11. Typology of the Secondary Parts of the Sentence

Allomorphic features are observed, as a rule, in the structural forms of some types of English objects, attributes and adverbial modifiers, though some Ukrainian secondary parts of the sentence are also characterised by divergent features of their own. The secondary parts of the sentence in the contrasted languages are as follows:

The object which has in English and Ukrainian both isomorphic and allomorphic features. Common, for example, is the functioning of the object as a "subjective complement" (G.G.Pocheptsov), eg: She was invited by me: вона була запрошена мною.

As to its structural forms, the object in both contrasted languages may be:

a) simple: I thought that the bank rented it. (F. King) А я думав, що банк позичив їх (гроші). Then she heard music. (S. Hill) Потім вона почула музику. ...he called "Hsst" several times. (Galsworthy) Він кілька разів повторював "ц-с-с ".

b) Simple prepositional: He was afraid of this. (Hailey) Він не думав про це. "May I speak to Lucy?" "Можна звернутися до Люсі?"

с) Extended (expressed by a subordinate word-group): "I do so dislike the summer crowds." (S. Hill) Мені так надокучають юрби людей влітку. In his book he had drawn some pretty nasty characters. (Ibid.) У своїй книжці він змалював кілька вельми неприємних персонажів.

d) Expanded objects (expressed by the co-ordinate word-groups): The other two women continued to discuss the gas and electricity bills. (F. King) ...the car brought his father and mother home. (Galsworthy) These structural types of object have their equivalents in Ukrainian: Дві інші жінки обговорювали рахунки за газ та електрику. Машина привезла його батька й матір додому. Though the first of the expanded objects in Ukrainian (рахунки за газ та електроенергію) may also be treated as the expanded prepositional object, since it is preceded by the preposition. Consequently, the nomenclature of some subtypes of the object may also be enlarged in the contrasted languages.

Apart from the aforenamed there are also other common types of the object/adjective complement in the contrasted languages.

The first to be named are the following traditionally distinguished ones: 1) the direct non-prepositional or prepositional (in English) object. For example: "He could make the money easy". (Snow). "I have heard of it..." (Ibid.) Він міг легко заробити гроші. Я це/про це чув. Не went to Oxford, studied engineering and played rugger. (D. Garnett) Він поїхав до Оксфорда, вивчав машинобудування і захоплювався регбі.

The simple object may be expressed in English and Ukrainian by different nominal parts of speech or their functional equivalents. Eg: He was describing the sufferings of the unemployed (J. London) Він описував страждання безробітних. Her laugh cut Soames to the quick. (Galsworthy) її сміх зачепив Сомса за живе. Fleur flung back her hair. (Ibid.) Флер відкинула назад свою косу.

The prepositional object in the contrasted languages, as has been pointed out, is preceded/introduced by the preposition. For example: She felt cold in nothing but her nightdress and the light wrap, and with the shiver of cold she felt fear. (Ibid.) Вона ні в що не мерзла, але в нічній одежині та легенькій фантині і від дрижаків та від холоду їй було лячно.

Not all English prepositional objects have prepositional equivalent in Ukrainian. Other prepositional objects, however, are declinable in Ukrainian (Cf. with the shiver of cold big дрижаків/дриґоління, від холоду, в одежині). No morphological expression of the syntactic dependence is observed in the so-called addressee object herself which corresponds to the indirect object собі, though it may be conveyed as an indirect prepositional object as well (cf. сказала вона сама до себе, про себе).

The indirect object in both languages has an indirect case form which is expressed in English only by the personal pronoun in the objective case and by the interrogative and relative pronoun who. Eg: I know they told me that. (Ibid.) Це вони мені сказали. The doctor gave me pills to take tranquillisers. (Ibid.) Лікар дав мені пігулки для заспокоєння. Не handed her the paper.

The direct object in the contrasted languages, two more structural forms of it are to be singled out. These are: 1) the clausal object/expressed by the object subordinate clause: "You're always telling me how good you are". (I. Shaw) Ти завжди повторюєш мені, яка ти добра. Or "I suppose she's been telling you that I'm a selfish brute." (J. Сагу) "Гадаю, вона вам сказала, що я жахливий егоїст".

The formal object is an allomorphic feature/phenomenon pertained to the English language only. This object is expressed by the formal pronoun it which has an implicit meaning, as can be seen in the following sentences: On Saturday she would clean it, wash it, and air it. (J.K. Jerome) which means in Ukrainian the following: По суботах вона прибирала, мила й провітрювала (всі кімнати, приміщення). І found it impossible to utter the next word. (Kahler) У мене не було жодної змоги сказати хоч слово. We can walk it very quickly. Ми швидко пройдемось (туди).

The complex object is not a completely allomorphic feature for Ukrainian either, though some of its structural forms are alien to it. These are, for instance, the objective with the infinitive, the objective with the present participle or the gerundial complexes/constructions, which have nouns or subordinate clauses for their equivalents in Ukrainian. For example: "Oh! If I could only see him laugh once more."

Almost all Ukrainian attributive adjuncts, however, mostly agree with the head noun in gender, case, and number. These adjuncts are: adjectives, numerals, pronouns, participles: гарний день, мій брат, перше літо, працююча зміна, засіяне поле, моя батьківщина, etc.

Each of these and other adjuncts has also case endings: гарного дня, гарному дневі, гарним днем.