UIB 2010 History of Kazakhstan Mukan S. M.

Lecture 16: The completion of the subjugation of Great Horde

The objective of the lecture: To show peculiarities of the subjugation of Great Horde and consequences of it.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Kokand moving to the Great Horde.

2. Subjugation of Great Horde by Russian empire.

    1. Russia was not only the state interested in gaining control of the Kazakh Steppe. Khan Omar of Kokand (reigned 1809-1922) led an expansionist policy toward the Kazakhs. After the conquest of Tashkent the armies of Kokand moved to Turkestan, than crossed over to the right bank of the Syrdarya.

    Many of the sultans of the Great Horde supported Kokand because Khan Omar permitted them to collect their customary taxes from the Kazakhs in return for collecting the za’akat and ushur in Omar’s name. In 1821 a group of some 12000 Kazakhs from Turkestan, Chimkent, Sairam and Aulie-Ata regions  led by Tentek Tore, revolted against the Khan of Kokand, but were defeated by Omar.

    In the 1830-s and 1840-s there were periodic skirmishes between Kazakhs and troops of the Khan of Kokand, and in 1858, after an increase in taxation was announced, Kazakhs attacked Kokand’s fortresses at Tokmak and Aulie-Ata and spreaded from Shymkent to Pishpek – one of the great uprising of the middle of XIX c.

    On December 20, 1863, Tsar Alexander II signed ukase ordering to attack Kokand during 1864. Preparations for the attack were completed in May and two separated armies were dispatched:

1. Colonel Verevkin left Perovsk with some 1500 men and marched toward Turkestan.

2. Colonel Chernaiev was sent from western Siberia to Turkestan with about 2500 men and 22 guns.

    On June 4, 1864 the combined armies took possession of Aulie-Ata and on June 9 began a successful three-day siege against Turkestan. After fall of that city they attempted to take Chimkent but failed until September 21, after an additional Russia attachment had been sent.

    In 1865 the oblast of Turkestan was formed under the administration of a military governor. Chernaiev was appointed to the post. On June 9, 1865 Chernaiev invaded to Tashkent, and after 3-days he conquered this town – the great political and economic center of Turkestan.

    Brief military campaigns were subsequently launched against Khiva and Bukhara in 1873 and both this khanates became Russian protectorates. The power of the khan of Kokand was broken and the city of Kokand surrendered to Russians in 1876.

    So, after defeat of Kokand, Bukhara and Khiva, Kazakhs of the Great Horde were subjugated by Russian empire.

    2. In the 1730-s, when the Khans of the Small and Middle Hordes joined to Russia, one part of the Great Hordes joined to Russia too. The majority of the Great Horde remained under the control of the Joungar state. After defeating Joungaria in 1756 one group migrated to Joungaria, another remained in Tashkent. A third group camped in the eastern Zhetisu region, and quickly established their independence from China.

    By the first part of the XIX c. this third group ruled by Sultan Suiuk (son of Ablay), found itself forced to choose between two powerful, expansionist states, Russia and Kokand. Suiuk decided that rule by Kokand was the greater evil and so in 1819 swore his loyalty to Russia. This fought an additional 66000 Kazakhs (of Zhalair tribe) under Russian rule.

    In 1820 the Governor-general of western Siberia sent a military detachment of 120 Cossacks to the territory of the Great Horde to secure the trade routes and to gain Russian control over the area without force. In 1824 an additional 50000 Kazakhs accepted Russian administration. The population was ruled in accordance with 1822 reforms but was released from yassak (animal tribute).

    In 1847 the Russians consolidated their hold over the Kopalsk region when all of the Kazaks migrating between Lepsi and Ili rivers, an additional 40000 families, accepted Russian administration. This resulted in the formation of Council on January 10, 1848, to administrate the Great Horde.

    In the 1820-s and 1830-s the Russian authorities at Orenburg and Omsk sent several military missions to expose the steppe. One the results of these missions were the ill-fated campaign against Khiva in 1839, led by Governor-General V.A.Perovskii of Orenburg. Perovskii expedition lost 1,000 men and most of its trasport. In 1847 Perovskii began an ambitious project to build two fortified lines: 1. Novoaleksandrovsk – from north-east corner of the Aral Sea for 300 miles along the Syr-Darya. From Semey to south.

    The construction of these two lines began with the building of a fort at Raim (Aralsk) and Kopalsk (in the region north of the Ili River) and ended six years later with the construction of Kazalinsk in 1853 and founding of Verny  (south of the Ili river) in 1854.

