UNIT I

Exercise I. Make sure you pronounce the following words correctly: humidity, maintenance, thermodynamics, fluid, heat transfer, efficiency, pressure, modernisation, function, thermal, require, specialty, mechanics, architecture.

Exercise II. Give Russian equivalents to the following words:

Ventilation, conditioning, thermodynamics, modernisation, infiltration, career, heating, invention, discovery, installation, operation, equipment, to commission.

HVAC

HVAC (pronounced either "H-V-A-C" or, occasionally, "H-VAK") is an acronym that stands for “heating, ventilation and air conditioning”. HVAC is sometimes called "climate control" and is particularly important in the design of medium and large industrial and office buildings, where humidity and temperature are closely regulated while maintaining safe and healthy conditions within them.

HVAC is based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer, and on the inventions and discoveries made by Michael Faraday, Willis Carrier, Reuben Trane, James Joule, William Rankine, Sadi Carnot, and many others. The invention of the components of HVAC systems goes hand-in-hand with the industrial revolution, and new methods of modernisation, higher efficiency, and system control are constantly introduced by companies and inventors all over the world.

The three functions of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning are closely interrelated. They provide thermal comfort, acceptable indoor air quality, and reasonable installation, operation, and maintenance costs. HVAC systems can provide ventilation, reduce air infiltration, and maintain pressure relationships between spaces. In modern buildings all these functions are integrated into one or more HVAC systems. For very small buildings, contractors normally "size" and select HVAC systems and equipment. For larger buildings, where required by law, mechanical, architectural, or building services engineers analyse, design, and specify the HVAC systems, and mechanical contractors build and commission them. In all buildings, building permits for the installations are the norm.

The HVAC industry is a worldwide enterprise, with career opportunities including operation and maintenance, system design and construction, equipment manufacturing and sales, and in education and research.

Notes to the text: acronym - аббревиатура; by law – по закону; go hand-in-hand – вместе ; reasonable – приемлемый, хороший ; career opportunity – возможности карьерного роста; contractor - подрядчик

Exercise I. Translate the following attributive groups into Russian:

Climate control, industrial and office buildings, thermodynamics principles, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, system control, acceptable air quality, installation and maintenance costs, air infiltration, pressure relationships, building services engineers.

Exercise II. Translate into Russian paying attention to the predicates:

1. HVAC is a necessary element of modern life. 2. Small buildings will need selected equipment. 3. HVAC is sometimes called climate control. 4. Warm air was circulated through pipes. 5. Ventilation could be provided by means of fans. 6. Reliable modern materials don’t require maintenance. 7. Heating equipment needs constant control. 8. Refrigeration has permitted the addition of fresh salads to modern diet all year round.

Exercise III. Translate the sentences paying attention to the word “both”:

Model: both - оба; both … and – как … так и …

1. Both modifications of the heating system were presented. 2. It was decided to send both models to the exhibition.3. Both European and Japanese makes of air-conditioners are in great demand. 4. The HVAC industry provides career opportunities both in operation and maintenance.

Exercise IV. Find equivalents to the Russian words:

1. noiseless a) самый шумный b) бесшумный c) шумный; 2. inefficient a) эффективный b) неэффективный c) эффективность 3. lowest a) самый низкий b) внизу c) ниже 4. original a) первоначально b) начинать c) первоначальный 5. careful а) неосторожный b) осторожность c) осторожный 5. higher a) самый высокий б) выше в) высота 7. inventor а) изобретать b) изобретение c) изобретатель

Exercise V. Find the English equivalents for:

1. такой, как 2. и т.д. 3. например 4. что касается 5. в зависимости от

a) depending on b) such as c) e.g. d) as to e)etc.

Exercise VI. Translate the sentences paying attention to the emphatic construction:

1. It was due to home refrigerators that modern diet has changed. 2. It is with the development of air-conditioning that our flats have better ventilation. 3. It was J. Watt who first patented the steam engine. 4. It is since 1950s that solar heating has been used in Israel.

Exercise VII. Tasks to the text:

1)Why is HVAC sometimes called “climate control”? 2) Prove that HVAC is especially important in industrial and office buildings. 3) Name the main functions of HVAC. 4) Who is responsible for the design and installation of HVAC systems in small and in larger buildings? 5) What are the integral parts of HVAC industry?

Exercise VIII. Read the following text without a dictionary.

