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2. Identify key points in the text and extract information from it to pass on to your partner.

3. Let your partner see whether key points identified by you are the same as those covered in the text. Let him agree or disagree with you.

From time immemorial…

BREAD AND CIRCUSES - ХЛЕБА И ЗРЕЛИЩ

The phrase bread and circuses is taken from a satire by Juvenal, a Roman satirical poet. During the reign of emperor Augustus, it was the demand of the Roman populace. The phrase is a translation loan of the Latin Panem et circenes! The parties struggling for political influence in Rome tried to canvass supporters among the poorest but most numerous city population by arranging for them feasts with free food and public shows — circus games (gladiator fights). But the people did not care which party gave them free dinners, and Juvenal in his satire castigates the Roman mob for their indifference to politics.

Pronunciation and stress:

Juvenal ['дзи:уэпэ1], Augustus [o: 'gAStas], satire ['saetaia], satirical [ss'tirikal], poet ['pauit] circus ['se:kas], gladiator ['glaedieits], populace ['popjulas], emperor ['етрэгэ], castigate ['kaestigeit].

Translate into English:

Выражение хлеба и зрелищ заимствовано из сатиры римского поэта Ювенала. Это был лозунг римской черни во время императо­ра Августа. Выражение является калькой [translation loan] с латин­ского языка [3].

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