- •Pulp Purification Herbert Sixta
- •9.2.2.1 Introduction
- •Introduction
- •10.4 Emissions to the Aquatic Environment
- •Is converted into carbon dioxide, while the other half is converted into biomass
- •Into alcohols and aldehydes; (c) conversion of these intermediates into acetic acid and
- •10 Environmental Aspects of Pulp Production
- •In North America, effluent color is a parameter which must be monitored.
- •It is not contaminated with other trace elements such as mercury, lead, or cadmium.
- •10.6 Outlook
- •Increase pollution by causing a higher demand for a chemical to achieve identical
- •In addition negatively affect fiber strength, which in turn triggers a higher
- •Introduction
- •2002, Paper-grade pulp accounts for almost 98% of the total wood pulp production
- •Important pulping method until the 1930s) continuously loses ground and finds
- •Importance in newsprint has been declining in recent years with the increasing
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Virtually all paper and paperboard grades in order to improve strength properties.
- •In fact, the word kraft is the Swedish and German word for strength. Unbleached
- •Importance is in the printing and writing grades. In these grades, softwood
- •In this chapter, the main emphasis is placed on a comprehensive discussion of
- •1010 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Is particularly sensitive to alkaline cleavage. The decrease in uronic acid content
- •Xylan in the surface layers of kraft pulps as compared to sulfite pulps has been
- •80% Cellulose content the fiber strength greatly diminishes [14]. This may be due
- •Viscoelastic and capable of absorbing more energy under mechanical stress. The
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp 1011
- •Various pulping treatments using black spruce with low fibril
- •In the viscoelastic regions. Fibers of high modulus and elasticity tend to peel their
- •1012 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp
- •Viscosity mL g–1 793 635 833 802 1020 868 1123
- •Xylose % od pulp 7.3 6.9 18.4 25.5 4.1 2.7 12.2
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Inorganic Compounds
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp
- •Insight into many aspects of pulp origin and properties, including the type of
- •Indicate oxidative damage of carbohydrates).
- •In general, the r-values of paper pulps are typically at higher levels as predicted
- •Is true for sulfite pulps. Even though the r-values of sulfite pulps are generally
- •Is rather unstable in acid sulfite pulping, and this results in a low (hemicellulose)
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Ing process, for example the kraft process, the cellulose:hemicellulose ratio is
- •Increases by up to 100%. In contrast to fiber strength, the sheet strength is highly
- •Identified as the major influencing parameter of sheet strength properties. It has
- •In contrast to dissolving pulp specification, the standard characterization of
- •Is observed for beech kraft pulp, which seems to correlate with the enhanced
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Is significantly higher for the sulfite as compared to the kraft pulps, and indicates
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp
- •Xylan [24].
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Introduction
- •Various cellulose-derived products such as regenerated fibers or films (e.G.,
- •Viscose, Lyocell), cellulose esters (acetates, propionates, butyrates, nitrates) and
- •In pulping and bleaching operations are required in order to obtain a highquality
- •Important pioneer of cellulose chemistry and technology, by the statement that
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Involves the extensive characterization of the cellulose structure at three different
- •Is an important characteristic of dissolving pulps. Finally, the qualitative and
- •Inorganic compounds
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •11.3.2.1 Pulp Origin, Pulp Consumers
- •Include the recently evaluated Formacell procedure [7], as well as the prehydrolysis-
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Viscose
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •11.3.2.2 Chemical Properties
- •11.3.2.2.1 Chemical Composition
- •In the polymer. The available purification processes – particularly the hot and cold
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •In the steeping lye inhibits cellulose degradation during ageing due to the
- •Is governed by a low content of noncellulosic impurities, particularly pentosans,
- •Increase in the xylan content in the respective viscose fibers clearly support the
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Instability. Diacetate color is measured by determining the yellowness coefficient
- •Xylan content [%]
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Xylan content [%]
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Is, however, not the only factor determining the optical properties of cellulosic
- •In the case of alkaline derivatization procedures (e.G., viscose, ethers). In industrial
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Viscose
- •Viscose
- •In order to bring out the effect of mwd on the strength properties of viscose
- •Imitating the regular production of rayon fibers. To obtain a representative view
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Viscose Ether (hv) Viscose Acetate Acetate
- •Xylan % 3.6 3.1 1.5 0.9 0.2
- •1.3 Dtex regular viscose fibers in the conditioned
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Is more pronounced for sulfite than for phk pulps. Surprisingly, a clear correlation
- •Viscose fibers in the conditioned state related to the carbonyl
- •1038 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •In a comprehensive study, the effect of placing ozonation before (z-p) and after
- •Increased from 22.9 to 38.4 lmol g–1 in the case of a pz-sequence, whereas
- •22.3 To 24.2 lmol g–1. The courses of viscosity and carboxyl group contents were
- •Viscosity measurement additionally induces depolymerization due to strong
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Increasing ozone charges. For more detailed
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Is more selective when ozonation represents the final stage according to an
- •11.3.2.3 Supramolecular Structure
- •1042 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Is further altered by subsequent bleaching and purification processes. This
- •Involved in intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The softened state favors
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Interestingly, the resistance to mercerization, which refers to the concentration of
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Illustrate that the difference in lye concentration between the two types of dissolving
- •Intensity (see Fig. 11.18: hw-phk high p-factor) clearly changes the supramolecular
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Viscose filterability, thus indicating an improved reactivity.
