- •Передмова
- •Загальні рекомендації
- •The infinitive
- •Sentence patterns with the infinitive
- •1.The Infinitive as Subject
- •2. The Infinitive as Predicate
- •3.The Infinitive as Part of the Predicate
- •3.1 The Infinitive as Part of the Simple Verbal Predicate
- •3.2The Infinitive as Part of the Compound Nominal Predicate proper
- •3.3 The Infinitive as Part of the Compound Verbal Modal Predicate
- •3.4 The Infinitive as Part of the Compound Verbal Phasal Predicate
- •Exercise 10. Complete the following sentences:
- •3.5 The Infinitive as Part of Mixed Predicates
- •4. The Infinitive as Object
- •4.1.The infinitive used after verbs that take only one object
- •4.3.An infinitive conjunctive phrase as object
- •4.4.The infinitive used after adjectives and adjectivized participles
- •4.5The infinitive used after statives
- •5. The Infinitive as Attribute
- •6.The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier
- •6.2 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Subsequent Events
- •6.3 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Consequence (Result)
- •6.4.The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances
- •6.5.The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •6.6 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •Exercise 17. Paraphrase the following sentences as in the pattern:
- •6.7 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Exception
- •6.8 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •6.9 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Motivation
- •7. The Infinitive as Parenthesis
- •Predicative constructions with the infinitive
- •The objective with the infinitive construction
- •I want them to win.
- •The subjective infinitive construction
- •Exercises
- •Self-correction exercises
- •1. Define the form of the infinitive in the following sentences:
- •2.Define the function of the infinitive in the following sentences:
- •3. Paraphrase the following sentences using the predicative infinitive constructions
- •The pattern of a final test on the infinitive
- •1.Complete the following sentences using the predicative infinitive constructions.
- •2.Paraphrase the following sentences using the predicative infinitive
- •3. Copy out the infinitive, define its form and its function.
- •The gerund
- •The main sentence patterns with the gerund
- •1.The Gerund as Subject.
- •2. The Gerund as Part of the Compound Predicate.
- •2.1. The Gerund as Part of the Compound Nominal Predicate (the Predicative)
- •2.2. The gerund as Part of the Compound Verbal Phasal Predicate
- •3. The Gerund as Object
- •3.1. The gerund in the function of a direct object
- •3.2. The Gerund in the function of a prepositional object.
- •3.2.1. After verbs
- •3.2.2. After some phrases
- •4. The gerund as attribute.
- •4.1. After Nouns.
- •4.2. Before Nouns
- •5.The gerund as adverbial modifier.
- •5.2. The gerund as adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances
- •5.3. The gerund as adverbial modifier of manner
- •5.4. The gerund as adverbial modifier of cause (reason).
- •5.5. The gerund as adverbial modifier of substitution / replacement
- •5.7. The gerund as adverbial modifier of addition
- •5.8. The gerund as adverbial modifier of concession
- •5.9. The gerund as adverbial modifier of condition
- •5.10. The gerund as adverbial modifier of exception (exclusion)
- •5.11. The gerund as adverbial modifier of purpose
- •The gerundial construction (complex)
- •1.The gerundial construction as complex subject.
- •2. The gerundial construction as complex predicative
- •3. The gerundial construction as complex direct object
- •4. The gerundial construction as complex prepositional object
- •5. The gerundial construction as complex attribute
- •6. The gerundial construction as complex adverbial modifier
- •Exercises on all sentence patterns with the gerund
- •Self-correction exercises on the gerund
- •1.Define the form of the gerund in the following sentences;
- •2.Define the function of the gerund in the following sentences:
- •The pattern of a final test on the gerund
- •1.Complete the following sentences using the gerund or the predicative gerundial constructions.
- •2.Paraphrase the following sentences using the predicative gerundial constructions, underline them, and define their functions.
- •3.Copy out the gerund, define its form and its function.
- •The Participle
- •The present participle (participle I)
- •Syntactical functions of the present participle
- •1.The Present Participle as Attribute.
- •2.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier
- •2.1.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •2.2.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Reason
- •2.3.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances
- •2.6.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •2.7.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Concession
- •2.8.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •3.The Present Participle as Predicative (part of the compound nominal predicate)
- •4.The Present Participle as Parenthesis
- •The past participle (participle II)
- •Syntactical functions of the past participle
- •1.The Past Participle as Attribute
- •2.The Past Participle as Predicative (part of the compound nominal predicate)
- •3.The Past Participle as Part of the Compound Nominal Double Predicate
- •4.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier
- •4.1.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •4.2.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Reason
- •4.3.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •4.4.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Concession
- •4.5.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •Predicative constructions with the participle
- •The objective participial construction
- •I saw the children speaking.
- •I found the door locked.
- •The subjective participial construction
- •Absolute constructions Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •Exercises
- •Self-correction exercises
- •1. Define the form of the participle in the following sentences:
- •2. Define the function of the participle in the following sentences:
- •3.Identify the predicative constructions with the infinitive, gerund and participle. Define their functions.
- •The pattern of a final test on the participle
- •1.Complete the following sentences using the predicative constructions with the Participle. Define their names and functions.
- •2. Copy out the Participles and define their functions.
- •3.Copy out the Participles and define their forms:
- •The pattern of a laboratory work on the non-finite forms of the verb
- •Insert the correct form of the non-finite forms of the verb, if possible.
