Human Body

You will need to learn (or refresh in your memory) the names of the internal (inside the skin) and external body parts. You will also need to know the words for the functions of each of these body parts. Here are the basics to get you started.

Head

Inside the head is the brain, which is responsible for thinking. The top of a person's scalp is covered with hair. Beneath the hairline at the front of the face is the forehead. Underneath the forehead are the eyes for seeing, the nose for smelling, and the mouth for eating. On the outside of the mouth are the lips, and on the inside of the mouth are the teeth for biting and the tongue for tasting. Food is swallowed down the throat. At the sides of the face are the cheeks and at the sides of the head are the ears for hearing. At the bottom of a person's face is the chin. The jaw is located on the inside of the cheeks and chin. The neck is what attaches the head to the upper body.

Upper Body

At the top and front of the upper body, just below the neck is the collar bone. On the front side of the upper body is the chest, which in women includes the breasts. Babies suck on the nipples of their mother's breasts. Beneath the ribcage are the stomach and the waist. The navel, more commonly referred to as the belly button, is located here as well. On the inside of the upper body are the heart for pumping blood and the lungs for breathing. The rear side of the upper body is called the back, inside which the spine connects the upper body to the lower body.

Upper Limbs (arms) The arms are attached to the shoulders. Beneath this area is called the armpit or underarm. The upper arms have the muscles known as triceps and biceps. The joint halfway down the arm is called the elbow. Between the elbow and the next joint, the wrist, is the forearm. Below the wrist is the hand with four fingers and one thumb. Beside the thumb is the index finger. Beside the index finger is the middle finger, followed by the ring finger and the little finger. At the ends of the fingers are fingernails.

Lower Body

Below the waist, on left and right, are the hips. Between the hips are the reproductive organs, the penis (male) or the vagina (female). At the back of the lower body are the buttocks for sitting on. They are also commonly referred to as the rear end or the bum (especially with children). The internal organs in the lower body include the intestines for digesting food, the bladder for holding liquid waste, as well as the liver and the kidneys. This area also contains the woman's uterus, which holds a baby when a woman is pregnant.

Lower Limbs (legs) The top of the leg is called the thigh, and the joint in the middle of the leg is the knee. The front of the lower leg is the shin and the back of the lower leg is the calf. The ankle connects the foot to the leg. Each foot has five toes. The smallest toe is often called the little toe while the large one is called the big toe. At the ends of the toes are toenails.

Exercise 17. Choose the word which best completes the sentences:

Top of Form

1	Your tonsils can get swollen when you have a sore _____. thigh toe throat lips
2	Theу _____ is located in the middle of the arm. elbow ankle shoulder knee
3	My Dad's little _____was lost in the accident. thumb toe wrist armpit
4	The patient lost so much weight his _____ were sunken in. calves thigh muscle cheeks
5	We'll put a cool cloth on your _____to get your fever down. knees tongue teeth forehead
6	Another word for belly button is _____. knee naval chest stomach
7	The newborn is getting his_____changed in the nursery. thigh bum shin heart
8	She may never walk again because her_____was so badly injured. uterus spine finger eye
9	The_____on his knee was scraped off when he hit the road. collar bone limbs teeth skin
10	Your grandfather will be able to walk better after his _____ surgery. chin waist hip arm

Exercise 18. In this table there are 41 words for parts of the body and six categories. Decide which category/ies each part belongs to. The first one has been done for you as an example.

	arm	hand	leg	foot	torso	head
abdomen					*
achilles tendon
ankle
buttock
calf
cheek
chest
chin
ear
elbow
eye
eyebrow
eyelash
eyelid
finger
forearm
forehead
gum
hair
hip
knee
knuckle
lip
nail
navel
neck
nipple
nose
palm
rib
scalp
shoulder
sole
temple
thigh
throat
thumb
toe
tongue
tooth
wrist

NOTES ON SYNONYMS

verb	adjective	noun
hurt	---	---
ache	---	ache	← dull and continuous (back, head, tooth, ear, stomach, etc.)
---	painful	pain	← extreme and more sudden(for other parts of the body: pain in my elbow, etc.)
injure	injured	injury	← in an accident
wound	wounded	wound	← in wars/in a fight

Exercise 19. Match a person in A with suitable lines from B and C. Make at least one sentence for each person.