Global waste to energy (wte)

During the 2001-2007 period the WTE (waste – отходы) capacity increased by 4 mln. tons per year. Japan and China built several plants based on direct smelting (плавка) or on fluid bed combustion (сжигание в псевдосжиженном слое) of solid waste. In China there are about 50 WTE plants. Japan, with its 40 million tons of waste, leads in thermal treatment of municipal solid waste in the world. In Patras, Greece, a Greek company just finished testing a system that shows potential. It generates 25 kw. of electricity and 25 kw. of heat from waste water. In India its first energy bio-science centre was developed to reduce the country’s green house gases and its dependency on fossil fuel. Biofuel Energy Corporation of Denver opened two new biofuel plants in the USA in July 2008. These plants produce ethanol by means of distillation, and it is used in motor vehicles. Both plants are working at over 90% capacity. WTE technology includes fermentation, which can take biomass and create ethanol, using waste cellulose or organic material. In the fermentation process, the sugar in the waste is changed to CO ² and alcohol, the same process that is used to make wine.

Exercise IX. 1) Why is the text called “Global waste to energy”? 2) Make a summary of the text using the following phrases:

1. This text deals with…2. The author pays attention to … 3. I should like to mention that.. 4. It is interesting to note … 5. This text is interesting because .…

UNIT II

Exercise I. Make sure you pronounce the following words correctly:

Classified, furnace, mechanical, piping, ductwork, circulate, ensure, exchanger, cylinder, filament, equal.

Exercise II. Give the Russian equivalents to the following words:

Classification, central, local, private, boiler, mechanical, radiator, circulation, conditioner, minimise, condensation, subjective, actual, public

HEATING

Heating systems may be classified as central and local. Central heating is often used in cold climates to heat private houses and public buildings. Such a system contains a boiler, furnace, or heat pump to heat water, steam, or air, all in a central location such as a furnace room in a home or a mechanical room in a large building. The system also contains piping or ductwork to distribute the heated fluid, and radiators to transfer this heat to the air. The radiators may be mounted on walls or buried in the floor to give under-floor heating.

Boiler fed or radiant heating systems have a pump to circulate the water and ensure an equal supply of heat to all the radiators. The heated water can also be fed through another heat exchanger inside a storage cylinder to provide hot running water.

Forced air systems send heated air through ductwork. During warm weather the same ductwork can be reused for air conditioning. The forced air can also be filtered or put through air cleaners.

Heating can also be provided from electric, or resistance heating using a filament that glows hot when you cause electricity to pass through it. This type of heat can be found in electric baseboard heaters, portable electric heaters, and as back-up or supplemental heating used in a heat pump (or reverse heating) system.

The heating elements (radiators or vents) should be located in the coldest part of the room and typically next to the windows to minimise condensation. Drafts contribute more to the subjective feeling of coldness than actual room temperature. Therefore, rather than* improving the heating of a room/building, it is often more important to control the air leaks. The invention of central heating is often credited* to the ancient Romans, who installed a system of air ducts in the walls and floors of public baths and private villas. The ducts were fed with hot air from a central fire.

Notes to the text: rather than – вместо; is credited to – приписывается;

Exercise I. Translate the following attributive groups into Russian:

Central and local heating systems; hot water circulation; under-floor heating system; forced air heating work; air leaks control; air ducts system installation; under-floor heating equipment.

Exercise II. Form adjectives from the verbs with the help of the suffix “able” and translate them:

Model: to replace - replaceable

Заменять – взаимозаменяемый, сменный

To suit, to remove, to change, to use, to adjust, to control.

Exercise III. State the part of speech of the following words and translate them:

1) heat, heating, heated, heater 2) differ, different, difference, differential

3) operate, operation, operator, operated, operating 4) boil, boiler, boiled, boiling

Exercise IV. Pay attention to the translation of the word “number”:

Model: number – номер, число; a number of – ряд, несколько; the number of – количество

1. Heating may be classified into a number of classes. 2. Every boiler has its own number. 3. The number of air-conditioners in Russian homes grows from year to year.

Exercise V. Find the predicates and translate the following sentences:

1. This group of experts have to design the new HVAC models. 2. The results obtained by engineers can lead to the reduction of the project cost. 3. The duct constructed should help to improve air ventilation. 4. These old pipes must be removed to improve the work of the ducts. 5. The job is to be fulfilled in time. 6. The quantity of heaters sold may increase with cold weather.

