2. The economy

Exercise1. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:

economy — господарство

factors of production — чинники виробництва

opportunity costs — оптимальні витрати

economics — економіка

production possibilities — виробничі можливості

law of increasing opportunity costs — закон зростання оптимальних витрат

economic growth — економічне зростання

market mechanism — ринковий механізм

Exercise 2. Read and translate the text:

The economy is for us. ‘The economy’ is simply an abstraction that refers to the sum of all our individual production and consumption activities. In order to produce anything, we need resources, or factors of production. Factors of production are the inputs — land, labor, and capital (buildings and machinery) we use to produce final goods and services (output).

Unfortunately, the quantity of available resources is limited. We cannot produce everything we want in the quantities we desire. Resources are scarce relative to our desires. This fact forces us to make difficult choices. Hence the more missiles we build the less of other goods and services we can produce at the same time.

Opportunity costs exist in all situations where available resources are not abundant enough to satisfy all our desires.

Indeed, economics is often defined as the study of how to allocate scarce resources. The study of economics focuses on «getting the most from what we've got», on making the best use of our scarce resources.

Production possibilities are the alternative combinations of final goods and services that could be produced in a given time period with all available resources and technology.

According to the law of increasing opportunity costs we must give up ever-increasing quantities of other goods and services in order to get more of a particular good.

Economic growth is an increase in output; an expansion of production possibilities.

Over time the quantity of resources available for production has also increased. Each year our population grows a bit, thereby enlarging the number of potential workers. Our stock of capital equipment has increased even faster. In addition the quality of our labor and capital resources has improved, as a result of more education (labor) and better machinery (capital).

Market mechanism is the use of market prices and sales to signal desired outputs (or resource allocations).

Thus the essential feature of the market mechanism is the price signal. If you want something and have sufficient income, you buy it. If enough people do the same thing, the total sales of that product will rise, and perhaps its price will as well. Producers, seeing sales and prices rise, will be inclined to increase production.

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions:

1. What is ‘the economy’?

2. What do you need to produce the textbook and what are these inputs called?

3. Why are we compelled to choose among goods?

4. How is economics often defined?

5. What do we call the law according to which we must give up ever increasing quantities of other goods and services in order to get more of a particular good?

6. What are the essentials of the market mechanism?

7. What is economics all about?

Exercise 3. Give English equivalents of the following.

згідно з законом зростання оптимальних витрат; важлива особливість ринкового механізму; кількість наявних ресурсів обмежена; відмовлятися від можливості; бути змушеним робити вибір; випускати кінцевий товар; задовольняти бажання; розподіляти ресурси

Exercise 4. Define the terms.

economy law of increasing opportunity costs

economics production possibilities

economic growth factors of production

market mechanism opportunity costs

Exercise 5. Translate into English.

1. Економічна наука вивчає виробництво та споживання.

2. Чинники виробництва — це земля, трудові ресурси, основний капітал (обладнання та будівлі), якими ми користуємося для виробництва товарів і послуг.

3. Ми не можемо виготовляти все, що ми бажаємо, і в кількостях, які нам потрібні, оскільки ресурси завжди обмежені.

4. Обмеженість ресурсів ставить нас перед вибором.

5. Економічна наука займається питаннями розміщення ресурсів, яких немає в достатній кіпькості, та тим, як їх краще використовувати.

6. Нам доводиться відмовлятися від випуску певного виду товару, щоб забезпечити випуск іншого.

7. Головним у ринковому механізмі є чинник цін, який впливає на розширення або скорочення виробництва.

8. Якщо товаровиробники бачитимуть, що продаж певного виду товару і ціни на нього зростають, вони збільшуватимуть випуск цього товару.

Exercise 6. Read and dramatize the following dialogue.

A.: People worry about love, the weather, and the economy. But not necessarily in that order. According to public-opinion polls, the economy is always one of our foremost concerns.