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Impairs the accessibility of the acetylation agent. When subjecting a low-grade dissolving
- •Identification of the cell wall layers is possible by the preferred orientation of
- •Viscose pulp (low p-factor) (Fig. 11.21b, top). Apparently, the type of pulp – as well
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •150 °C for 2 h, more than 70% of a xylan, which was added to the cooking liquor
- •20% In the case of alkali concentrations up to 50 g l–1 [67]. Xylan redeposition has
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Xylan added linters cooked without xylan linters cooked with xylan
- •Viscosity
- •In the surface layer than in the inner fiber wall. This is in agreement with
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Xylan content in peelings [wt%]
- •Xylan content located in the outermost layers of the beech phk fibers suggests
- •11.3.2.5 Fiber Morphology
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •50 And 90%. Moreover, bleachability of the screened pulps from which the wood
- •11.3.2.6 Pore Structure, Accessibility
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Volume (Vp), wrv and specific pore surface (Op) were seen between acid sulfite
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Irreversible loss of fiber swelling occurs; indeed, Maloney and Paulapuro reported
- •In microcrystalline areas as the main reason for hornification [85]. The effect of
- •105 °C, thermal degradation proceeds in parallel with hornification, as shown in
- •Increased, particularly at temperatures above 105 °c. The increase in carbonyl
- •In pore volume is clearly illustrated in Fig. 11.28.
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Viscosity
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Increase in the yellowness coefficient, haze, and the amount of undissolved particles.
- •11.3.2.7 Degradation of Dissolving Pulps
- •In mwd. A comprehensive description of all relevant cellulose degradation processes
- •Is reviewed in Ref. [4]. The different modes of cellulose degradation comprise
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •50 °C, is illustrated graphically in Fig. 11.29.
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •In the crystalline regions.
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Important dissolving pulps, derived from hardwood, softwood and cotton linters
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp 1061
- •Xylan rel% ax/ec-pad 2.5 3.5 1.3 1.0 3.2 0.4
- •Viscosity mL g–1 scan-cm 15:99 500 450 820 730 1500 2000
- •1062 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
Important dissolving pulps, derived from hardwood, softwood and cotton linters
and produced according to acid sulfite and PHK procedures.
1060
11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp 1061
Tab. 11.16 Chemical and physical characterization profile of selected dissolving pulps.
