- •Task 6. What is the difference between the words and phrases in the following sets?
- •Put the following words and expressions into their correct place in the table depending on their function.
- •Complete these sentences with one of the words or expressions from above. In most cases, more than one answer is possible.
- •Task 10. Study the information on references and bibliographies and do exercises a and b.
- •Write a short bibliography for your subject, listing at least five books and articles. Ensure that all the details are correct. Appendix a: Useful Language File
- •Appendix b: Abstract Title
- •Appendix d: Submission Dates
Write a short bibliography for your subject, listing at least five books and articles. Ensure that all the details are correct. Appendix a: Useful Language File
Subject Matter
The present paper aims at …
The following study is concerned with…
The aim of the paper is to provide an up-to-date account of/for…
- This study attempts to quantify ….
- Within the framework of….., various attributes are identified, weighted and quantified for..
- The present paper deals with the reason why …..
- The primary objective of the study is/was
- The present study was conducted to ascertain the response/influence of……
- Different types of ….. have been (were) examined and a relationship between …… was established
This paper describes the basic features of a…..system, considers some important aspects in detail, outlines the advantages and limitations of the system and indicates how it can be used.
It may be suggested that…
It must be admitted that…
It might be natural to assume that…
It may be assumed to be a working hypothesis…
One may put forward a working hypothesis to explain….
Academic Validity
The problem raised by… assumed a place of prime importance….
It assumed world-wide importance….
The significance of this work can hardly be overestimated…..
It has been a favourite subject for dispute among scholars…
It is important to realize…
The problem of … is one of the most important…
The problem of … has not lost its topical significance…
The problem has become more acute: it took a new form….
It is the major theme of macroeconomics…
A comprehensive study of … is the key to solving the problem…..
At present there is a growing interest in …
The current interest in the problem lies in …
Methodology
- These factors require to be analyzed in two different ways
- According to the ……theory the …..process can be calculated by different methods…..
- In order to check the accuracy of the results obtained from ….. they were compared with . ..
The method of investigation is …..
The method is based on the idea that ….
An analogical approach will help to distinguish a few common features…
The most promising approach is a complete/comparative/detailed/typological analysis of…
The analysis can be expanded to …..
Literature survey
- The review of literature reveals very little work done on this aspect……..
- In earlier studies/calculations/experiments of ….., the basic assumption was made that….
Much has been said and written about….
Much has been done in the field of…. but undoubtedly much still remains to be done in it…
Although a number of issues have been analysed and discussed much remains to be done in the field of….
The early discussions on … did not touch the question of …
The question still remains open…
This question has been widely discussed in the literature…
In recent years a considerable amount of work has been done in …
In his book Dr….gave a full account of/described/came up with a hypothesis/proposed a model/developed the general theory/put forward a theory…
Results
- To carry out a comparative assessment of….., it is necessary to state some basic parameters
- It may be further assumed that …….
- The data indicate clearly that………
- Based on the data for ….., it is found that…..
- A comparison of /between….. and….. reveals that…..
Two lines of development can be traced…..
It has been traced back to…..
It is possible to trace the influence of … on…
This explains much of what followed…..
It explains the way of the development……
Conclusion
- On the basis of the comparison the conclusion is drawn …….
- From the study it can be inferred that……
- The results show that…….
- The results are in agreement with the hypothesis that …….
- The data presented support the concept that………
- The future of ….. is, therefore assured, assuming that………
- The analysis made provides the basis for…
- Thus the results obtained support the conclusion that
- The results of the research/analysis/study/comparison/experiments agree with……
- On the basis of the above study and considering …., it can be stated that ……..
The present study provides evidence of ……