Exercise VI. Find the English equivalents for :

1) отопление 2) распределять нагретую жидкость 3) насос 4) трубопровод 5) пар 6) котел 7) монтировать 8) переносной электрообогреватель 9) принудительная вентиляция 10) отапливать общественные здания 11) обеспечивать равномерную подачу тепла

a) steam b) ductwork, c) boiler, d) heating, e) pump f) portable electric heater g) to ensure equal heat supply h) to distribute heated liquid i) to mount j) to heat public buildings k) forced air system

Exercise VII. Choose the correct word from those underlined:

1. It is fossil fuel/materials that mainly provide the necessary energy for people. 2. Carbon dioxide is released in the process of burning/producing fuels. 3. Safety/efficiency is very important when we deal with radioactive waste. 4. It is difficult/different to exploit the sun’s energy. 5. The discovery/invention of central heating is credited to the ancient Romans. 6. Radiators and vents should be located/locating in the coldest part of the room. 7. The ducts were filled/fed with the hot air from a central fire.

Exercise VIII. Tasks to the text.

1. Say if the following statements are true or false:

a) Central heating is used to warm private houses and public buildings in cold climates. b) A radiator is usually mounted on the floor surface in the central part of the room. c) The heated water is fed to the radiators with the help of a pumping system. d) Forced air systems use heat exchangers. e) Electric or resistance heating is more common as it is the main type of central heating system. f) The heating elements should be located as far away from the windows as possible.

2. Explain why it is more important to control air leaks than to improve a heating system.

3. Describe the work of boiler-fed systems, forced air systems and electric heating systems.

Exercise IX. Read the following text without a dictionary. Give a title to the text:

Under-floor heating was first used by the Romans. Under-floor heating became very common in public buildings and villas of the rich people, particularly in the colder regions of the Roman Empire. The Roman system was based on hypocausts (гипокаусты), consisting of ducts that lay under the floor and flues (дымоходы) that were built into walls. Hot air or steam from fires circulated up through this system, warming the floor and walls, with heat passing into the rooms. The floor was laid out as series of concrete slabs (бетонные плиты) supported by columns of tiles (изразцы), with a furnace at the bottom of one exterior wall. By placing the fire here, the draught took the heat under the floor, and up through the walls to chimneys (дымовые трубы) located in the corners of the room.

In Roman baths, the furnace was placed next to the hottest room (caldarium) in which three walls were heated so that the room reached a temperature of up to 120°F (50°C). The warm room (tepidarium) had only one wall heated, which made this room cooler than the caldarium. The furnace was the heating source of the system and this was placed on the outside of the house, below the floor that ran under the room that was to be the hottest room in the house. The Roman hypocaust was called the most important heating invention ever by the British HVAC industry.

Exercise X. Tasks to the text:

1. Who invented under-floor heating? 2. What was the Roman system based on? 3. Where did hot air circulate? 4. What is the difference between tepidarium and caldarium? 5. What did the British HVAC industry call the Roman system of heating? 6. What new facts did you learn from the text?

UNIT III

Exercise I. Make sure you pronounce the following words correctly:

Process, moisture, odour, airborne bacteria, circulation, acceptable, excessive, exhaust, exchange, contaminants, dilution.

Exercise II. Give the Russian equivalents to the following words:

Ventilation, odour, bacteria, circulation, factor, method, natural, interior, energy, design, function, speed, condensation, drive, application.

VENTILATION

Ventilation is the process of "changing" or replacing the air in any space to remove moisture, odours, smoke, heat, dust and airborne bacteria. Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside and the circulation of air within the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings. Methods of ventilating a building may be divided into mechanical/forced and natural types. Ventilation is used to remove unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, to introduce outside air, to keep air circulation inside the building, and to prevent stagnation of the interior air.

"Mechanical" or "forced" ventilation is used to control indoor air quality. Excess humidity, odours, and contaminants can often be controlled by means of dilution or replacement with outside air. But in humid climates, much energy is required to remove excess moisture from the ventilated air.

Kitchens and bathrooms typically have mechanical exhaust to control odours and sometimes humidity. Factors in the design of such systems include the flow rate (the fan speed and the exhaust vent size) and the noise level. If the ducts for the fans traverse unheated space (e.g., an attic), they should be insulated to prevent condensation on the ducts. Direct drive fans have quite a few applications, and can reduce maintenance needs.