Parameters Viscose products Cellulose acetate High-viscosity ether
Pulp origin
Wood HardwoodHardwood Softwood Hardwood Softwood Cotton
Process
Cooking
Bleaching
Method Reference Acid sulfite
ECF
PHK
TCF
Acid sulfite
ECF
PHK
ECF
Acid sulfite
ECF
Soda
ECF
Chemical properties
Chemical Composition
Carbohydrates [25]
Glucan rel% AX/EC-PAD 97.0 96.3 97.5 98.8 94.8 99.6
Mannan rel% AX/EC-PAD 0.5 0.2 1.2 0.2 2.0 0.0
Xylan rel% ax/ec-pad 2.5 3.5 1.3 1.0 3.2 0.4
Extractives, Resins
Acetone extractives % ISO 624 (mod.) 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.06
DCM extractives % ISO 624 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.03
Kappa number T 236 cm-85 mod. 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.1
Organohalogen (OX) ppm DIN 52355 100 25 55 100 130 120
Total ash % LAG Z614 0.1 0.08 0.1 0.07 0.2 0.02
Metal ions
Mn ppm ICP-AES 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.5
Fe ppm ICP-AES 3 5 3 3 5 10
Mg ppm ICP-AES 10 50 10 15 100 15
Ca ppm ICP-AES 15 15 15 20 100 60
Si ppm ICP-AES 20 20 15 10 15 10
Macromolecular properties
Viscosity mL g–1 scan-cm 15:99 500 450 820 730 1500 2000
Mn kg mol–1 GPC-MALLS [36] 56 58 100 121 119 722
Mw kg mol–1 GPC-MALLS [36] 250 175 400 340 950 1300
PDI GPC-MALLS [36] 4.5 3.0 4.0 2.8 8.0 1.8
DP < 100 wt% GPC-MALLS [36] 5.0 2.8 2.0 1.5 0.0 0.0
DP > 2000 wt% GPC-MALLS [36] 25.0 15.0 45.0 38.0 65.0 95.0
1062 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
Tab. 11.16 Continued.
Parameters Viscose products Cellulose acetate High-viscosity ether
Pulp origin
Wood HardwoodHardwood Softwood Hardwood Softwood Cotton
Process
Cooking
Bleaching
Method Referencea Acid sulfite
ECF
PHK
TCF
Acid sulfite
ECF
PHK
ECF
Acid sulfite
ECF
Soda
ECF
Functional Groups
Copper number % ZM IV/8/70 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.2
Carbonyl lmol g–1 CCOA [21] 14.0 6.0 9.0 4.0 6.0 3.0
Carboxyl
lmol g–1 methylene blue [95] 30.0 28.0 25.0 16.0 50.0 10.0
Physical properties
Single Fiber
Water retention value (WRV) % DIN 53814 73 71 71 80 71 54
Pulp sheet
Brightness % ISO ISO 2470 93.0 89.0 94.0 92.5 85.0 85.0
Basis weight g m–2 ISO 638 800 770 n.d. 700 720 600
Density
g cm–3 ISO 438 0.913 0.600 n.d. 0.530 0.570 n.d.
Application Tests
Viscose filterability [68] __ __
Cellulose ether (e.g. MHPC, MHEC,
CMC)
__ __ __ __
Cellulose acetate
[96] __ __
Alkali resistance
R10 % DIN 54355 89.0 92.0 93.5 97.7 93.8 98.5
R18
% DIN 54355 95.0 96.5 96.5 98.2 95.0 99.2
References 1063
References
Sections 11.1–11.2
1 Niskanen, K., Paper Physics. Papermaking
Science and Technology, J. Gullichsen,
H. Paulapuro, Eds. Vol. 16. Fapet Oy,
1998.
2 Levlin, J.-E., L. Soderhjelm, Pulp and
Paper Testing. Papermaking Science and
Technology, J. Gullichsen, H. Paulapuro,
Eds. Vol. 17. Fapet Oy, 1999.
3 Rydholm, S.A., Pulping Processes.
Malabar, Florida 1965: Robert E. Krieger
Publishing Co., Inc., 1965: 1135–1166.
4 Young, R.A., Comparison of the properties
of chemical cellulose pulps. Cellulose,
1994; 1: 107–130.
5 Jayme, G., A.v. Koppen, Strukturelle
und chemische Unterschiede zwischen
Sulfit- und Sulfatzellstoffen. Das Papier,
1950; 4(23/24): 455–462.
6 Luce, J.E., Radial distribution of properties
through the cell wall. Pulp Paper
Mag. Can., 1964: 419–423.
7 Jayme, G., A.v. Koppen, Strukturelle
und chemische Unterschiede zwischen
Sulfit- und Sulfatzellstoffen. Das Papier,
1950; 4(21/22): 415–420.
