- •1.Read and translate following international words paying attention to the parts of speech.
- •2.Pay attention to meaning of following “false friends of translator” :
- •3.Remember pronunciation and translation of following words and word-combinations from the text:
- •9.Read the text and give its main idea:
- •10.Find in the text the English equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:
- •7. Name the English verbs forming the following nouns and translate them:
- •8.Read the text, try to understand its main idea:
- •9.Find the correspondence:
- •10.Using the text answer the question: “ What is the theoretical base for solving ecological problem?”
- •12. Say about the point of view of Western scientists on ecological problem. Make up the dialogue.
- •13.Say what measures are decided for solving ecological problems in our country? What documentreflects this?
- •2. Open the brackets and insert the right form instead of the Infinitive. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •3. State the form of the Subjunctive Mood and translate the following sentences.
- •4. Translate the following sentences and underline the verb-predicate in the Subjunctive Mood.
- •5. Translate the following pairs of words, pay attention to the meaning of the prefixes.
- •6. Read the text and define the main idea:
- •13. Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate form.
- •18. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the meaning words – after, before:
- •19. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the different meanings: because – тому що, бо; because of – через, завдяки тому що, із-за
- •20. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to - for:
- •21. Point out which of the sentences “ to have, to be “ are used as Modal verbs. Translate the sentences.
- •22. Form the Nouns using the following suffixes and translate them:
- •1. Read the following paragraphs of the text and define their main idea.
- •2. Write out from the text and translate the words and word-combinations connecting with the preserving the environment.
- •8. Find the correspondence definitions:
- •8 Read the text and reproduce its main idea:
- •15. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the different meanings of “ but”:
- •16. Define the function “for” and translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •17. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the meanings “ also”.
- •18. Translate into Ukrainian, pay attention to the preposition “by”:
- •19. Form the words using the following suffixes and translate them:
- •1. Read and translate the following international words:
- •2. Remember the pronunciation and translation of the following words:
- •4. Check your knowledge the following words with the help of terminological dictionary:
- •5. Read the text and give the main idea:
- •In the end, finelly – нарешті
- •10. Using the rules put the comma into the sentences:
- •5.Read the text and in two-three sentences give its main idea:
- •6. Complete the following sentences using the text:
- •7. Complete the following sentences with the phrase from the text:
- •9. Read and discuss:
- •6. Read the text and give its main idea in two-three sentences:
- •3. Form with the help of suffixes –(a) (t) ion or –ment corresponding nouns from the following verbs and translate them.
- •4. Check your knowledge and uderstanding the following words with the help of terminological dictionary:
- •5. Find the Ukrainian equivalents of the following word-combinations:
- •6. Read the text and say what new information have you got:
- •5.Read the text and name the measures of protection of the soil against erosion:
- •5. Read the text and make up the plan to it:
- •5.Read the text and make up the plan to it:
- •10 Use the Past Simple, Present Perfect, Past Perfect of the verbs in the brackets and translate the sentences:
- •11. Translate the following sentences into English using the corresponding Tenses:
- •7. Translate the questions and find the answers on them:
- •8. Make up the dialogue using the translated questions and the information from the text.
- •9. Use the Present Simple, Past Simple, Present Continuous, Past Continuous of the verbs in brackets:
- •10 Use the Past Simple, Present Perfect, Past Perfect of the verbs in the brackets and translate the sentences:
- •11. Translate the following sentences into English using the corresponding Tenses:
- •9.Open the brackets using the corresponding tense of the verb:
- •10. Translate into English using the rules of the sequence of tenses:
- •11.Change the following sentences from Direct into Indirect Speech:
- •1.Read and define the meaning of the following words:
- •2. Read and remember the following words:
- •3. Give the correspondence:
- •4.Check your knowledge the following words with of the terminological dictionary:
- •5. Read the text , translate it and give the main idea in two-three sentences:
- •14. Translate into Ukrainian. Define the function of the Participle, Gerund and Verbal Noun.