Heat recovery ventilation systems employ heat exchangers to recover some heat from exhausted air, in order to preheat the incoming outside air.

Ceiling fans and table/floor fans are very effective in circulating the air within a room. But because hot air rises, ceiling fans may be used to keep a room warmer. Ceiling fans do not provide ventilation, however.

Exercise I. Match the antonyms:

1. heating 2. remove 3. divide 4. noisy 5. exhausted air 6. exterior

a) unite b) interior c) quiet d) install e) refrigeration f) incoming air

Exercise II. Translate the following attributive groups:

Climate control design, heat transfer principle, air conditioning system control, indoor air quality, ventilation system installation cost, heat pump maintenance, heat exchanger maintenance cost, ductwork air leak, interior air duct system, kitchen exhaust vent size, heat recovery ventilation systems.

Exercise III. Find the English equivalents for :

1. воздухообмен и циркуляция 2. скорость потока 3. избыточная влажность 4.теплообменник 5. система вентиляции с рекуперацией тепла 6. вентилятор с прямым приводом 7. механическая вытяжка 8. размер вентиляционного отверстия под вытяжку 9. механическая (принудительная) вентиляция

a) heat exchanger b) exhaust vent size c) direct drive fan d) air exchange and circulation e) excess humidity f) flow rate g) mechanical exhaust h) heat recovery ventilation system i) forced ventilation

Exercise IV. Pay attention to the translation of the words “some” and “the same” (some – некоторый; the same – одинаковый, тот же самый):

Some heat exchangers, the same heat exchanger, some types, the same types, some materials, the same materials.

Exercise V. Find the Russian equivalents for:

1) by means of 2) thus 3) e.g. 4) at present 5) etc. 6) such as 7) either … or 8) as well as 9) both …and

а) например b) в настоящее время c) или … или d) и т.д. e) посредством f) таким образом g) а также h) такой как i) как … так и

Exercise VI. Pay attention to the translation of the infinitives:

1. To have clean and fresh indoor air it is desirable to install a good ventilation system. 2. To produce traditional heating it is necessary to burn fuel .3.The first underfloor heating system was designed to give heating only to the houses of the rich Romans. 4. Modern HVAC technology is used in order to provide better living conditions. 5. There are several factors to be studied before starting the work. 6. To have well-equipped modern kitchen without an exhaust vent is impossible. 7. A new control system to be used in this air-conditioning system will be remotely (дистанционно) controlled.

Exercise VII. Change the sentences using a Passive construction according to the model:

Model: Ventilation removes dust and air-born bacteria from the air.

- Dust and air-born bacteria are removed from the air by means of ventilation.

1) We divide the methods of ventilating a building into natural and mechanical. 2) People use ventilation to remove unpleasant smells as well as excessive moisture. 3) Forced ventilation controls indoor air quality. 4) We consider the flow rate and the noise level to be the major factors in the design of mechanical ventilation. 5) Car manufacturers fit cars with air conditioning. 6) Many famous companies present their products and services in a new brochure.

Exercise VIII. Read the following text without a dictionary and give a title to it.

The very first solar heating factory in the world was built by Jewish immigrants from South Africa in Ashqelon, Israel in 1952. In 1980 a law was passed making solar heating mandatory (обязательный) in Israel.

A typical household solar heating system consists of a solar panel (or a solar collector) with a fluid flowing through it to transport the collected heat energy to somewhere useful. Usually it is a hot water tank or household radiators. The solar panel is often located on the roof of a building. A pump pushes the fluid through the panel. The heat is thus taken from the panel and transferred to a storage container. If the tank is installed on a level higher than the collector, a pump is not needed: the hot water rises by itself into the tank and the cold water goes into the collector (thermo siphon system). This system is cheap and easy to build and can be found in many developing countries.

Tasks to the text: 1. What are the key elements of a solar heating system? 2. Where is the solar panel placed? 3. What pushes the heat transfer liquid? 4. Why is this system often used in developing countries? 5. Is it possible to use such a system in St.Petersburg?

UNIT IV

Exercise I. Make sure you pronounce the following words correctly:

Medium, refrigeration, refrigerant, essential, eject, ensure, pathogenic bacteria, alternative, coil, piping, dehumidification, dew point, dehumidifier.