8 Hamilton, J.K., N.S. Thompson,
A chemical comparison of kraft and sulphite
pulps. Pulp Paper Mag. Can., 1960:
263–272.
9 Yllner, S., B. Enstrom, Studies of the
adsorption of xylan on cellulose fibres
during the sulphate cook. Part 1. Svensk.
Papperstidn., 1956; 59: 229–234.
10 Yllner, S., B. Enstrom, Studies of the
adsorption of xylan on cellulosic fibres
during the sulphate cook. Part 2. Svensk.
Papperstidn., 1957; 60(15): 549–554.
11 Dahlmann, O., J. Sjoeberg. Comparative
study of different approaches for analyzing
carbohydrates at the surface of
chemical pulp fibers. In Seventh European
Workshop on Lignocellulosics
and Pulp. Turku/Abo, Finland: Abo
Akademi, 2002; 111–114.
12 Pettersson, S.E., S.A. Rydholm, Hemicelluloses
and paper properties of birch
pulps. III. Svensk. Papperstidn., 1961;
64(1): 4–17.
13 Page, D.H., The origin of the differences
between sulphite and kraft pulps.
J. Pulp Paper Sci., 1983; 9(1):
TR15–TR20.
14 Page, D.H., The mechanism of strength
development of dried pulps by beating.
Svensk. Papperstidn., 1985; 88(3):
R30–R35.
15 Scallan, A.M. In Fibre Water Interactions
in Papermaking. Clowes: London, 1978.
16 Koeppen, A.V., Structural and chemical
differences between sulfite and kraft
pulps. Tappi, 1964; 47(10): 589–595.
17 Sixta, H., R. Moslinger, Characterization
of commercial paper grade pulps. R&D
Lenzing AG, Internal Report: Lenzing,
2004.
18 Molin, U., A. Teder, Importance of cellulose/
hemicellulose-ratio for pulp
strength. Nordic Pulp Paper Res. J., 2002;
17(1): 14–19.
19 Jenzen, C.A., The effect of stress applied
during drying on some of the properties
of individual pulp fibers. Tappi, 1964;
47(7): 412–418.
20 Rohrling, J., et al., A novel method for
the determination of carbonyl groups in
cellulosics by fluorescence labeling. 2.
Validation and applications. Biomacromolecules,
2002; 3: 969–975.
21 Rohrling, J., et al., A novel method for
the determination of carbonyl groups in
cellulosics by fluorescence labeling. 1.
Method development. Biomacromolecules,
2002; 3: 959–968.
22 Baldinger, T., A. Potthast, Evaluation of
keto groups generated along the cellulose
chain from combined GPC-CCOA
measurement. CD Laboratory, Internal
Report: Vienna, 2004.
23 Schelosky, N., T. Roder, T. Baldinger,
Molecular mass distribution of cellulosic
products by size exclusion chromatography
in DMAc/LiCl. Das Papier,
1999; 53(12): 728–738.
24 Kettunen, J., et al., Aspects of strength
development in fibre produced by different
pulping methods. Pap. Puu, 1982;
Specialnummer 4: 205–211.
1064 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
Section 11.3
1 Treiber, E., Charakterisierung von Chemiefaserzellstoffen.
Das Papier, 1971:
25(12): 830–833.
2 Treiber, E., Probleme bei der Charakterisierung
von Chemiefaserzellstoffen.
Faserforschung und Textiltechnik, 1974;
25(9): 387–391.
3 Treiber, E., The viscose process surveyed
from an industrial and laboratory point
of view. Tappi J., 46(10), 594–600.
4 Klemm, D., et al., Comprehensive Cellulose
Chemistry. Vol. 1. Weinheim,Germany:
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 1998:
9–42.
5 Kleinert, T.N., Z. Angew. Chem., 1931;
44(39): 788.
6 Peter, W.,Herstellung von Kunstfaserzellstoff
nach dem Organosolv-Aufschlu.verfahren.
Lenzinger Ber., 1986;
61: 12–16.
7 Sixta, H., et al., Evaluation of new organosolv
dissolving pulps. part I: Preparation,
analytical characterization and viscose
processability. Cellulose, 2004; 11:
73–83.