- •15. Translate into English using the Gerund
5.Read the text and in two-three sentences give its main idea:
SOURCES AND COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS
Scientists distinguishbetween natural and artificial sources of atmospheric pollution.
Natural pollution of the atmosphere occur when volcanoes erupt, rock is weathered, dust storms take place, forest fires occur as a result of lightning, andd sea salt is washed ashore. The atmosphere always containsaeroplankton ( bacteria, including those causing disease) , fungi spores, plant pollen, etc.
Artificial pollution of the atmosphere is characteristic mostly of cities and industrial districts. Cities and suburbs contain numerous industrial enterprises, automobiles and heating system which pollute the atmosphere and negatively influence the local climate. It has been established that air pollution in urban areas grows in proportion to the population.
For a long time the problem of air pollution in the cities was chiefly connected with coal-burning in heating system which emitted smoke, ashes and sulphurous gas ( SO ). Today industrial enterprises and automobiles are the primary sources of atmospheric pollution.
Industry pollutes the atmosphere by emissions of harmful gases and industrial dust. Thermal electric plants, metallurgical and chemical factories, oil refineries, cement and other works are sources of air pollution.
The chemical composition of emissions the atmosphere is different depending onthe kind of fuel, of raw materials, technology, etc. For example, blast furnace gas contains poisonous carbon monoxide, while the smoke of aluminum factories pollutes the atmosphere with fluoride compounds. Paper manufacturing enterprises emit soot, sulphurous anhydride, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan into the air. The making of synthetic fibres ( nylon, for example ) is accompanied by the emmition of toxic carbon disulfide ( CS ) and hydrogen sulfide.
Large amounts of dust are emitted into the atmosphere by themal electric plants using low-grade coals that yield large quantities of soot and a high percentage of sulfer-containing compounds. Most electric power plants which burn 2,000 tons of low-grade coal a day emit about 400 tons of sulphurous gas every day.
The number of automobiles is rapidly increasing in all industrial countries. There are more than 300 million motor vehicles in the world today. The automobile is a convenient means of transport, but it has a negative influence on the environment. It is estimated that one car burns up the amount of fresh air needed for 100 adults to breathe. At the same time, it emits the same amount of fumes into the atmosphere.
Reseach carried out in the country has shown that automobile exhaust gases are a complicated mixture of many components. But their diversity may be broken down into several groups.
The first group includes non-toxic substances: nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and water vapour. Carbon doixide ( CO ) may also be included inthis group as it is not a threat to man.
The cecond group includes carbon monoxide ( CO ), a very toxic gas and present inlarge quantities ( up to 12 per cent).
The third group consists of the nitrogen monoxide ( NO ) and dioxide ( NO ), also very toxic.
The fourth, most numerous group of substances consists of the carbohydrates, including: ethylene, acetylene, methane, propane, toluene, and others.
The fifth group is made up of the aldehydes, mostly the very toxic formaldehyde ( formalin).
Finely, the sixth group is soot emitted by Diesel engines. It has the capacity to adsorb the carcinogenic substances contained in exhaust fumes.
City air is polluted not only by exhaust fumes but also by the products of their oxidization, often more toxic than the initial substance. One of them is ozone which useful in small quantities, but is deadly poisonous in large concentrations.
The problem of radioactive pollution of the atmosphere arose in 1945 after the atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since then atomic weapons have become much more powerful and have been stockpiled in large quantities.
When an atom bomb explodes, an extremely high level of radiation covers an enormous area for a long period of time as the radioactive particles are dispersed. From the atmosphere, the radioactive products fall on the earth, polluting the soil, water bodies and living organisms. Finely dispersed dust is carried many thousand of kilometres away and cause global radioactive pollution of the atmosphere.
Radioactive elements ( isotopes ) formed during the explosion are taken in the human body in different ways and have different effect.