Exercise II. Give the Russian equivalents to the following words:

Refrigerator, conditioning, medium, radiation, convection, cycle, element, effect, compressor, absorption, residence, pathogenic bacteria, alternative, fan, condensate, constant, condition.

AIR-CONDITIONING

Air-conditioning and refrigeration are provided through the removal of heat. In order to remove heat from something, you simply need to provide a medium that is colder - this is how all air conditioning and refrigeration systems work. Heat can be removed through the process of radiation, convection, and conduction using mediums such as water, air, ice, and special refrigerants (e.g. freon).

An air conditioning system provides cooling, ventilation, and humidity control for all or part of a building. Freon as a refrigerant provides cooling through the process called a refrigeration cycle. The refrigeration cycle consists of four essential elements to create a cooling effect. A compressor provides compression for the system, a condenser ejects or removes heat from the system, the evaporator absorbs or adds heat to the system, and the metering device ensures that the heat is absorbed at a proper rate.

Central, 'all-air' air conditioning systems are often installed in modern residences, offices, and public buildings. A duct system must be carefully maintained to prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the ducts. An alternative to large ducts that carry the needed air to heat or cool an area is the use of remote fan coils or split systems. In these systems the remote coil is connected with a remote condenser unit by means of piping instead of ducts.

Dehumidification in an air conditioning system is provided by the evaporator. Since the evaporator operates at a temperature below dew point, moisture is collected at the evaporator. This moisture is collected at the bottom of the evaporator in a condensate pan and removed by piping it to a central drain. A dehumidifier is an air-conditioner-like device that controls the humidity of a room or building. In supermarkets, large open chiller cabinets are highly effective at dehumidifying the internal air. Air-conditioned buildings often have sealed windows, because open windows would disrupt the attempts of the HVAC system to maintain constant indoor air conditions.

Exercise I. Translate the sentences paying attention to the particle “no”- «никакой; ни один»:

1. At present no device is so efficient in keeping the food fresh as a refrigerator. 2. No additional systems were required. 3. There were no difficulties in operating the air-conditioning system. 4. The ductwork was provided with no metering devices.

Exercise II. State the part of speech of the following words and translate them:

a) refrigerate, refrigerator, refrigerated, refrigeration, refrigerating b) humid, humidity, humidifying, humidifier, humidification c) operate, operation, operated, operating, operator d) compress, compressing, compressed, compression, compressor e) heat, heated, heater, heating

Exercise III. Find the Russian equivalents for :

1. dew point 2. air medium 3. humidity control 4. refrigeration cycle 5. remote fan coils 6. split system 7. condensate pan 8. dehumidifier

a) регулирование влажности b) холодильный цикл c) выносной теплообменник вентилятора d) точка росы e) раздельная установка кондиционирования воздуха f) воздушная среда g) воздухоосушитель h) поддон для конденсата

Exercise IV. Translate the sentences paying attention to the verb “to have”:

1. Moisture has been collected at the bottom of the evaporator. 2. HVAC safety has to be the main concern. 3. Since 1950s solar heating has been used in many developing countries. 4. Some older air-conditioning systems have to be upgraded to meet the modern office requirements. 5. Each type of a heating system has its own features.

Exercise V. Form the degrees of comparison of the following words:

Little, humid, great, difficult, good, simple, modern, old.

Exercise VI. Translate the sentences paying attention to the words “since” and “for”:

a. 1) People always dreamed to keep their food fresh. Since 1930s with the invention of home refrigerators this dream has become a reality. 2) Dry air is more comfortable for people since humans perspire to provide natural cooling by the evaporation of perspiration from the skin.3) Since evaporation takes place when heat is absorbed, and condensation takes place when heat is released, it is necessary to ensure pressure changes between the two compartments. 4) The “Valmet Meter Works” company has been one of the leading companies in the field of heat energy measuring equipment since the 1990s.

b. 1) A new updated brochure was published for the district residents to get detailed information about the new product. 2) This kind of heat meter is suitable for heat measuring in blocks of flats. 3) For home heating, heat pumps are becoming more popular. 4) A refrigerator is a heat pump for it pumps the heat out of its interior into the room where it stands.

Exercise VII. Tasks to the text:

1. What is the main principle of work of an air-conditioner and a refrigerator? 2. Name the four elements of a refrigeration cycle. 3, Name the two systems used for cooling or heating which prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria. 4. What kind of device is a dehumidifier?

Exercise VIII. Read the following text without a dictionary.