8 Kordsachia, O., S. Ro.kopf, R. Patt, Production
of spruce dissolving pulp with
the prehydrolysis-alkaline sulfite process
(PH-ASA). Lenzinger Ber., 2004; 83:
24–34.
9 Sixta, H., A. Borgards, New technology
for the production of high-purity dissolving
pulps. Das Papier, 1999; 53(4):
220–234.
10 Rosenau, T., et al., The chemistry of
side reactions and byproduct formation
in the system NMMO/cellulose (Lyocell
process). Prog. Polym. Sci., 2001; 26:
1763–1837.
11 Rosenau, T., et al., Isolation and identification
of residual chromophores in cellulosic
materials. Polymer, 2004; 45:
6437–6443.
12 White, P., Lyocell: the production process
and market development. In Regenerated
Cellulose Fibres, C. Woodings, Ed.
Woodhead Publishing Limited: Cambridge,
England, 2001: 62–87.
13 Lenz, J., et al., Der Einflu. der Begleitsubstanzen
des Zellstoffs auf Verarbeitbarkeit
und Fasereigenschaften im
Viskoseproze.. Lenzinger Ber., 1981; 51:
10–13.
14 Jayme, G., N. Nikoliew, The reactivity of
the hemicelluloses of pulp in the
xanthation reaction. Angew. Chemie,
1948; A60: 15–18.
15 Micic, M., Correlation between the filtration
constant and alpha-cellulose,
pentosans, brightness, impurities,
mineral substances, resins, and viscose
of pulp. Hemijska Vlakna, 1988; 28(3):
9–13.
16 Siclari, F., Polynosic fibres from different
types of dissolving pulps. Pure Appl.
Chem., 1967; 14(3–4): 423–433.
17 Wilson, J.D., R.S. Tabke. Influence of
hemicelluloses on acetate processing in
high catalyst systems. In Dissolving
Pulps Conference. Atlanta, GA: TAPPI,
1973: 55–68.
18 Adorjan, I., et al., Discoloration of cellulose
solutions in N-methylmorpholine-
N-oxide (Lyocell). Part 1: Studies on
model compounds and pulps. Cellulose,
2005; 12: 51–57.
19 Wilson, J.D., R.S. Tabke, Influence of
hemicelluloses on acetate processing in
high catalyst systems. Tappi, 1974;
57(8): 77–80.
20 Gardner, P.E., M.Y. Chang. The acetylation
of native and modified hemicelluloses.
In Dissolving Pulps Conference.
Atlanta: Tappi, 1973: 93–95.
21 Neal, J.L., Factors affecting the solution
properties of cellulose acetates. J. Appl.
Polymer Sci., 1965; 9(3): 947–961.
22 Borgards, A., H. Sixta, Evaluation of Cellulose
Triacetate. Lenzing AG, Internal
Report, 2000.
23 Conca, R.L., J.K. Hamilton, H.W.
Kircher, Haze in cellulose acetate. Tappi,
1963; 46(11): 644–648.
24 Wells, F.L., W.C. Schattner, A. Walker,
Hemicellulose and false viscosity in cellulose
acetate. Tappi, 1963; 46(10):
581–586.
25 Sixta, H. et al., Characterisation of
alkali-soluble pulp fractions by chromatography,
11th Intern. Symp. on Wood
and Pulping Chem. (ISWPC), Nice,
France, 2001: 655–658.
26 Swan, B., Extractives of unbleached and
bleached prehydrolysis-kraft pulp from
References 1065
Eucalyptus globulus. Svensk. Papperstidn.,
1967; 70(19): 616–619.
27 Rydholm, S.A., Production and properties
of eucalyptus pulp. Papier, 1966;
20(10): 711–720.
28 Croon, I., Resins, waxes, and fats present
in wood pulp. Papier, 1965; 19(10A):
711–719.
29 Assarsson, A., H. Jonsen, O. Samuelson,
Influence of resin in viscose upon the
clogging of spinnerets. Svensk Papperstidn.,
1968; 5: 137–141.
30 Goransson, S., Effect of pulp extractives
in the viscose process. Svensk. Papperstidn.,
1968; 16: 533–543.
31 Sixta, H., The use of aspen wood for the
production of viscose pulp. R&D
Lenzing AG: Lenzing, 2004.
