- •Common carriers
- •Private carriers
- •4. Common law obligations of carriers. Common law exemptions from carriers liability ynder the Hague-Visby Rules. Common low obligations of carriers
- •Common law exceptions from liability
- •5. Type of loss. Example of atl and ctl
- •1) Actual total loss (atl) may occur in 4 ways:
- •2) There is a constructive total loss (ctl) in the following cases:
- •1) Фактические суммарные потери (atl) могут возникать четырьмя способами:
- •2) Существует конструктивная полная потеря (ctl) в следующих случаях:
- •6. Particular average: definition. Particular average compared to general average. Example.
- •The main objectives of the York-Antwerp Rules. Rule a ga definition.
- •Extraordinary expenditures and sacrifices. Examples.
- •Interested parties in ga and their relative interests in the maritime venture.
- •Documents and evidence required from a ship in case of ga.
- •Cargo related incidents— documentary evidence
- •11. Ships agent and surveyors in ga. The procedure and the purposes of noting a sea protest.
- •12. Collisions: definition. Evidence prior to a collision and after a collision.
- •13. Sea protest. The structure of sp. The procedure and the purposes of noting a sea protest.
- •Evidence required in a collision when a vessel is under pilotage, anchored or moored.
- •Vessel under pilotage or in congested waters
- •Vessel moored
- •Interactive Root Causes Analysis. Definition. The main purpose of irca. 5 Whys method.
- •The main purpose of accident investigation and the main reasons for doing it.
- •3 Cause levels. Their definitions and examples.
- •Direct causes
- •Root causes
- •Reporting incident and accident onboard. The key stages in the accident investigation.
- •Near miss reports
- •Frauds with documents and cargo. Four scenarios.
- •Common law obligations of carriers. Common Law exemptions from carrier’s liability.
- •The objectives of the Hague-Visby Rules. Liabilities of carrier under the Hague-Visby Rules.
- •The exemptions from the carrier’s liability under the Hague-Visby Rules: Article 4, Rule 2(a).
- •Types of loss. Examples of actual total loss and constructive total loss.
- •Particular average: definition. Particular average compared to general average. Examples.
- •The main objectives of the York-Antwerp Rules. Rule a: ga definition.
- •Extraordinary expenditures and sacrifices. Examples.
- •Interested parties in ga and their relative interests in the maritime venture.
- •Documents and evidence required from a ship in a case of ga.
- •Collisions: definitions. Evidence prior to a collision and after a collision.
- •Sea protest. The procedure and the purposes of noting a sea protest.
- •Evidence required in a collision when a vessel is under pilotage, anchored or moored.
- •18.Interactive Root Cause Analysis illustrated with one of the cases.
- •The main purpose of accident investigation and the main reasons for doing it.
- •20. Reporting incidents and accidents on board. The key stages in the accident investigation.
- •4. 3 Purposes for deviation from the route of the voyage.
- •8.Ga contribution , bond and guarantee.
- •9.Ga adjuster and ga adjustment.
- •10.Ship’s agents and surveyors in ga.
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Interactive Root Causes Analysis. Definition. The main purpose of irca. 5 Whys method.
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The main purpose of accident investigation and the main reasons for doing it.
The main purpose of accident investigation is to improve safety performance (улучшить эффективность безопасности) by:
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exploring the reasons for the event and identifying both the immediate causes (непосредственные причины) and underlying causes (первопричины, основные причины),
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identifying the remedial action (исправительные действия) to improve the safety management system by improving risk control, preventing a recurrence (повторение) and reducing financial losses.
The only cure for accidents is prevention.
An accident is a hazardous occurrence which results in an injury to personnel.
An incident is a hazardous occurrence which has resulted in physical damage to the ship, her cargo, property or the environment. It also includes breaches of security such as pirates and stowaways.
A near miss (потенциально опасное происшествие) is a hazardous event which does NOT result in accident / injury but a situation has arisen where an accident or an incident could have happened.
Some examples of near misses which occur during day-to-day activities:
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A seaman is found aloft (на высоте) not wearing a safety harness,
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Acid is spilled while filling up emergency batteries,
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A cargo net breaks while taking on stores but there is no damage,
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Emergency action is required to avoid collision.
Examples of an incident and an accident:
Heavy cargo is being moved by an overhead crane and the sling breaks.
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Some of the cargo drops and hits some equipment, resulting in damage but no injury (incident).
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Some of the cargo hits a person working in the area. This is an injury accident.
Accidents which can be defined as minor are cut, bruise (синяк) or graze (ссадина, царапина),
Major accidents are broken bones, loss of limb, disability injury (потеря трудоспособности)
Accidents defined as 'serious' include those which involve death, severe injury or severe ill-health (серьёзное ухудшение здоровья).
Near misses should be reported to a Senior Officer or the Master who will complete a near miss report to send to the office.
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Near miss reports should be completed in full so that a complete picture of the incident can be built up.
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Near miss reports do not need to be signed.
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Once received by the office a near miss will be analysed and compared to other near misses. In this way, trends can be identified and changes put in place to improve safety onboard.
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Near miss reports should be filed onboard so that action can be followed up and they can be accessed by external examiners / auditors.
The main reasons for doing accident investigation are:
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to learn what happened and determine the immediate and underlying causes,
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to measure / introduce effective preventative measures,
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to prevent the same or worse accidents recurring,
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to establish training needs,
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to learn key lessons in safety management,
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to meet legal and moral responsibilities by implementing a "duty of care" (добросовестное отношение).