Negative consequences of industrialization:

1.    Extractive direction of industry.

2.   The enterprise for remake of oil, gas, non-ferrous metals didn’t build. Machine-building, automobile-building branches absent in Kazakhstan.

3.    Light and food industries didn’t develop, that’s why goods (clothes, shoes, and food) were imported from other republics and states.

4.    Settlers from Russia, Ukraine, Byelorussia and other regions migrated to Kazakhstan. In 1928-1939 the population of Kazakhstan increased on 1.8 mln people. In the result of starvation of 20-s and 30-s, migration processes, share of Kazakhs reduced till 38% in 1939.

Lecture 22: Collectivization in Kazakhstan

The objective of the lecture: To show the main features of the collectivization in Kazakhstan. Forms, methods, rates of this process in Kazakhstan. Uprisings against this program. Consequences of the collectivization.

Outline of the lecture:

1. XV Congress of All-Union CP (b).

2. The peasant resistance to the collectivization.

3. Consequences of the collectivization.

I. The course to the mass collectivization was determined by the XV Congress of the All-Union CP (b) (December, 1927). The task of the realizing of the “transition of individual peasant farms to the way of the large production” was put. The forms, methods, rates of that process in the resolution of that Congress weren’t fixed.

According to the perspective plan, it was provided to involve into collective farms 1.1 mln. peasant farms, about 4% of all farms of the country. Later under the pressure of Stalin those figures were changed to the side of sharp increasing.

5144 collective farms were organized in Kazakhstan to the 1 of October 1929. They consisted of 92 th. peasant farms or 7.2 of their total number.

From the beginning the idea of the collectivization of agriculture was realized in the form of the violence and terror.

It was formed not taking into account the local conditions, type of the economy, the necessary preliminary preparation.

On the initiative of F.Goloshchekin, the collectivization in Kazakhstan was revised in that way, that by autumn 1930 not less than 350 th. farms, or 80% of their total number in the grain zones “will have been involved by collective farms”.

Kazkraikom took instruction to “collectivize” the cattle as a whole, and agricultural implements.

In aul the collectivization was added by forced settling of the nomadic and semi-nomadic farms. In 1930 - 87136 farms were settled, in 1933 – 242208.

Meanwhile the necessary material conditions for the settling – the industrial base, dwellings, the necessary supplies, the cultural-social objects were absent.

The forced settling and collectivization razed the age-old style of the aul life, its traditions, and many elements of the national culture to the ground.

In the plans of the Stalin’s leadership Kazakhstan was put down to that regional groups, where it was intended the collectivization to be completed in spring 1932 (expecting the nomadic and semi-nomadic region). The regions and okrugs of the Republic competed with each other for gaining the victory on the “collective farm’s front”. So, in 1928 – 2% of farms were collectivized, in April 1930 – 50.5%, in October 1931 – 65%. The peasants, refusing to join to the collective farm were threatened with the eviction or arrest, announced the “podculachnik”.

The end of the 20-s was characterized by the liquidation of the bais and kulaks (the most enterprising, independence, initiating peasants). On August 27, 1928 CEK and SPC adopted decree “About confiscation and eviction of bais and semifeudals” According this document in 1930-1931 only inside of Kazakhstan 6765 families or about 32 th. people were dispossessed as kulaks. 5500 families were moved out of Kazakhstan. In the same years Kazakhstan became the place of the “deportation of kulaks”. 44164 families or about 200 th. people were settled in a new place, in 1932-1933 the number of the deported kulaks was increased.

II. The Bolshevik methods of the collectivization of agriculture were the reasons of the active peasants resistance. It was showing in the different forms: the refuse to join to the collective farms; the liquidation of their farms and moving to towns and settlers; roaming from place to the other regions of the country and abroad; killing of the activists of the collective farm movement and workers of the Party-Soviet organs; the creation of the armed detachments of the self-defense and the armed uprising.

If in 1929 the peasant uprisings mainly looked like the local armed opposition, but in winter and spring 1930 the uprising had more wide and general character. The largest incidents occurred in Semipalatinsk okrug. From February till May 1930 the Zyrianovski, Ust-Kamenogorski regions were taken in the strong disturbance4s. The sharp conflicts took place in Balkhashski region of Alma-Atinski okrug and Irgizski region of the Aktubinski okrug. As a whole, according to the reports of the OGPU in Kazakhstan there were 372 peasant revolts in 1929-1931 and more than 80 th. peasants took part in it.