A	B				C
The nurse	performed				his knee.
The surgeon	suffered				her wrist.
The accident victim	had				in the smoky atmosphere.
The toddler	took				during the crossing.
The teenager	fell over and grazed				the patient’s temperature.
The pregnant woman	felt faint				a difficult operation.
The old man	felt sea-sick				in the attack.
The tennis player	sprained				on a stretcher.
The racing driver	was wounded				a heart attack.
The soldier	was carried				from sunburn.
The gardener	was stung				the crash.
The ferry passengers	was lucky to survive		by a wasp .
The holidaymaker				spots on her face.

Exercise 20. Choose the word or phrase which best completes the sentences.

1. wounded injured damaged

Footballer Jimmie White was___ in the second half of the match in a tackle with the goalkeeper.

2. sprained sore dislocated

He’ll be out of the game for several weeks with a ___ shoulder.

3. a bandage stitches a sling

My daughter fell off her bike and she had to have ___ in her leg.

4. pain ache indigestion

Suddenly Tom felt a sharp ___ in his stomach.

5. bruises a rash warts

Whenever I eat shellfish I get ___ all over my body.

6. allergic to allergic with allergic from

Lots of people are ___ shellfish.

7. a blister blemish a boil

Ouch! I’ve got ___ on my heel from these new shoes.

8. drowsy tipsy dizzy

My husband hates heights. When he looks down, he feels ___.

9. run in run over run down

There’s nothing seriously wrong with me. I’m just a bit ___because I’ve been working so hard recently.

10. damages hurts injures

There’s no doubt about it. Smoking ___ your health.

Exercise 21. Read the text and answer the questions.

Management of Thermal Burns

Most patients with burns are first seen by a physician in the emergency room of a general hospital, where the question of disposition will arise. The mortality rate of patients hospitalized in specialized burn units is approximately 14 percent, the most significant factors contributing to death are age and the total surface area of the body involved. The mortality and morbidity rates from burns in persons over 50 rise sharply.

Patients with minor burns of less than 15% of the total body surface can usually be treated initially as outpatients. Patients with moderate burns of 15% to 30% of the total body surface should be admitted to a general hospital. Patients with critical burns, greater than 30% or burns involving the face, hands, feet or perineum preferably should be treated in a major hos­pital under the care of a surgeon experienced in burn treat­ment. The presence of such medical conditions as diabetes, alcoholism, cardiac disease, or inhalation injury, pulmonary disease, as well as chemical or electrical burns, may increase the risk factor considerably and necessitate admission to a specialized hospital.

The presence of inhalation injury is a severe complication of thermal burns and may increase the mortality rate consider­ably. Inhalation injury should be suspected from a history of a fire in an enclosed space, the presence of facial burns, lesion of the pharynx and edema of the vulva, and hoarseness. Patients who are unconscious with no other demonstrable cause also should be suspected of having inhalation injury.

The most immediate threat to the patient is usually upper airway obstruction and the presence of toxic blood levels of carboxyhemoglobin. In the presence of these signs even if the patient appears to be stable, it is necessary to perform endotracheal intubation, since delay may cause considerable soft tissue swelling about the pharynx which will make intubation at a later time very difficult.

In recent years increasing emphasis has been placed on the early psychological support of the burn patient. The care of the burn patient is a team effort, the presence, as soon as pos­sible, after injury of a psychologist, a psychiatrist and skilful rehabilitation experts being essential to improve the quality of life of patients who survive the injury.

From Surgery, 1983

1. Who are most patients with burns first seen by?

2. What are the significant factors contributing to death in case of burns?

3. Who can be treated as an outpatient?

4. Who should be admitted to a general hospital?

5. The presence of such medical conditions as diabetes, alcoholism, cardiac disease, or inhalation injury, pulmonary disease, as well as chemical or electrical burns, does not increase the risk factor considerably and necessitate admission to a specialized hospital, does it?

