Insert prepositions adverbs where necessary.

of, about, with, by, round, in

1. Decoding ability increases ___________ age.

2. Channel ___________ expression.

3. The looker is interested ___________ us.

4. It may signal ___________ a lack ___________ interest.

5. The “okay” gesture is made ___________ joining thumb and forefinger.

6. It has the same meaning ___________ the world.

EXERCISE 6.

Say, whether each of these statements is true or false. Correct false sentences.

1. A frowning stare can change the inappropriate behavior of an employee.

2. Nonverbal communication is the way we express ourselves by what we say.

3. Usually the contradiction between words and nonverbal clues is quite obvious.

4. Decoding ability increases with age and training.

5. The face is a tremendously complicated channel of expression.

EXERCISE 7.

Ask your fellow student:

1. if one may find difficult to interpret someone’s nonverbal behavior.

2. how many per cent of the emotional impact of a message come from nonverbal sources.

3. what expressions have the same meanings around the world.

4. what is the most interesting type of double message.

5. if it is possible to be certain which interpretation of nonverbal behavior is correct.

6. if facial expressions are less or more revealing than body cues.

EXERCISE 8.

Answer the questions:

1. What helps us to express emotions that accompany our verbal statements?

2. Can our faces, gestures, movements form a substitute for verbal statements?

3. What is nonverbal communication?

4. What can you say about the ability to understand nonverbal messages? Is it important? is the ability to understand nonverbal messages important?

5. Do non verbal languages differ in various cultures?

6. Do people often simultaneously express different and even contradicting messages in their verbal and nonverbal behaviors? Prove it.

7. What are the reasons for contradictory behavior?

8. What are the types of nonverbal communication?

EXERCISE 9.

Imagine how you could express each state on the following list nonverbally:

You are tired.

You're attracted to another person in the group.

You're angry with someone in the room.

EXERCISE 10.

What questions would you like to ask the author of the article? Formulate them in written form.

EXERCISE 11.

Is nonverbal communication culture bound? Prove it.

EXERCISE 12.

What are the main types of nonverbal communication? Describe them in writing.

Text 4. Differences Between Verbal and Nonverbal

Communication

Vocabulary notes

indispensable

the overwhelming amount

a constant, unstoppable process

ambiguous

vague

frown

deliberate

handshake

firm

straightforward

decisive

contradict

- необходимый

- превосходящее количество

- постоянный, непрерывный процесс

- двусмысленный

- смутный

- хмуриться

- преднамеренный

- рукопожатие

- твердый, решительный

- откровенный, прямой

- решающий

- противоречить

Nonverbal and verbal messages are both indispensable. It's hard to imagine how we could function without either one. Much of the value of these two ways of communicating come from their differences.

SINGLE VS. MULTIPLE CHANNELS

Most verbal messages - words, sentences, and paragraphs - reach us one at a time, rather like pearls on a string. In fact, it's physically impossible for a person to speak more than one word at a time. Unlike the spoken word, however, nonverbal messages don’t arrive in such an orderly, sequential manner. Instead, they bombard us simultaneously from a multitude of channels. Consider the everyday act of meeting a stranger for the first time. On a verbal level there's relatively little information exchanged in the clichés that occupy the first few minutes of most conversations ("How's it going ..." "Great weather we’ve been having ..."). But at the same moment the number of nonverbal messages available to you is overwhelming: the other people’s facial expressions, postures, gestures, the clothing they wear, the distance they stand from you, and so on. In one way this multichannel onslaught of nonverbal messages is a boon, since it provides so many ways of learning about others. In another sense, however, the number of simultaneous messages is a problem, for it's difficult to recognize the overwhelming amount of nonverbal information we receive from others every moment.

DISCRETE VS. CONTINUOUS

Verbal messages - words, sentences, and paragraphs - form messages with clear beginnings and endings. In this sense we can judge whether others are communicating verbally by observing whether they are speaking or writing. Unlike the written and spoken word, however, nonverbal communication is continuous and never ending. As we've already said, nonverbal communication is a constant, unstoppable process. The postures, gestures, and other types of messages provide a constant flow of messages. Even the absence of a message (an unanswered letter or an unreturned phone call) is a message. As one communication expert said when referring to nonverbal communication, "Nothing never happens."

CLEAR VS. AMBIGUOUS

Although verbal communication can be confusing, we have already seen that most nonverbal cues are even more vague. Nonverbal messages aren't completely ambiguous, of course. It's probably accurate to guess that a frown signifies some sort of negative feeling and that a smile indicates a positive emotion. But we often need language to tell what others feel as they do. Is the boss smiling because she likes your idea or because she finds it amusing, although completely impractical? Does your instructor's frown indicate confusion with your remarks or disagreement? The best way to find out is to ask for a verbal clarification, not to depend on your reading of the nonverbal cues.

VERBAL VS. NONVERBAL IMPACT

When we are exposed to both verbal and nonverbal messages, research shows that we find the nonverbal signals much more powerful. In a variety of settings (including job interviews, therapy sessions, first meetings), adults rely more on nonverbal messages than on words when interpreting the messages of others. Nonverbal cues are especially likely to carry weight when they contradict a speaker's words. In one series of experiments, friendly, neutral, and unfriendly verbal messages were paired with parallel nonverbal behaviors. Raters who judged the verbal and nonverbal messages separately found them equal in strength. But when the two messages were combined, the nonverbal ones accounted for as much as 12.5 times as much power as the verbal statements.

DELIBERATE VS. UNCONSCIOUS

Although we usually think about what we want to say before speaking or writing, most nonverbal messages aren't deliberate. Of course we do pay attention to some of our nonverbal behaviour: smiling when we want to convince others we're happy, or making sure our handshake is firm to show that we're straightforward and decisive. But there are so many nonverbal channels that it's impossible to think about and to control all of them. Thus, our slumping shoulders might contradict our smiles, and our sweating palms might cancel out all the self-confidence of our firm handshakes. The unconscious nature of most nonverbal behavior explains why it offers so many useful cues about how others are feeling.

EXERCISE 1.