Суффиксы существительных и прилагательных Суффиксы существительных

Корневое слово	Суффикс	Производное слово
Глагол: to work to teach to operate	-er -or	Существительные, обозначающие лица, производящие действия. worker teacher operator
to transform to move	-(t)ion -ment	Отвлеченные существительные transformation movement

XVIII. От следующих глаголов образуйте существительные:

1. to drive, to learn, to listen, to swim, to run, to play, to lead, to sleep, to design, to construct, to develop, to emit.

2. to educate, to suggest, to operate, to occupy, to combine, to expect, to determine, to restrict, to organize, to explore, to create, to transmit.

3. to amaze, to require, to enjoy, to disappoint, to manage, to refresh, to achieve, to argue, to excite.

Суффиксы прилагательных

Корневое слово	Суффикс	Производное слово
Глагол: to act to rely to depend to please	-ive -able -ent -ant	Прилагательное active reliable dependent pleasant

XIX. От следующих глаголов образуйте прилагательные:

1. to instruct, to attract, to product, to act.

2. to remark, to change, to accept, to desire, to present, to agree, to suit.

3. to differ, to exist, to excel.

4. to combat, to please, to triumph, to ignore.

Text A

Robotics

Robotics is the engineering science and technology of robots, and their design, manufacture, and application. Robotics concerns to electronics, mechanics, and software. Czech writer Karel Čapek first mentioned the word robot in his play “Rossum's Universal Robots” published in 1920.

Stories of artificial helpers and attempts to create them have a long history, but first autonomous machines only appeared in the 20th century. The first digitally operated and programmable robot installed in 1961 lifted hot metal castings from a die casting machine. Today, commercial and industrial robots are in widespread use performing jobs more cheaply or more accurately and reliably than humans. Manufacturers must employ robots in jobs which are too dangerous for people. We may use robots in manufacturing, transport; space exploration; weaponry; laboratory research; safety; and mass production of consumer and industrial goods.

The structure of a robot is usually mostly mechanical with a kinematic chain resembling the human arm. There are some robots which mimic the mechanical structure of humans or various animals. The development and use of such structures in robots are an active area of research because these structures will have widespread use in future.

As power sources most robots use pneumatic (compressed gases) or hydraulics (compressed liquids) means, electricity, chemicals. The robot’s drive system may be direct or have the joints via gears.

In 2009, scientists developed a manipulator which functions like a real hand allowing patients to write with it, type on a keyboard, play piano and perform other movements. But most robots in the world are industrial. Currently, there are about 1 million industrial robots working in manufacturing industry.

An industrial robot is an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator programmable in two or more axes. Having two axes the robot can reach any required point in a plane; with three axes it can reach any point in space. Typical applications of robots include welding, painting, carrying payload, assembly, pick and place, product inspection, and testing, all accomplished with a high degree of accuracy. All robots use special programmed routines which determine these actions.

Задания к тексту А:

I. Прочитайте и переведите следующие выражения:

to be first mentioned; fully autonomous machines; the first digitally operated and programmable robot; a die casting machine; to be in widespread use; space exploration; laboratory research; mass production of consumer and industrial goods; mostly mechanical; power sources; pneumatic or hydraulics means; an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator.

II. Найдите в предыдущем упражнении английские эквиваленты следующих русских выражений:

лабораторное исследование; первый программируемый робот с цифровым управлением; источники энергии; быть упомянутым впервые; пневматические или гидравлические средства; устройство литья в форму; автоматически управляемый, перепрограммируемый, многоцелевой манипулятор; широко использоваться; массовое производство потребительских и промышленных товаров; полностью автономные устройства; в основном механический; исследование космоса.

III. Сделайте грамматический разбор предложений. К каждому предложению задайте не менее трех вопросов:

1. The first digitally operated and programmable robot appeared in 1961. 2. Today we use industrial robots which perform jobs more cheaply, accurately and reliably than people. 3. As power sources most robots use pneumatic (compressed gases) or hydraulics (compressed liquids) means or electricity. 4. In 2009, scientists developed a manipulator which functions like a human’s hand.

V. Вместо пропусков вставьте модальные глаголы:

1. A new fully autonomous machine … appear in the end of the year. 2. A digitally operated and programmable robot … perform this operation much more accurately. 3. Modern industry … employ robots in jobs which are too dirty or dangerous for humans.

VI. Задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:

1. There are some robots which mimic the mechanical structure of humans, various animals, and insects. 2. Some robots are in widespread use in mass production of consumer and industrial goods. 3. Some applications of robots include welding, painting, assembly, pick and place, packaging, and testing.

VII. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:

1. What is robotic and what does it concern?

2. When did first autonomous machines appear?

3. What did the first digitally operated and programmable robot installed in 1961 do?

4. Why are robots in widespread use?

5. What jobs may we use robots in?

6. What is usual structure of robots?

7. What do most robots use as power sources?

8. How many robots are currently in manufacturing industry?

9. What are typical applications of industrial robots?

VIII. Переведите текст А письменно.

Text B

Technical Parameters of Robots

• Number of axes – two axes are required to reach any point in a plane; three axes are required to reach any point in space.

• Degrees of freedom which is usually the same as the number of axes.

• Working space – the region of space a robot can reach.

• Kinematics – the actual arrangement of rigid members and joints in the robot, which determines the robot's possible motions.

• Carrying capacity or payload – how much weight a robot can lift.

• Speed – how fast the robot can position the end of its arm. This may be defined as angular or linear speed of each axis or a compound speed when all axes are moving.

• Acceleration - how quickly the movement along an axis accelerates.

• Accuracy – how closely a robot can reach a commanded position. Accuracy can vary with speed and payload (see compliance).

• Repeatability - how well the robot will return to a programmed position.

• Motion control – for some applications, such as simple pick-and-place assembly, the robot need merely return repeatedly to a limited number of positions. For more sophisticated applications, such as welding, the orientation and velocity of motion must be continuously controlled.

• Power source – some robots use electric motors, others use hydraulic actuators. The former are faster, the latter are stronger and advantageous in applications such as spray painting, where a spark could set off an explosion.

• Drive – some robots connect electric motors to the joints via gears; others connect the motor to the joint directly (direct drive).

• Compliance - this is a measure of the amount in angle or distance that a robot axis will move when a force is applied to it. Because of compliance when a robot goes to a position carrying its maximum payload it will be at a position slightly lower than when it is carrying no payload.

Задания к тексту B:

I. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим русским выражениям:

угловая или линейная скорость каждой оси; источник питания; рабочая область; ускорение; приводная система; количество осей; несущая нагрузка; повторяемость; управление движением; степени свободы; точность; возможные движения робота; согласованность.

II. Сформулируйте в нескольких словах содержание каждого абзаца.

III. Напишите резюме к тексту.

IV. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What are technical parameters of robots?

2. Can you give some examples of the robot’s parameters?

3. How many axes are necessary for a robot to reach any point in space?

4. Is the freedom degree parameter the same as the parameter of the number of axes?

5. Which parameter is responsible for weight a robot can lift?

6. How can a robot’s speed parameter be defined?

7. What is a difference between accuracy, repeatability and compliance?

V. Перескажите текст, используя в качестве плана вопросы предыдущего упражнения.

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