The peasant protest was provoked by antireligious policy of the VKP (b) and the Soviet state. Proclaiming the freedom of conscience and religion the atheism militant was supported and encouraged by the state. For the short period in Kazakhstan all mosques, the prayer house and churches, situated in rural regions, were destroyed. In the result, the Republic was taken into uncontrolled revolts.

According to the information of the OGPU, the punitive organs of those years, for period of 1929 till 1933 in Kazakhstan from the number of participants of uprising 3386 were sentenced to be shot and 13151 people were condemned to be imprisoned and to be sent to concentration camps within 3-10 years. The families and clans were subjected to the repressions.

III. - In 1931-1932 in the Republic the starvation was broken out. Losses from starvation, epidemics and other deprivations numbered 1750 th. people or 40% of the total number of the Kazakh population of the Republic.

• The cattle-breeding in Republic had the unprecedented casualties. By the 1 of January 1933 in the Republic there were about 4.5 mln heads of cattle instead of 40.5 mln. Heads on the eve of collectivization.

• Above 1 mln. People roamed outside the Republic. 616 th. of the total number didn’t return and 414 th. returned to Kazakhstan. The previous number of Kazakh population was restored after 40 years, in 1969.

That was the price of the collectivization for the Kazakh people.

Lecture 23: Kazakhstan eve and during the Great Patriotic War.

The objective of the lecture: Kazakhstan eve the war. The policy of repressions and deportation. The main stages of the Great Patriotic war. To show the economy and political development during the war.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Kazakhstan eve the war.

2. Kazakhstan in the plans of German fascism.

3. Mobilization in Kazakhstan. The Kazakhstanians at fronts.

4. Economy of Kazakhstan.

1. The criminal total deportation of the whole peoples, the considerable part of which was reflected to Kazakhstan.

• In October-November 1937 from Far East 110 th. the Koreans were resettled in Kazakhstan.

• In October-November 1938 from Turkmenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia 2,4 th. families of the Iranians, Azerbaijanians, Kurds and Armenians were deported.

• On the eve of the war the Poles and also all the representatives of the other peoples, who were objectionable for the regime, lived in the Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia were deported.

• Besides in Kazakhstan the citizens of the Baltic republics were moved.

• The huge stream of the evacuated population had been arriving in Kazakhstan from the Western regions of the country. 536 th. people evacuated in Kazakhstan, whose autonomous forming were liquidated.

• In August 1941 349713 Germans resettled, resettling of the rest part of the Germans in Kazakhstan went in 1944-1945.

• In Febriary 1944 in Central Asia and Kazakhstan were resettled by force the Chechens and Ingushes, in March -–the Balkars. In November – the Turks - Meskhetines and also the Crimean Tatars, Karachais, Kalmyks and other illegally repressed whole peoples.

In October 1946 in Kazakhstan 890698 “special migrants” lived

In the end of the 20-s the mass repression began in Kazakhstan. In the 1928 44 “bourgeois nationalist activists of “Alash-Horde” were arrested. Among them: A.Bukeykhanov, A.Baytursynov, M.Zhumabayev, Zh.Aimautov. In 1930 other group of intelligent (about 40 men) was arrested: M.Tynyshpayev, Kh.Dosmukhamedov. In 1937-1938 repression had mass character. T.Ryskulov, D.Sadvakasov, U.Issayev, U.Djandossov and other state and social activists were repressed and killed. Representatives of the Kazakh literature and science S.Seifullin, B.Mailin, I.Djansugurov, K.Zhubanov, S.Asfendiarov and others were killed.

7 concetration camps were formed in Kazakhstan. Biggest of them Karlag, ALJIR for wives of betrayers and others.

2. On June 22, 1941 the Great Patriotic War began. According “Barbarossa” plan Kazakhstan should been entered to “Gross Turkestan” and “the Moslems had to be slaves of the German race”.

Political plans of German fascism: to form an empire; Moslem’s states: Turkestan (the eastern part); “Idel-Ural” (the Western part). In perspective – to form a colony “Great Turkestan” (Kazakhstan, Middle Asia, Tataria, Bashkiria, Azerbaidjan, North Caucasus, Crimea, Sintsyan, North Afganistan, Iran).

The economic purpose: to form the region supplying Germany with raw materials and food.

Political purpose: to use this territory in the struggle against Moscow; to break the plan of Britain in the East.

3. In 1939 the population of Kazakhstan was 6,2 mln. People, 1mln 200 th of them were mobilized to the army: every fifth man was sent to the fronts and defense industry. At the first period of the war there were formed, trained and sent to the fronts 16 rifles and cavalry divisions, 7 brigades.