- •Keys to the laboratory work on the non-finite forms of the verb
- •References
The pattern of a final test on the gerund
1.Complete the following sentences using the gerund or the predicative gerundial constructions.
(2 points for each sentence; 2 points × 15 sentences = 30 points)
1. Her duty will be … 2. You should apologize …
3. … made her smile. 4. Is it worth …
5. Have you got any objections …? 6. She started …
7. He walked away … 8. Fancy …
9. The garden needs … 10.She showed much skill …
11. She doesn’t feel like … 12.I’m not used…
13. Did it stop..? 14. … did him a lot of harm.
15. … she found all the family watching TV.
2.Paraphrase the following sentences using the predicative gerundial constructions, underline them, and define their functions.
(2.+ 1 p.+ 1 p. = 4 points for each sentence; 4 points × 10 sentences = 40 points)
1. She was afraid he’d notice her cry.
2.He said there was danger that somebody should see us there.
3. I am so late. Please, excuse me.
4. You may try it again. There is really no harm.
5. We hotly discussed the idea that he should be allowed a second try.
6. He is responsible that the meeting is called on Friday.
7. He objected that the meeting starts so early.
8. I remember she told me about it earlier.
9. John decided that she would not speak to them.
10. I insist that you all should be present.
3.Copy out the gerund, define its form and its function.
(1 point + 1 point + 1 point = 3 points for each sentence; 3 p × 10 sentences = 30 points)
1. I can’t help feeling excited.
2. She will continue studying music.
3. You’ll have an opportunity of seeing it.
4. It’s no use trying to shut her down.
5.But for helping my mother I should join you..
6. She is ashamed of not having kept her promise.
7. How can I go there without being invited?
8.She came across this article in looking through the last issue of the Morning Star.
9. My aim is mastering English.
10. The rain has poured without stopping.
КРИТЕРІЇ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ.
За три завдання студенти можуть максимально набрати 100 балів.
(30 балів + 40 балів + 30 балів).
2. Відповідність балів і оцінок:
„5”– 91-100 балів; „4”– 75-90 балів; 3” – 61-74 бали; „2” – 0-60 балів.
The Participle
There are two participles in English: the Present Participle (Participle I) and the Past Participle (Participle II).
The present participle (participle I)
The present participle as a non-finite form of the verb has verbal, adjectival and adverbial characteristics.
The verbal characteristics of the present participle are shown morphologically and syntactically, whereas the adjectival and adverbial characteristics of the present participle are revealed syntactically, mostly through its functioning in a sentence.
The verbal characteristics of the present participle shown morphologically are seen in its forms. The forms of the present participle can show the verbal grammatical categories of Voice and Correlation (Perfect).
Voice
Correlation
|
Active |
Passive |
Non-Perfect |
playing
|
being played
|
Perfect |
having played
|
having been played
|
NOTE: The present participle of intransitive verbs is not used in the Passive voice.
The category of correlation (Perfect) is shown through the opposition of two forms: non-perfect and perfect: playing – having played; being played – having been played. The non-perfect forms of the present participle denote an action simultaneous with the action which is expressed by the verb-predicate: Kate fell asleep watching television last night. (Kate fell asleep when she was watching television last night.) Well, I mustn’t stand chatting here all day. (I mustn’t stand and chat here all day.) We saw the snow being cleared away. (The snow was being cleared away and we saw it.) The perfect forms of the present participle denote an action prior to the action expressed by the verb-predicate: Having waited an hour, the crowd were getting impatient. (The crowd had been waiting for an hour and the people were getting impatient.) Not having been informed, we were completely in the dark. (We had not been informed, so we were completely in the dark.) The perfect form is particularly necessary when the speaker wants to emphasize completeness of the action, or when there is an interval of time between the actions: Having read the instructions, he snatched up the fire extinguisher. Having failed twice, he didn’t want to try again.
The category of voice is shown through the opposition of two forms, active and passive: playing – being played; having played – having been played. The active forms denote an action which is performed by the person or the thing which is the grammatical subject of the sentence. The passive forms show that the grammatical subject is the person or thing which is affected by the action. Compare: Building the house, we had to borrow money several times. – Being built in a hurry, the house costs more than we planned. |
CAUTION!
The participle always shows the action done by the person/thing which is the grammatical subject of the sentence. If this principle is not observed, it leads to confusion:
*Waiting for a bus a brick fell on my head. (This sentence may be understood in the way that the brick was waiting for a bus, which is nonsense. The proper way of expressing the idea is: As I was waiting for a bus a brick fell on my head).
The verbal characteristics of the present participle shown syntactically are seen in its ability to take an object and to be modified by an adverb:
Seeing John, I came up to say hello. (‘John’ is an object to the participle ‘seeing’)
Driving slowly, you’ll save the fuel. (‘slowly’ is an adverb modifying the participle ‘driving’)
The adjectival and adverbial features of the present participle are shown syntactically, through its functioning in a sentence as an attribute and an adverbial modifier.
The present participle is used as a structural element of the following analytical forms:
Present Continuous (John is working in the garden.)
Past Continuous (John was reading when I entered the room.)
Future Continuous (I’ll be seeing you quite often next month.)
Present Perfect Continuous (John has been waiting for you since morning.)
Past Perfect Continuous (She had been working for the company for two years when she was dismissed.)
Future Perfect Continuous (I’ll have been living here for five years next February.)
Future Continuous in the Past (He said he would be calling me again the next day.)
The present participle is more common in written or formal speech than in spoken English.