32 Rasanen, R.H., J. Erva, M. Saaristo.
Evaluation of viscose pulp at a pulp
mill. In Dissolving Pulp Conference.
Atlanta, GA.: Tappi, 1973: 25–41.
33 Berzings, V., J.E. Tasman, The relationship
of the kappa number to the lignin
content of pulp materials. Pulp Paper
Canada, 1957; 9: 154–158.
34 Chinchloe, P.R. Residual lignin in dissolving
grade pulp. In Dissolving Pulps
Conference. Atlanta, GA: Tappi, 1973.
35 Bergner, C., B. Philipp, S. Schulze,
Untersuchungen zur Menge und Verteilung
mineralischer Verunreinigungen
in Buchensulfit-Textilzellstoffen. Zellstoff
und Papier, 1990; 39(1): 11–16.
36 Schelosky, N., T. Roder, T. Baldinger,
Molecular mass distribution of cellulose
products by size exclusion chromatography
in DMAC/LiCl. Das Papier, 1999;
53(12): 728–738.
37 Hermans, P.H., The analogy between
the mechanism of deformation of cellulose
and that of rubber. J. Phys. Chem.,
1941; 45: 827–836.
38 Avela, E., et al., Sulphite pulps for
HWM-fibres. Pure Appl. Chem., 1967;
14(3–4): 289–301.
39 Treiber, E.E., Zellstoffe fur Modalfasern.
Lenzinger Ber., 1988; 64: 19–22.
40 Treiber, E. Gegenwartiger Stand und
Zukunftstrend des Viskoseverfahrens
und seines Rohstoffes. In 4th International
Symposium on Man-Made Fibres.
Kalinin, USSR, 1986.
41 Rohrling, J., et al., A novel method for
the determination of carbonyl groups in
cellulosics by fluorescence labeling. 2.
Validation and applications. Biomacromolecules,
2002; 3: 969–975.
42 Schleicher, H. and H. Lang, Carbonylund
Carboxylgruppen in Zellstoffen
und Celluloseprodukten. Das Papier,
1994; 12: 765–768.
43 Beyer, M., C. Baurich, K. Fischer, Mechanism
of light- and thermal-induced yellowing
of pulps. Das Papier, 1995;
49(10A): V8–V14.
44 Beving, H.F.G., O. Theander, Degradation
of methyl alpha-D-glucohexo-1,5-
dialdopyranoside in aqueous solution.
Acta Chim. Scand., Ser. B, 1975; 29(5):
577–581.
45 Baldinger, T., A. Potthast, Evaluation of
keto groups generated along the cellulose
chain from combined GPC-CCOA
measurement. CD Laboratory, Internal
Report: Vienna, 2004.
46 Sixta, H., R. Moslinger, Influence of
ozone bleaching with Z-stage in various
positions within a TCF sequence on
thermal-induced discoloration of a
beech sulfite dissolving pulp. R&D
Lenzing AG: Lenzing, 2004.
47 Gratzl, J.S., Lichtinduzierte Vergilbung
von Zellstoffen – Ursachen und Verhutung.
Das Papier, 1985; 39(10A):
V14–V23.
48 Philipp, B., J. Baudisch, W. Stohr, Zum
Einflu. einiger chemischer Faktoren
auf den thermischen Abbau der Cellulose.
Cellulose Chem. Technol., 1972; 6:
379–392.
49 Buchert, J., et al., Significance of xylan
and glucomannan in the brightness
reversion of kraft pulps. Tappi, 1997;
80(6): 165–171.
50 Fink, H., E. Walenta, Rontgenbeugungsuntersuchungen
zur ubermolekularen
Struktur von Cellulose im
Verarbeitungsproze.. Das Papier, 1994;
48: 739–748.
51 Kunze, J., A. Ebert, H.-Fink, Characterization
of cellulose and cellulose ethers
by means of 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Cellulose
Chem. Technol., 2000; 34: 21–34.
52 Baldinger, T., J. Moosbauer, H. Sixta,
Supermolecular structure of cellulosic
materials by FTIR spectroscopy calibrat1066
11 Pulp Properties and Applications
ed by WAXS and 13C NMR. Lenzinger
Ber., 2000; 79: 15–17.