    After this the Russians began their campaign against Kokand, taking the fort at Ak-Mechet, which they renamed Perovsk (later Kzyl-Orda).

Lecture 17: Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIX c.

 

The objective of the lecture: Students should know economic and political development of Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIX c, and national uprisings as consequences of the Russian colonial policy.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Administrative reforms in Kazakhstan in 1867-1868.

2. Liberation movement of Kazakh sharua in 60-70-s of XIX c.

    1. The Provisional Statute on the Administration of the Zhetisu and Syrdarya Oblast, July 11, 1867, and the Provisional Statute on the Administration of Turgai, Akmolinsk, Uralsk, and Semipalatinsk Oblasts, October 21, 1868 were declared.

    All territory of Kazakhstan was divided into three General-governors.  The 1867 and 1868 legislation divided the Kazakh Steppe into six oblasts, each headed by military governor. The Kazakh oblasts in Turkestan – Syrdarya and Semirechey – were under the jurisdiction of the governor-general of Turkestan. Until 1891 there was no general-governor of the steppe, Uralsk and Turgai were under Orenburg governor-general and Akmolinsk and Semipalatinsk were administrated by the governor-general of Western Siberia.

    The oblast military governors were the commanders of the troops stationed within each territory. Each oblast was divided into uezd headed by Russian officers who were assisted by local Kazakhs, usually drawn from the aristocracy. The uezd were divided into volosts and volosts into administrative auls, with these authorities elected from the Kazakh population. The volost and auls were formed on a territorial principle.

    Each volost consisted of one or two thousand households, each administrative aul of one or two hundred families.

    Each volost and uezd was having a native court and a Russian criminal court, in which the judges of the former would be elected and those of the latter appointed.

   The cost of this administrative apparatus was to be met by Kazakhs themselves, for which the one ruble seventy-five kopek cart tax was raised to three rubles in four northern oblasts, and two rubles seventy-five kopeks in Turkestan.

    The Kazakhs were also subjected to local (zemskii) taxation to maintain post roads, prisons, and schools, as well as to any traditional or religious taxes.

    The new administration also regulated the religious authorities under the jurisdiction of the ministry of interior. The Kazakhs were limited to one mullah per volost. The volost officials were the only ones with the authority to permit the construction of the either mosques or religious schools. Once built, these structures were under the jurisdiction of the Orenburg muftiate, a subsidiary of the ministry of the interior.  This was designed to reduce the growing influence of Islam in Kazakhstan.

    The Steppe Commission had recommended that the Russians not intervene directly in the religious affairs of the Central Asians, but rather should restrict the spread of Islam. General Kaufman, the first governor-general of Turkestan, was strongly against Christian missionary activities in the steppe.

Although Muslim clergy in the sedentary regions lost power under the new law, the Muslims of Turkestan were able to continue their missionary activities among the Kazakhs of Semirechey and Syrdarya. The Orenburg muftiate also engaged in the active of Islam by funding the construction of legal and iilegal schools and mosques throughout the northern part of the steppe.

     2. News of the Provisional Statutes aroused a strong burst of anti-Russian feelings among the Kazakhs. Uprisings broke out among the Middle Horde, the Small Horde, and Adayev Kazakhs of the Mangyshlak Peninsula. 

Uprising of Turgai and Uralsk oblsts.

    In 1869 resistance overtook all the Uralsk oblast and western and southern parts of Turgai oblast. A majority of the fighters were the poor Kazakhs, who were most directly threatened by the tax increase, but they were led by the biis and elders, whose power base was threatened by administrative reform.

    An expeditionary force of 5.300 men and 20 guns was sent in June 1869 under the command of General V. A. Verevkin, the military-governor of Uralsk, the Russian fortresses in steppe. Some 71.000 carts had been killed by Russian troops. Fighters were arrested and sentenced to death, and many Kazakhs were sentenced to terms of between 12 and 15 years.

Mangstau’s uprising (1870). People, who lived in the desert and semi desert regions of the Mangyshlak Peninsula, were to be subjected to the provisional statute January 1870. The tribes of the region (Adayev Kazakhs and Turkmen) had existed as buffer zone between Russia and Khiva. In 1846 the Russians had strengthened their military presence in Mangyshlak.

    In the 1850-s the Russians had been forced to send troops to collect the required taxation. Statutes effectively cut these tribes off from their traditional summer pasturage along the Emba. Troops from Orenburg and the Caucasus seized roads and wells, and the Kazakhs who refused to accept the legislation in order to deny water for their animals.

