Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:
Guided Grammar (O.Melnik _O.Tarasenko_L.Burenko...doc
Скачиваний:
153
Добавлен:
07.05.2019
Размер:
1.71 Mб
Скачать

Appendix 3

Таблицы

Таблица 1. Вопросительные слова.

When ?

Когда ?

What?

Что ? Какой ?

What colour ?

Какого цвета ?

Where ?

Где ? Куда ?

Who?

Кто ?

Whom ?

Кого ? Кому?

Whose ?

Чей ?

Which ?

Который ?

Why ?

Почему ?

How ?

Как ?

How many ?

Сколько ? (с исчисляемыми сущ – ми)

How much ?

Сколько ? (с неисчисляемыми сущ –ми)

How long ?

Как долго?

Таблица 2. Видовременные формы английского глагола в активном залоге.

Present

Past

Future

Every day, usually, every year, seldom …

Yesterday, last time, last year, a week ago, when…

Tomorrow, next time, next year, in a week…

Simple

I

You

We

They

play

write

plays

writes

I

You

We

They

He

She

played

wrote

I

We

You will (‘ll) play

They will (‘ll) write

He

She

He

She

Do

I

you

we

they

play?

write?

Did

I

you

we

they

he

she

play?

write?

I

we

Will you

they

he

she

play?

write?

Does

he

she

I

You do not play

We (don’t) write

They

He does not play

She (doesn’t) write

I

You

We did not play

They (didn’t) write

He

She

I

We

You will not play

They (won’t) write

He

She

At the moment, now

At that time, yesterday, at 5 o’clock, when he came

Tomorrow, at this time, this time, next Monday

Progressive (be + ing – form)

I

am

playing

writing

I

He

She

was

playing

writing

I

We be playing

He will (‘ll)

She be writing

You

They

You

We

They

are

We

You

They

were

He

She

is

Am

I

playing?

writing?

Was

I

he

she

playing?

writing?

I

we be playing?

Will he

she be writing?

you

they

Are

you

we

they

Were

we you

they

Is

he

she

I am not

You

We are not playing

They (aren’t) writing

He is not

She (isn’t)

I

He was not

She (wasn’t)

playing

You writing

We were not

They (weren’t)

I

We

He will not be playing

She (won’t) be writing

You

They

Today, already, yet, this week (month, year), never, recently, since…

By 5 o’clock, by the end of…, when he came

By this time, next Monday, as soon as, he came

Prefect (have + V3)

I

You

We

They

have

played

written

I

You

We

They

He

She

had

played

written

I

We have played

You will

He have written

She

They

He

She

has

I

Have we

you

they

Has he

she

played?

written?

Had

I

we

you

they

he

she

played?

written?

I

we played?

Will you have

they written?

he

she

I

You have not

We (haven’t)

They played

written

He has not

She (hasn’t)

I

You

We had not played

They(hadn’t) written

He

She

I

We have played

You will not

He (won’t)

She have played

They

Present

Past

Future

Present

Past

Since then, for an hour, already, for a long time… How long...? Since when…?

Since the time when, before…

Perfect Progressive (have been + ing – from)

I

You have

We

They been playing

been writing

He has

She

I

You

We had been playing/ writing

They

He

She

I

we

Have you

they been playing?

been writing?

Has he

she

I

you

Had we been playing/ writing?

they

he

she

I

You

We have not

They (haven’t) been playing

been writing

He has not

She (hasn’t)

I

You

We had not been playing

They (hadn’t) been writing

He

She

Таблица 3. Местоимения some, any и их производные.

+

-

?

some

(некоторый, несколько)

not any

any

somebody/someone

(кто-то)

not anybody/anyone

nobody/no one

anybody/anyone

something

(что-то)

not anything

nothing

anything

somewhere

not anywhere

nowhere

anywhere

Таблица 4. Verb Patterns(1).

Verb + -ing

Verb +Infinitive

Verb + -ing/

Verb +Infin.

to V

V

like

want

can

begin

dislike

decide

could

start

love swimming

forget to phone

may come

continue

hate cooking

promise to come

might open

enjoy

need

must

finish

help

should

stop

hope

will

mind

try

would

suggest

agree

do/don’t

refuse

does/doesn’t

would like

would love

Таблица 5. Verb Patterns(2)

Verb +ing

Verb + infinitive

1) после составных глаголов, таких как: go on, keep on, give up, put off, etc.: Go on reading. He gave up smoking.

1) в качестве обстоятельства цели (отвечает на вопрос Why? Зачем? Для чего?): I am learning English to get a good job.

2) посkе любого глагола, имеющего предлог: depend on, look forward to, think of, etc.: I’m looking forward to hearing from you.

2) в качестве подлежащего после некоторых прилагательных:

It’s nice to see you. That book was difficult to read.

3)после прилагательных с фиксированным предлогом: be afraid of, be fond of, be interested in, be worth of, feel like, etc.: This film is worth seeing.

3) в качестве дополнения после вопросительных слов: Can you tell me how to get to the station?

I don’t know who to speak to.

4) после предлогов after, before, besides, on, without, instead of, etc.:

Before going abroad Nick visited his mother.

4) в качестве определения после неопределенных местоимений: I have nothing to give you.

Have you got anything else to say?

Таблица 6. Степени сравнения прилагательных.

Положительн.

(positive)

Сравнительн.

(comparative)

Превосходн.

(superlative)

A

-

-er

-est

Односложн.

прилагат.

low

nice

hot

lower

nicer

hotter

lowest

nicest

hottest

Двусложн.

прилагат.