53 Fink, H.-P., et al., Evaluation of new
organosolv dissolving pulps. Part II:
Structure and NMMO processability of
the pulps. Cellulose, 2004; 11: 85–98.
54 Akim, E.L., Manufacture and chemical
treatment of dissolving pulps. Tappi,
1978; 61(9): 111–114.
55 Steege, H.H., B. Philipp, Production,
characterization, and use of microcrystalline
cellulose. Zellst. Pap., 1974; 23(3):
68–73.
56 Sixta, H., Comparative evaluation of
TCF bleached hardwood dissolving
pulps. Lenzinger Ber., 2000; 79: 119–128.
57 Schleicher, H., B. Philipp, Effect of activation
on the reactivity of cellulose. Das
Papier, 1980; 34(12): 550–555.
58 Philipp, B., R. Lehmann, C. Rauscher,
Influence of cellulose material on the
course of alkali cellulose formation. Faserforschung
und Textiltechnik, 1959; 10:
22–35.
59 Hinck, J.F., R.L. Casebier, J.K. Hamilton,
Dissolving Pulp Manufacturing. In
Sulfite Science & Technology, J.K.O. Ingruber,
P.E. Al Wong, Eds. TAPPI, CPPA:
Atlanta, 1985: 213–243.
60 Wallis, A.F.A., R.H. Wearne, Preparation
of chemical cellulose from radiata
pine bisulfite pulps without using chlorine-
containing reagents. Appita, 1992;
45(4): 239–242.
61 Sioumis, A.A., A.F.A. Wallis, Chemical
celluloses derived from Pinus radiata
wood pulps for nitrocellulose preparation.
Polymer Int., 1991; 25: 203–209.
62 El-Din, N.M.S., F.F.A. El-Megeid, The
effect of cold alkali pretreatment on the
reactivity of some cellulosic pulps
towards acetylation. Holzforschung,
1994; 48: 496–500.
63 Temming, H., H. Grunert, Temming
linters: technical informations about
cotton cellulose, ed. Peter Temming
AG. Gluckstadt: J.J. Augustin, 1972.
64 Purz, H.J., H. Graf, H.-Fink, Electron
microscopic investigations of fibrillar
and coagulation structure of cellulose.
Das Papier, 1995; 49(12): 714–730.
65 Yllner, S., B. Enstrom, Studies of the
adsorption of xylan on cellulose fibres
during the sulphate cook. Part 1. Svensk.
Papperstidn., 1956; 59: 229–234.
66 Yllner, S., B. Enstrom, Studies of the
adsorption of xylan on cellulosic fibres
during the sulphate cook. Part 2. Svensk.
Papperstidn., 1957; 60(15): 549–554.
67 Sixta, H., Investigation of xylan precipitation
during kraft cooking. R&D,
Lenzing AG: Lenzing, 2002: 8.
68 Hupfl, J., J. Zauner, Testing dissolving
pulps by use of a laboratory-scale viscose
plant.. Das Papier, 20(3): 125–132.
69 Dahlmann, O., J. Sjoeberg. Comparative
study of different approaches for analyzing
carbohydrates at the surface of
chemical pulp fibers. In Seventh European
Workshop on Lignocellulosics
and Pulp. Turku/Abo, Finland: Abo
Akademi, 2002: 111–114.
70 Sjoeberg, J., et al., Fiber surface and
inner layer analysis of the polysaccharide
composition in sulfate and sulfite
dissolving pulps using enzymatic peeling
and CZE. In 227th ACS National
Meeting, Anaheim, CA., 2004.
71 Luce, J.E., Radial distribution of properties
through the cell wall. Pulp Paper
Mag. Can., 1964: 419–423.
72 Sixta, H., Preparation and characterization
of spruce and beech dissolving
pulps prepared by both acid sulfite and
prehydrolysis kraft cooking. R&D,
Lenzing AG: Lenzing, 2002.
73 Gruber, E., S. Ezzat, J. Schurz, Zellstoff-
Eigenschaften und Faserlange. II. Chemische
Reaktivitat bei homogenen und
heterogenen Reaktionen. Das Papier,
1976; 30(4): 133–138.