6. Why is inhalation injury a severe complication?

7. What should unconscious patients be suspected of?

8. What has an increasing emphasis been placed on in recent years?

Exercise 22. Fill in the gaps with prepositions where necessary:

The most immediate threat _1_ the patient is usually upper airway obstruction and the presence_2_ toxic blood levels _3_carboxyhemoglobin. _4_ the presence _5_these signs even if the patient appears to be stable, it is necessary to perform endotracheal intubation, since delay may cause considerable soft tissue swelling _6_ the pharynx which will make intubation _7_ a later time very difficult.

_8_ recent years increasing emphasis has been placed _9_ the early psychological support of the burn patient. The care of the burn patient is a team effort, the presence, as soon as pos­sible, after injury of a psychologist, a psychiatrist and skilful rehabilitation experts being essential to improve the quality _10_ life of patients who survive the injury.

Exercise 23. Fill in the gaps with articles where necessary.

In 1978 _1_Gavriil Ilizarov, Director of the Kurgan Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Orthopedics and Traumatology received Lenin Prize for developing _2_ new tech­nique of treating injuries and diseases of the locomotor sys­tem. There was _3_ time when _4_serious fractures aggravated by _5_ osteomyelitis were regarded incurable. _6_ shortened bone left _7_ patient with a permanent malfunction. Later on, however,_8_ doctors learned how to stretch _9_ bones of the hands and feet, but it was hard going for both doctors and patients, who experienced severe pain and were confined to _10_ bed for five or six months. With that technique the bone could be stretched maximum from three to five centimeters, but it was nevertheless _11_ great success.

Ilizarov's method enables one to stretch _12_ bone as much as it is necessary and it can be done at _13_ out-patient clinic. _14_method is not too painful and there is now _15_ apparatus to control the bone growth, to accelerate the healing of fractures and to rectify bone deformities.

Exercise 24. Match the following parts of the sentences in A with suitable lines in B:

A	B
Thirteen people died and more than seventy people The trains collided near the village of "It's like a scene The sight was The Police were investigating the accident — At least 56 people were admitted to Emergency teams were using cranes to help "It's possible that more victims may be found,"	from a bomb explosion. the fourth fatal crash in three years. were injured in train collision in Northern England in March 2001. said Gary Barnett, area commander for North Yorkshire police. hospitals and three had critical injuries. hor­rible," said a doctor from North Yorkshire Ambulance Service. remove bodies from the wreckage. Great Heck, about 320 kilometers north of London.

Exercise 25.Fill in the missing words from the box into the idioms below.

*An idiom is a group of words that has a completely different meaning from the meaning of each word on its own. Idioms really have to be learnt as complete phrases, each with its own unique and often unexpected meaning.

An explanation of each idiom is given in the right column.

recharge par fit turn sorts right weather grave rain strong run rest picture about catch legs clean thread death

		explanation
to be fighting…	to be extremely healthy
as right as…	completely healthy, especially after an illness
to feel … down	to feel tired and unhealthy
to look the … of health	to be in very good health
to be given a … bill of health	to be told officially that you are in good health
to look like … warmed up	to look very tired or ill
not … in the head	be mentally ill; crazy
still going …	still active and in good health
to be up and …	to be well enough to walk about after you have been in bed because of an illness or an accident
to be on your last …	to be very ill and likely to die soon
hanging by a …	to be in a very dangerous situation and close to death
to take a … for the worse/better	to become worse/better
to feel under the …	to feel slightly ill; not to be as well as usual
to … a cold	to become ill with a cold
to feel out of…	not feeling very well
to have one foot in the …	to be very old or very ill
to lay someone to …	to bury someone
to … your batteries	to get back your strength and energy again
to feel below …or not to be up to …	to feel a little ill or lacking in energy

Exercise 26. A fast way to expand your vocabulary is to make sure you know the different forms of the words you learn. The words in this list are all verbs. What are the noun forms? Part A: Write them in the second column. The first one has been done for you as an example.