    The new legislation required the Adayev Kazakhs to pay one-ruble zemski tax in addition to the three rubles 15 kop cart tax, that they were already paying Adayev had no currency, they were far from the Russian markets and had little to trade.

    In June 1870 General Komarov moved to Mangyshlak. In December general Komarov organized a meeting with the representatives of each of the major clans. Those communities that paid their tax peacefully to cross into Uralsk and Turgai and so travel to their traditional pasturage.

For the next 2,5 years Russian troops lived among the Adayev  to enforce order. These troops participated in the Russian campaign against Khiva in 1873. The conquest of Khiva was completed by the spring of 1874. The Adayev resistance was defeated for the final time. The region was organized as Tran Caspian oblast and placed under the direction of the general-governor of Caucasia. The Adayev were again cut off from their summer pasturage.

                                              

 Lecture 18: Kazakhstan during the I WW and February revolution 1917

The objective of the lecture: To show the political situation in Kazakhstan eve and during the I WW. Foundation of political parties in Kazakhstan, their programs and participation in the February revolution.

Outline of the lecture:

1. I WW beginning.

2. Causes, character, moving forces of uprising.

3. Uprising under the leading of A. Imanov in Turgai.

4. Double power.

5. “Alash”, “Ush-Zhuz” parties foundation.

    On August 1, 1914 Russia entered in the I WW. Male population was mobilized on front. Cattle, food, transport, money needed for war. Taxes increased in 3-4 times, in some regions – in 15 times.

     The main reasons of national-liberation movement were:

1. Colonial and national oppression.

2. Migration policy, seizure of Kazakh lands.

    Tsarist Ukaz on June 25, 1916 “About mobilization of native population for rear works” was declared. Men from 19 till 43 years old should been mobilized. 400 th. Kazakhs, Kirgizes, Uzbeks, Tajiks, Turkmen, Dungans, Uigurs must been recruited.  After declaration Ukaz local uprisings began. Uprisings were headed by A. Jangaldin and A. Imanov in Turgai region, S. Mendeshev, A Aitiev in Uralsk, Zh. Mynbayev in Mangystau, A.Maikutov in Atbasar, S.Seifullin in Akmolinsk, T.Bokin, B.Aishekeyev in Zhetisu, T.Ryskulov in Syrdarya oblast.

    Zhetisu oblast was one of the centers of uprising. The battles took place in Asy, Karkara, Samsy, Kastek, Narynkol, Charyn, Kurama. 95 punitive expeditions were sent for suppression of uprising. In October, 1916 uprising was suppressed. Rebels were arrested, hundred auls were destroyed. More than 300 th. Kazakhs and Kyrgyzes fled to China.

    Uprising was spread on Syrdarya, Semipalatinsk, Akmolinsk, Uralsk, Western Kazakhstan regions. But the most mass and organized uprising was in Turgai region, which was headed by A.Imanov and A.Jangaldin. Rebels from Syrdarya, Akmolinsk, Semipalatinsk regions moved to Turgai steppe. About 50 th. rebels were numbered in October 1916. On October 22, rebels began siege of Turgai, but they didn’t take Turgai, because the punitive corps under the command of general A.Lavrentyev was sent there. The war got partisan character, and rebels concentrated in Batpakkara, 150 km from Turgai. Uprising lasted till 1917 and merged with events of February revolution.

On February 27, 1917 bourgeois-democratic revolution took place in Russia. Tsar abdicated from power. In March were dismissed and arrested Vice-governor of Uralsk region, general-governor of Western Siberia, governor of Turgai oblast, general-governor of Turkestan.

    Double power was established in Kazakhstan. Local organs of Provisional government were formed in March 1917. Representatives of Kazakh National intelligencia were assigned commissars of Provisional government. A.Bukeikhanov in Turgai oblast, M.Tynyshpayev in Zhetisu, M.Chokai in Turkestan.

    Social-democrats (Bolsheviks and Mensheviks) founded Soviets of workers, peasants and soldiers deputies. In March-April, 1917 more than 25 Soviets were formed.

    On July 21-28, 1917 there was held All-Kazakh Congress in Orenburg. Delegates from Akmolinsk, Semipalatinsk, Fergana oblasts and Bukey Khanate arrived to Orenburg. Khalel Dosmukhamedov was a chairman of Congress. 14 points were discussed on Congress: form of state arrangement, autonomy in Kazakh regions, land problem, national militsia, enlightenment, court, religion, female problem etc. Foundation of Kazakh national party “Alash” was solved.