One of the first was organized the 316 rifles regiment consisted of the mobilized people from Alma-Ata, Djambul and South-Kazakhstan regions. (Panfilov regiment). 27 military schools trained officers. The glory of the Kazakhstanians was born near the Moscow, where 316 regiment took part. Heroism of 28 soldiers. B.Momyshuly – his batalyon defeated the enemies which 3 times surpassed the number of Kazakhstan soldiers. B.Momysuly was awarded by the title of the Hero of the SU in 1990. Heroes of the Soviet Union T.Tokhtarov, M.Gabdullin and others fought at Moscow.

310, 314 devisions from Kazakhstan took part in defense of Leningrad (S.Baimagambetov - Hero of the SU). In the autumn of 1942 Western-Kazakhstan region became front line. 120 divisions of Stalingrad front were dislocated here. (N.Abdirov, S.Spatayev, G.Ramayev and others fought at Stalingrad). Stations Saikhan, Shungai, Zhanibek were bombed by German aviation.

During the Patriotic War 499 Kazakhstanians, 99 Kazakhs among them were awarded by the title of the Hero of the SU. Pilots T.Begeldinov, L.Beda, I.Pavlov, S.Luganski awarded twice. Two Kazakh girls M.Mametova and A.Moldagulova became the Heroes of US. 410 th. Kazakstanians didn’t return from the war.

4. 670 th. people worked in industry. 1.5 mln. were evacuated to Kazakhstan. In 1941-1942 220 factories and plants from Ukraine, Beylorussia, Moldova, Moscow and Leningrad evacuated to Kazakhstan. During 1941-1945 460 enterprises were built in Kazakhstan.

2/3 of the mobilizing was workers of agriculture. 80% women worked in kolkhozes and demonstrated labor heroism. Sh.Bersiev from kolkhoz "Kurman"”of Aktjubinsk region made world record in cultivation of millet (202 centner from hect. I.Zhakayev from kolkhoz “Kzyl-Tu” Kzyl-Orda region gathered 172 centners of rice from hect. Kim Man Sam gathered 150 centners of rice from hect.

Cultural and scientific societies were evacuated to Kazakhstan. Moscow and Leningrad movie studious, more than 20 scientific offices. Academics V.Obruchev, A.Pankratova, U.Vernadski, A.Scochinski and others worked in Kazakhstan during the War. About heroes of front and rear wrote Zh.Zhabayev, M.Auezov, S.Mukanov, D.Snegin, D.Muldagaliev, S.Maulenov, S.Seitov, Zh.Sain. About 90 writers and poets of Kazakhstan fought on fronts.

Lecture 24: Development of economics in 50-60-s

The objective of the lecture: To show the aims of the September (1953) and March (1954) Plenums of the CC CPSU about the development of agriculture. The consequences of the development of virgin lands. Failure of the reforms of 1965.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Development of virgin and unused lands in Kazakhstan.

2. Development of economics in 60-70-s.

3. Reforms of 1965 in Kazakhstan.

Development of virgin and unused lands in 50-s. By September 1953, at the time of the Central Committee plenum, Khrushchev had clearly made some fairly concrete decisions about the course of begin. The Central Committee published a resolution that called for strengthening of agriculture through the development of parts of southeast, Kazakhstan, and western Siberia as major sources of winter wheat. The plenum also demanded the improvement of livestock breeding.

For stimulation of the development of agrarian sector the debts of kolkhozes were liquidated, the taxes were decreased. Prices for meat, milk, wool, potatoes, and vegetables were increased.

But First Secretary Shayakhmetov pointed out that any gains from the introduction of cereal cultivation in Northern Kazakhstan would come at the cost of livestock breeding.

Khrushchev found Shaiakhmetov’s attitude unacceptable. It was thus no surprise when the plenary session convened on February 11, 1954, in Alma-Ata, that the first and second secretaries of the Communist Party, Shayakhmetov and I.I.Afanov, were both dismissed from their posts. The next Central Committee plenary session, in February 1954, named P.K.Ponomorenko and L.I.Brezhnev to succeed them. The local Kazakh leadership also came under attack, and within the next three months the first secretaries of the six Virgin Land oblasts were all replaced.

On March 28, 1954, in the decree “On Increasing Grain Production in 1954-1955 through the Development of Virgin and Idle Lands”. This called for the cultivation of 13 million hectares of virgin and idle lands in Kazakhstan, the Ural, the Volga region, and some areas of North Caucasus.