B.: Yes, people worry about such questions as:

— what forces shape the economy;

— what determines how many jobs will be available;

— how much income people will receive;

— what goods will be produced;

— how much pollution will be created.

A.: And I was always wondering what, if anything, we can do to improve the economy's performance?

B.: І see. And when asked what the country's most important problem was, three out of four Americans pointed to the drug problem. However four out of ten cited economic concerns, including unemployment, government spending, budget deficits and inflation.

A.: But for many people, of course, concern for the economy goes no further than the price of tuition or the fear of losing a job.

B: I can't agree with you, because many others, however, are becoming increasingly aware that their job prospects and the prices they pay are somehow related to national trends in prices, unemployment, and economic growth.

A.: So you think that most of us now recognize the importance of major economic events.

B.: Yes, and that is why so many people worry about such abstractions as unemployment rates, inflation, economic growth, trade deficits, and budget deficits.

A.: But despite the widespread concern for the economy, few people really understand how it works. And you can hardly blame them.

B.: Certainly. The significance of billion dollar changes in output is easily lost on people who are trying to figure out how to pay this month's rent or next semester's tuition.

A.: You see, «the economy» as it abstract might seem, as very much a part of our everyday lives. We spend most of our lives working to produce the goods and services that flow from our factories and offices.

B.: Oh! And we spend a good part of the remaining time consuming those same goods and services. During much of the time left over, we worry about what to produce or consume next.

A.: Interest in the workings of the economy intensifies when we have some immediate stake in its performance. The loss of a job, for example, can rivet one's attention on the causes of unemployment. A tuition increase may start you thinking about the nature and causes of inflation.

B.: And high rents can start you thinking about the demand for housing in relation to its supply.

A.: So what we seek to determine, then, is not simply whether we are involved in the economy — a fact nearly everyone can accept with a shrug — but more important, how we are involved and where our interests lie.

B.: Right you are.

Ecercise 7. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:

to satisfy desires unemployment rates

to make difficult choices available resources

to get the most from what one has got to allocate scarce resources

to make the best use of scarce resources economic growth

an expansion of production possibilities trade deficit

inflation

Exercise 8. Communicative situations.

1. What opportunity costs did you incur reading this chapter?

2. If all consumers desire air, why doesn't a market mechanism produce it?

3. What would happen to the production possibilities if additional factors of production became available?

Exercise 9. Change from direct into indirect speech:

EXAMPLE: He said: “We used buildings and machinery rather effectively to produce final goods and services.”

He said that they had used buildings and machinery rather effectively to produce final goods and services.

1. Our manager said: «We produced everything in the quantities we desired.»

2. He said: «This fact forced us to make difficult choices. »

3. The vice-president of marketing said: «We did much to advertise our product. »

4. The president of the company said: «We gave up the production of automobiles to produce agricultural machinery. »

5. The vice-president of production said: «We made the best use of our resources. »

Exercise 10. Ask questions as in the example.

EXAMPLE: Ask your manager if the quantity of resources available for production had increased.

Had the quantity of resources available for production increased?

Ask your manager…

1) if quality of labor and capital resources had improved;

2) if total sales of that product had risen;

3) if the enterprise had increased the production of agricultural machinery;

4) if the firm had allocated scarce resources so as to get the highest income;

5) if the firm had expanded its production possibilities.

Exercise 11. Translate into English using the Past Perfect Tense (the Active Voice).

1. Це підприємство вдало розмістило свої ресурси до того, як розпочало виробництво цього товару.

2. Наша фірма відмовилася від випуску цього товару, щоб розпочати випуск іншого.

3. Коли ціни на цей товар зросли, підприємство збільшило його випуск.

4. Вони підрахували свої майбутні прибутки до того, як розпочали випуск своєї продукції.

5. Він сказав, що їхнє підприємство вдало провело рекламну кампанію і тому обсяги продажу цього товару зросли.

6. Президент компанії повідомив, що брак ресурсів змусив їх зробити вибір.