1. diagnose …diagnosis…

2. examine

3. prescribe

4. suffer

5. operate

6. cure

7. recover

8. analyse

9. infect

10. experience

11. replace

12. degenerate

13. refer

14. exceed

15. withdraw ……….

Part B: Rewrite the sentences below using nouns instead of verbs. Do not change the meanings of the sentences. The first one has been done for you as an example.

1. I diagnosed that the patient had a heart condition. My …………….

2. I examined the patient fully. I made ………………….

3. I prescribed a course of antibiotics. I wrote ……………….

4. He suffered very little. He experienced ………………..

5. We operated immediately. The…………………….

6. This disease cannot be cured. There is ………………….

7. He has recovered fully. He has made …………….

8. The lab analysed the blood sample. The lab made ………….

9. We found that the tissue was infected. We found ……………….

10. He has experienced six years of tropical work. He has ………….

11. We replaced the patient's hip. The patient……………….

12. His condition has degenerated. There has been……………….

13. The patient was referred to a specialist. The patient was given ………….

14. The amount of sugar in the blood sample exceeded the norm. There was ……….

15. This is the time to withdraw the drugs treatment. This is the time ………….

Exercise 27. Test your medical abbreviations. What do the following stand for? Check the ones you don't know in the dictionary.

A&E
AIDS
BMR
CAT
CHD
D&V
DOA
GP
HAV
HIV
MD
OTC
PM
PMA
PMT
RQ
RSI
SAD
SIDS
STD
TB
TBI
UV
VDH
WHO

Extension. Work with a partner and test each other. One partner closes the book, the other asks questions. For example: What does A and E stand for?

Exercise 28. Match the words in italics with their opposites in the box below

alive allow closed deteriorate ill front increase kill replace rough

1. The opposite of back is…

2. The opposite of cure is…

3. The opposite of dead is…

4. The opposite of improve is…

5. The opposite of healthy is…

6. The opposite of open is …

7. The opposite of prevent is…

8. The opposite of reduce is…

9. The opposite of smooth is…

10. The opposite of remove is…

Part B: Complete the sentences using the words from Part A. Use one word from each pair of opposites.

1. Antidotes are created to … bacteria.

2. He became excited, causing his pulse rate to ….

3. He was very ill, but now his condition has begun to ….

4. She hurt her … working in the garden.

5. She put cream on her hands, which were … from heavy work.

6. She had an operation to … her appendix.

7. The hospital is … to visitors from noon to five o’clock.

8. The doctors arrived too late: the patient was already ….

9. There’s nothing wrong with you: you are completely ….

10. This treatment is given to … the patient’s condition from getting worse.

Exercise 29. Fill in the gaps with the necessary words that deal with healthcare and medicine. (Look through the Ex.10). The first and the last letters of each word have been given to you.

1. It is best to get c________x as a child so that you don't get it worse as an adult.

2. We only call the c_____r if we think a death is suspicious.

3. You can't see her right now; she's in c______l c_______n.

4. I'd rather hop on one foot than use c______s.

5. We're going to remove the c___s just to be on the safe side.

6. The accident left the patient both d__f and blind.

7. The tests show that you have an iron d________y.

8. It is easy for the elderly to become d________d in this heat.

9. It is hard to watch a loved one suffering with d______a.

10. People with d______s have to constantly check their blood sugar levels.

11. The doctor would prefer to share the d_______s with the patient himself.

12. This pain medication should relieve some of your d________t.

13. I understand that this d_____e runs in your family.

14. You will have to wear a sling because of your d________d shoulder.

15. It is important that children know which number to dial in case of an e_______y.

WRITING

Exercise 33. Write 1-10 first aid tips for a poster on:

• bleeding

• burns and scalds

• choking

• collapsed casualties

• electrocution

• fractures

• frostbite

• hypothermia

• resuscitation

• shock

• stroke

Be ready to present the information in class.

PART III. PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE

Exercise 37. Read and translate the following text.