74 Dubach, M., M. Rutishauser, Deresinification
of sulfite pulps by fiber fractionation.
Das Papier, 1957; 11: 37–43.
75 Yaldez, R., Fractionation of beech dissolving
pulp. Lenzinger Ber., 2000; 79:
143–148.
76 Maloney, T.C., T. Johansson,
H. Paulapuro, Removal of water from
the cell wall during drying. Paper Technol.,
1998; 39(6): 39–42, 44–57.
77 Maloney, T.C., H. Paulapuro, The formation
of pores in the cell wall. J. Pulp
Paper Sci., 1999; 25(12): 430–436.
78 Stone, J.E., A.M. Scallan, The effect of
component removal upon the porous
structure of the cell wall of wood. II.
References 1067
Swelling in water and the fiber saturation
point. Tappi, 1967; 50(10): 496–501.
79 Stone, J.E., A.M. Scallan, Structural
model for the cell wall of water-swollen
wood pulp fibers based on their accessibility
to macromolecules. Cellulose
Chem. Technol., 1968; 2(3): 343–358.
80 Bredereck, K., W.A. Schick, E. Bader,
Characterization of the pore structure of
water-swollen cellulose fibers. Makromolekulare
Chemie, 1985; 186(8):
1643–1655.
81 Bredereck, K., A. Blueher, A. Hoffmann-
Frey, The determination of pore structure
of cellulose fibers by exclusion
measurement. Papier, 1990; 44(12):
648–656.
82 Jayme, G., L. Rothamel, Development of
a standard centrifugal method for determining
the swelling values of pulps.
Papier, 1948; 2: 7–18.
83 Scallan, A.M., J.E. Carles, Correlation of
the water retention value with the fiber
saturation point. Svensk. Papperstidn.,
1972; 75(17): 699–703.
84 Urquhart, A.R., The mechanism of
adsorption of water by cotton. J. Textile
Inst., 1929; 20: T125–T132.
85 Newman, R.H., J.A. Hemmingson. Cellulose
cocrystallization in hornification
of kraft pulp. In 9th International Symposium
of Wood and Pulp Chemistry.
Montreal, Canada, 1997.
86 Roder, T., H. Sixta. Thermal treatment
of cellulose pulps and its influence to
cellulose reactivity. In ISWPC. Madison,
WI, 2003.
87 Gruber, E., C. Schneider, W. Schempp,
Measuring the extent of hornification of
pulp fibers. Int. Papierwirtsch., 2001; 4:
T72–T75.
88 Fischer, K., W. Goldberg, M. Wilke,
Radiation pre-treatment of pulp for the
production of regenerated fibre production.
Lenzinger Ber., 1985; 59(8): 32–37.
89 Kuhn, W., Kinetics of the destruction of
high-molecular chains. Ber. Chem.
Dtsch. Ges., 1930; 63: 1503–1509.
90 Philipp, B., Struktur und Reaktivitat der
Cellulose als Schwerpunkte der Celluloseforschung
im Institut fur Polymerenchemie
in Teltow-Seehof. Das Papier,
1991; 12: 764–772.
91 Krassig, H.A., Cellulose: Structure, Accessibility
and Reactivity. Polymer Monographs.
M.B. Huglin, Ed.. Vol. 11. Gordon
and Breach Science Publishers,
1993: 258–323.
92 Schenker, C., M.A. Heath, Development
of high purity dissolving wood pulp for
tire cord production. Tappi, 1959; 42(8):
709–712.
93 Patt, R., D.L.-K. Wang, Qualitatsbeurteilung
von Chemiezellstoffen. Teil 2:
Alkaliloslichkeit und Gesamtzuckeranalyse.
Das Papier, 1987; 41(1): 7–12.
94 Methylenblue method, In Methods in
Carbohydrate Chemistry, Academic
Press, New York, ed.: R.L. Whistler, Vol.
III, 35–36.
95 Steinmeier, H., Acetate manufacturing,
process and technology. Chemistry of
Cellulose Acetylation. In Macromol.
Symp. 208; [Cellulose Acetates: Properties
and Applications, ed.: R. Rustemeyer,
Wiley-VCH], 2004, 49–60.