    Program of “Alash” was drawn up by A.Bukeikhanov, A.Baytursynov, M.Dulatov, I.Gumarov, T.Zhazhdibayev, A.Birmekanov and consist of 10 points and published in the newspaper “Kazakh” on November 21, 1917.  A. Bukeykhanov was a leader of party. A.Baitursynov, M.Tynyshpayev, M.Zhumabayev, Sh.Kudaiberdiev, S.Toraigyrov. Kh.Gabbasov. ZH. and Kh. Dosmukhamedovs and others were members of party.

    In autumn, 1917 another party “Ush-Zhuz” was formed (Kazakh Socialist Party). Party was against the idea of the “Alash” about their own autonomy and proposed to form autonomy as a part of Russia. Mukan Aitpenov was a chairman of party, later Kolbay Togusov. In March, 1919 K.Togusov was executed, other leaders of “Ush-Zhuz” were arrested and sentenced to death too. The party was liquidated.

Lecture 19: October Revolution of 1917 and Kazakhstan

The objective of the lecture: To show establishment of the Soviet power on the territory of Kazakhstan, it’s peculiarities. Struggle between the leaders of political parties of Kazakhstan for perspectives of future Kazakhstan.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Kazakhstan in the period of October Revolution. Establishment of the Soviet power in Kazakhstan.

2. Formation and activity of Alash-Orda.

      On the 24 of October 1917 in Petrograd there was begun an armed uprising. At the morning of 25 of October there were captured important objects in the city by the Soviet power allied people: railway stations, electric power stations, telephone stations, government enterprises and banks. Provisional government was arrested.

    The news about the victory of armed uprising in Petrograd and the Soviet power authorization there reached Kazakhstan. There was started the establishment of Soviet power in krai. On the 3th of October the Soviet workers and soldiers deputies of Perovsk announced about the conquering of power in their hands. On the 1 of November in the result of war actions the power of Soviets was established in Tashkent. On the 6 of November the power was transited to Soviets in Aulie-Ata, in Chernyaev by peaceful way. In December – in Bukey Horde, Petropavlovsk, Kokchetav, Atbasar, Kustanai. In January of 1918 – in Aktubinsk, on the 18 of January – in Orenburg, in the result of failure of armed uprising of ataman Dutov. On the 17 of February the Soviet power was established in Semipalatinsk, and then  in Ust-Kamenogorsk, Karkaralinsk, Zaisan, on the 3 of March in Verny and during the March it was established in whole Semipalatinskaya oblast. The establishment of the Soviet power was proclaimed on the 15 of January of 1918, but on the 29 of March it was overthrown, and finally the power was authorized already in the years of civil war.

    On the 22 of November of 1917 in Kokand there was opened IV Urgent Krai Muslim congress. It was opened by M.Chokai. On the congress there was decided to create the Turkestan autonomy that was called “Turkestoni mukhtariat”, which firstly was headed by Tynyshpayev, and then by M.Chokai.  The place of Congress passing and autonomy supervisory organs being was the city of Kokand, that’s why the autonomy was named after it – “Kokand Autonomy”. But in the February of 1918 the autonomy was eliminated by the Soviet power.

    On the 5-13 of December 1917 there was held Second All-Kazakh congress in Orenburg. In this congress delegates from whole Kazakhstan participated: from Bukey Horde, Semipalatinskay, Semirechenskaya, Samarkadskaya oblasts, and from Altai gubernia. The organization was made by Bukeikhanov, Baytursynov, Omarov, Doshyanov, Dulatov. Kulmanov was the chairman of congress.  The agenda was filled by following questions: the attitude to Siberian autonomy, to Turkestan autonomy and to south-east union, autonomy of Kazakh oblasts, militia, national council, education, national fund, muftiat, national court, aul supervising, and food question.

    The main question of the congress was the creation of the Kazakh autonomy. The report about the autonomy was presented by Bukeikhanov. This report and the question about Kazakh autonomy were transmitted to special commission for consideration. The congress stated to create the autonomy of Kazakh oblasts and to give to it the name “Alash”.

    There was formed Provisional national council “Alash-Orda” consisting of 25 members, 10 of which were for Russians and other representatives of different nations of Krai. The head-office of Alash-Orda was defined to situate in Semipalatinsk. A.Bukeikhanov was elected on the alternative basis on the post of government head, chairman of All-Kazakh national Council. Beside him, Kulmanov and Turlubayev were pretending to take this post.

