3 Types of Authority:

1. Traditional Authority is based on a belief in the importance of enduring traditions and those who rule within such traditions (kings).

2. Charismatic Authority is based on an emotional attachments or devotion to a specific individual (Mahatma Gandhi).

3. Legal-Rational Authority is based on belief in legality of certain rules, and the right of those in positions of legal authority to issue commands (president).

Three Theoretical schools of leadership

1. Trait Theory

It is an early leadership theory. It studies leaders’ traits (personality features). According to this theoretical approach:

• Leaders are naturally born

• It is not possible to train people to be leaders.

• Leaders possess specific traits that are fundamentally different from traits of followers

• These unique leadership characteristics enable them to perform responsibilities not everyone can execute

Researchers attempted to identify a list of leadership qualities.

2. Behavioral Leadership Theory

It is the next approach developed after Trait theory of leadership. It studies styles of leadership(types of behavior). According to this approach:

• Leader must have followers

• Leadership involves a relationship between people

Researchers attempted to identify one best leadership style in all situations.

3. Situational Leadership Theory

It is the next approach developed after Behavior theory of leadership. According to this approach:

• There is no universal list of traits and there is no universal leadership style for all situations

• Looks for appropriate leadership style based on leaders, followers, and the situation

• Emphasizes the importance of situational variables (nature of work, external environment, follower's characteristics)

Researchers attempt to identify the leadership style and leader characteristics correspondent to various situations.

What is Political Culture?

Political Culture is that part of the overall societal culture that determines a community’s attitudes toward the quality, style, and vigor of political system, political processes and government operation.

Classification of Types of Political Culture

There are three basic categories of political culture;

1. Parochial

2. Subjective

3. Participatory

1. Parochial:

In this political culture people do not trust in governments and do not expect anything good from politics.

2. Subjective:

Under this political culture people do believe that government has a positive role to play; to build schools, hospitals and so on.

3. Participatory:

In this political culture people do have a high expectation from the government.

Political Socialization is the institutionalization and development of attitudes to, and beliefs about the political system.

Agents of political socialization:

• Government;

• Mass media;

• Education;

• Family;

• Religion.

Administrative Ethics

• the set of moral principles and values

• that governs the behavior of a person or group

• with respect to what is right or wrong.

Ethics in Government

Ethics in the workplace cannot be left solely to each person’s conscience for two obvious reasons

1. Temptations and pressures in the workplace may overcome conscience;

2. A person’s unethical behavior invariably affects other people.

Code of Ethics is a statement of professional standards of conduct to which the members of a profession say they subscribe.

Codes of ethics are usually not legally binding, so they may not be taken too seriously as constrains on behavior.

Ethics and Law

Ethics is distinct from behaviors governed by law.

The law is defined as a consistent set of universal rules that describe how people are required to act.

They are widely published, generally accepted, and usually enforced.

Characteristics of the Law

• Consistent – laws should not contradict each other

• Universal – laws are applicable to everyone

• Published – laws are available to everyone

• Accepted – all agree to obey the law

• Enforced – laws are binding

Two kinds of unethical behavior:

The legal and Illegal (publicity and amount).

Laws and regulations are not the answer to keeping behavior above the bottom line of ethics.

Unethical behavior has various origins, and each is a mix of personal and situational conditions, also makes ethics more difficult to institutionalize.

Right versus Right Dilemma

A right vs. right dilemma comes up in a situation where there is clear moral backing for each option, but where the two are mutually exclusive.

Types of Ethical Dilemmas

• Truth vs. Loyalty

• Individual vs. Community

• Short-term vs. Long-term

• Justice vs. Mercy

Three decision-making rules:

• Ends-based thinking

• Rule-based thinking

• Care-based thinking

Ends-based thinking

• Represents utilitarian approach

• Concerned with the results of a decision

• Asks: what will happen?

• Seeks “The greatest good for the greatest number”

• It seeks to distinguish right from wrong on the basis of consequences

• Rational

Care-based thinking

• Is derived from golden rule: Do onto others as you would have them do onto you.

• Putting yourself into position of others

• Take other’s perspective into account

• Reversibility principle

• Rational and compassionate

Civil servants

A civil servant or public servant is a person in the public sector employed for a government department or agency.

For whose interests they should work? Why?

It means that person works for a government agency. Civil service encompasses employment in Federal, state, and local government agencies. Each is responsible for its own employment system. This means that each state takes care of its own personnel needs, as does each city within those states.

Robert McNamara served as the secretary of defense under the rule of President F. Kennedy and later president Lyndon B. Johnson. As the defense secretary, McNamara served as the chief administrator of a futile war in Vietnam which resulted to deaths of several Vietnamese and Americans. McNamara knew from the very start that the war was unwinnable. Despite this knowledge, he kept silent and continued to pour innocent blood out of loyalty to the president.

Ethical dilemma of Robert McNamara

The problem in this case is the question ethics of loyalty. Robert S. McNamara is a government official who finds himself in an ethical dilemma. The big question is whether the government official should be loyal to the citizens or the administration. It also questions whether loyalty to a governor, mayor or president has to be greater or lesser than loyalty to the citizens’ overall interests.