на: 1) -y

pretty

prettier

prettiest

2) -ow

narrow

narrower

narrowest

3) -le

simple

simpler

simplest

4) -er

clever

cleverer

cleverest

B

-

more …

most …

Многослож.

прилагат.

useful

terrible

more useful

more terrible

most useful

most terrible

Исключения

good

bad

little

much/many

better

worse

less

more

best

worst

least

most

Таблица 7. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

Модальные глаголы и их значение

Эквиваленты

модальных глаголов

Present Simple

Past Simple

Future Simple

can

могу, умею

be able to

мочь, быть в состоянии

can

am

is able to

are

could

was

able to

were

___

shall

be able to

will

must

должен, обязан,

нужно,

необходимо

have to

be to

приходится,

должен

must

have (has) to

am (is, are) to

___

had to

was (were) to

___

shall (will) have to

___

may

могу,

имею разрешение

be allowed to

иметь разрешение

may

am

is allowed to

are

might

was

allowed to

were

___

shall (will) be allowed to

Таблица 8. Функции модальных глаголов.

Функции

Модальные

глаголы

Примеры

Ability

(способность, умение)

can

(в настоящем или будущем)

could

was/were able to

(повторяющиеся действия в прошлом)

was/were able to

(удалось)

couldn’t

wasnt/werent able to

(повторяющиеся или одиночные действия в прошлом)

Can you swim? No, I can’t. I can run fast though. – Умеешь ты плавать? Нет, не умею. Однако я умею быстро бегать.

She could/was able to dance for hours when she was young. – Она могла танцевать часами в молодости.

He was able to win the race. – Он смог выиграть гонки.

I couldn’t/wasn’t able to find my key. - Я не смог найти свои ключи.

He couldn’t/wasn’t able to ski when he was young. – Он не умел кататься на лыжах в молодости.

Possibility/ probability

(вероятность)

may (возможно)

might ( возможно)

could (возможно)

must (вероятно; должно быть)

cant

(Это невозможно; Я так не думаю)

can he be? (Разве это возможно?)

He may be before noon. – Он возможно вернётся до обеда.

There might be some cheese in the fridge. – В холодильнике возможно есть сыр.

He could still be at home. – Он возможно ещё дома.

They look alike. They must be twins. – Они очень похожи. Должно быть они близнецы.

You have been sleeping all day. You can’t be tired. – Ты весь день спал. Ты не можешь быть уставшей.

Can he still be at work? – Разве он может быть ещё на работе?

Permission

(разрешение)

can (неофициальное обращение)

could (более вежливое обращение)

may (официальное обращение)

might (ещё более официально)

Can I borrow your pen? – Можно мне взять твою ручку?

Could I borrow your car? – Разрешите мне взять вашу машину?

May I use your phone? – Разрешите воспользоваться вашим телефоном?

Might I see your driving license, please? – Вы позволите взглянуть на Ваши водительские права?

Requests, offers, suggestions

(просьбы, предложения)

can (просьба)

Could (вежливая просьба; предложение)

Would you like (вежливое предложение)

Shall I/we (предложение)

will (предложение, просьба)

Can you help me tidy my room? – Ты мог бы мне помочь убрать мою комнату?

Could I have a little more cake? – Можно мне ещё немного торта?

Would you like some more lemonade? – Хотите ещё лимонада?

Shall I post this letter for you? – Хотите я отправлю Ваше письмо?

Shall we buy him a present? – Может быть мы купим ему подарок?

I’ll make you some coffee if you want. – Я сделаю тебе кофе, если ты хочешь.

Will you do me a favour? – Вы не окажете мне любезность?

Advice (совет)

should

had better

You should go to the dentist. – Тебе следует пойти к стоматологу.

You’d better see your dentist. – Тебе следует пойти к стоматологу.

Obligation, necessity

(обязанность, необходимость)

must (должен, обязан)

have to (должен, вынужден)

I’ve got to

(необходимо)

We must follow the school rules. – Мы должны следовать школьным правилам.

I must see a doctor. – Мне нужно к врачу.

I have to do my homework every day. – Мне приходится делать домашнее задание каждый день.

I’ve got to leave early today. – Мне нужно уйти рано сегодня.

Absence of necessity/ prohibition

(отсутствие необходимости, запрет)

mustn’t (запрет)

can’t (запрет)

dont need/have to (нет необходимости в настоящем/ будущем)

didnt need/have to (не было необходимости в прошлом)

You mustnt park here. – Здесь нельзя парковаться. (Это запрещено)

You cant enter the club without a card. – Вы не можете войти в этот клуб без карточки.(Не разрешается)

You don’t need/have to do it now. You can do it later. – Тебе не нужно делать это сейчас. Ты можешь сделать это позже.

He didnt need|have to go to work yesterday because it was Sunday/ – Ему не нужно было идти вчера на работу, так как было воскресенье.

Таблица 9. Видовременные формы английского глагола в пассивном залоге.

Passive

Simple

Progressive

Perfect

Perfect Progressive

Present

sometimes, every day, often, always, etc.

am

is asked

are

now, still, at the moment

am

is being asked

are

already, ever, just, never, yet

have

been asked

has

Вместо отсутствующих форм

Perfect Progressive

употребляются формы

Perfect

Past

yesterday, two years ago, in 1995, etc.

was

asked

were

when he came, at that moment, etc.

was

being asked

were

by the time, already, etc.

have

been asked

has

Future

tomorrow

will be asked

вместо отсутствующей формы

Future Progressive употребляется

Future Simple

by the time in the future

will have been asked

Инфи-

нитив

be V3

be being V3

have been V3

Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]