    The leaders of Alash-Orda had contacted with soviet power. Brothers Dosmukhamedovs had met with Lenin and Stalin, Gabbasov also had negotiated with Stalin as national commissar of the business on nationalities. They were trying to achieve the mutual acceptance of Alash autonomy and Soviet power. But this didn’t happen. In that time leaders of Alash-Orda had established the contacts with ataman Dutov after his overthrowing of the Soviet power in Orenburg, with Committee of Constituent assembly in Samara and with Provisional Siberian government in Omsk. The Alash-Ordians passed from contacts and compromises with Soviet power to unity with the last mentioned organizations with the purpose of struggling with Soviets. In June of 1918 there was accepted the decree of Alash-Orda, where was told: “All the decrees, which were issued by the Soviet power on the territory of Alash autonomy, are illegal”. In the August in Semipalatinsk there was formed first Alash cavalry regiment.

    In Alash at that time happened a split. On September, 1918 there was formed Western department of Alsh-Orda with the center in Jambeity in Uralskay oblast, in the head was J.Dosmukhamedov. Western department – Wilskiy olyayat consisted of: Uralskaya oblast, Bukey Horde, Mangystauskay uezd, Aktubinskay and Irgizskiy uezds of Turgaiskaya oblast. The center of Eastern separated department of Alash-Orda had moved from Semipalatinsk to Zhana Semey.

    Soviet government understood that for attraction of big Kazakh population masses on their side, it should cooperate with the Alash-Orda leaders, and of the November, 4, 1919 there was issued the decree about Alash-Ordians amnesty. On the 21 of December of that year the council of Alash-Orda had accepted a dicision to move to the side of Soviets. In the beginning of 1920 year Alash-Orda stopped to exist, because on the 9 of March there was accepted the decision of its elimination.

Lecture 20: Restoration of National economy (1921-1925)

The objective of the lecture: To show the peculiarities of the NEP in Kazakhstan. Consequences of the starvation in Kazakhstan.

Outline of the lecture:

1. NEP (New Economic policy).

2. Starvation in 1921-1922. Land-water reform.

3. National-territorial delimitation of Middle Asia.

I.                   National-liberation movement in 1916, revolutions 1917, civil war brought economic chaos and destruction.

-          250 from 307 nationalized enterprises didn’t work.

-          Railways were destroyed.

-          Agriculture was declined: sown area reduced on 2 mln. desyatina, harvest in 3 times.

-          Number of livestock reduced on 10,8 mln.

    In these conditions the policy of “military communism” continued. Soviet and party organs acted by violent methods to collect bread, meat, agricultural raw. Aul population upraised in Semipalatinsk, Kustanai, Akmolinsk, Petropavlovsk, Kokchetav uezds. Society needed in new methods of management. On March 8-16, 1921 X Congress of RCP (b) was held, which took decision about transferring to New Economic Policy. The main signs of NEP:

1. The prodrazverstka was abolished and changed by prodnalog.

2. The authorization of the freedom of trade was the most important introducing the market relations.

3. The period of the NEP, having the task of the normal (“capitalist”) economy with the state control over the production and distribution of the produced goods by the monopoly of the foreign trade began.

4. The abolition of the prodrazverstka and it’s substitution by the natural tax were the first steps of the NEP. Now the peasant could deal with the surplus, which he had after the paying out of the tax.

5. That process required the free trade. Fairs, private and cooperative shops were opened, the trade fairs began to work, and the whole kinds of cooperation (consumer cooperation, credit, agriculture etc.) were encouraged.

6. The labor conscription, labor mobilizations were abolished.

7. Small enterprises, using of Hired labor were permitted.

8. Credit was given to the poor men, farms.

II.                In the summer 1921 drought came into fact. Harvest of Uralsk, Orenburg, Aktubinsk, Bukey and Kustanai oblasts was lost. More 2.3 mln. men starved. Number of population reduced on 1 mln. people as compared with 1914.

    NEP gave results in the middle of 20-s. In 1925 National economy was restored 60% of enterprises worked. Number of livestock redoubled as compared with 1922 and formed 26 mln. heads. More than 128 fairs with the volume of trade 20-23 mln rubles worked.

