Nominal

Double

Mixt-type

English

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Ukrainian

+

+

+

—

—

+

+

+

+

+

+

+