    Land-water reform was held in Kazakhstan in 1921-1922. Kazakh lands, which were seized for Siberian, Uralsk Cossacks troops in Cisirtysh and left side of Ural, Semirechey and Southern Kazakhstan were returned. More than 1 mln 385 th. des. received peasants. In 1921 “Koshchi” union was formed, which took part in realization of land reform.

III.             One of the consequences of colonial policy was division of Kazakhstan on administrative-territorial parts. Parts of Akmolinsk, Semipalatinsk, Uralsk, Semirechensk and Syrdarya oblasts were out of Kazakhstan. In 1921 delimitation began in the western and northern Kazakhstan and Western Siberia.

    On October 27, 1924 CEC (Central Executive Committee) of the USSR adopted decision about foundation of Uzbek SSR with Tajik ASSR in it, Turkmen SSR, Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous oblast in the structure of RSFSR, Kaz.ASSR with Karakalpak autonomous oblast in it. As a result Kazalinsk, Akmechet, Turkestan, Chimkent and great part of Aulie-Ata uezds, part of Tashkent and Mirzachul uezds of Syrdarya oblasts, six volosts of Djizak and Samarcand oblasts, Alma-Atinski, Djarkentski, Lepsinski, Kapalski uezds of Semirechensk oblasts, Georgievskaya, Chuiskaya, Kara-Kumskaya volosts of Pishpek uezd entered to the structure of Kazakhstan. The territory of Kazakhstan increased on 700 th.km2 and formed 2,7 mln.m2. The population increased on 1468 th. men and common population reached 5230 th.men. According census of 1926 61,3% Kazakhs lived in Kazakhstan. In 1925 the capital was transferred from Orenburg to Akmechet, which was renamed in Kzyl-Orda.

Lecture 21: Industrialization in Kazakhstan

The objective of the lectures: to show the ways of the industrialization in Kazakhstan. First plants and factories of the industrialization. Peculiarities and negative consequences of the industrialization. The results of the first five-year plan. 

Outline of the lecture:

1.       XIV Congress of All-Union CP (b) and course on industrialization.

2.       Two ways of industrialization in Kazakhstan.

3.       Peculiarities and negative tendencies of industrialization.

    In December 1925 XIV Congress of All-Union CP(b) was held, which took course on industrialization. Transition from feudalism to socialism, escape capitalism, liquidation of the technical-economic backwardness, changing of the colonial structure of the economy in the Krai and the industry first of all, in the forming of the national working class was the main aim of industrialization.

    In the second half of the 20-s in Kazakhstan the restoration of the industry was finished, but the industrial level of the Republic was extremely low. The agriculture was dominated in the economy, in 1928 it had 84,4% the whole gross output, 90% of the population lived in the rural area.

Industrialization in Kazakhstan began from the development of extractive industry. In the end of 20-s beg.30-s scientific expeditions for exploration of natural resources worked in Kazakhstan: in 1928-1929 – 50, 1931 – 140.

    Chimkent lead factory, Balkhash copper-smelting works, Achisai polimetal plant, Zhezkazgan copper-smelting works, Ust-Kamenogorsk lead-zinc plant were biggest non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises not only in Kazakhstan, but in the USSR.

    Ferrous industry developed. 90% of coal extracted in Karaganda, which became third coal base in the USSR after Donbass and Kuzbass.

    Kazakhstan took third place for extraction of oil after Russia and Azerbaijan.

    Chemical industry developed: Chimkent pharmacological factory was restored. In 1939 Aktubinsk chemical plant was built, which produced phosphorus fertilizers.

    The industrialization developed transport, especially railways. In 1928-1940 railways increased on 50% and reached 6581 km. The building of Turkestan-Siberian railway, which joined Siberia with Middle Asia (distance 1445 km) began in April 1927 and finished on April 25, 1930.

   II. In 1925-1933 F. Goloshchekin was a leader of Kazkraikom and policy of “Small October” was realized by him. It was one of the ways of industrialization and collectivization in Kazakhstan. According his point of view Kazakhstan should been develop as raw material region, the extractive industry were primarily developed. The industrialization of Kazakhstan, as of the whole country, was realized by commanding, administrative methods with absolute subordination to the center. The center defined the priorities in the development of the economy of Kazakhstan, the location of the enterprises, then economy ties.

    S. Sadvakasov one of the famous politicians didn’t support this policy. He offered the complex development of industry, because Kazakhstan had natural resources and own working forces (among the Kazakhs). He suggested developing not only extractive industry, but the process industries too. He didn’t agree with the policy mass migration of workers from other regions of the USSR and high skill workers should been prepare in Kazakhstan.