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- •300 Лучших учебников для высшей школы в честь 300-летия Санкт-Петербурга
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- •§ 2. Forms of the infinitive.
- •§ 3. The 'to-infinitive' is used:
- •§ 4. The bare infinitive is used:
- •§ 5. The negative. We form the negative of a to-infinitive by putting not before to. I soon learned not to conflict with the manager. § 6. We use the infinitive:
- •I.L. Read the article, find key sentences and translate them into English.
- •1.2. Render the article using the active vocabulary.
- •Attorney;
- •Prosecutor.
- •Interest rents leased depreciation
- •I.L. Read the article, find key sentences and translate them into English.
- •1.2. Render the article using the active vocabulary.
- •§ 1. The passive: general information. Active voice and passive voice.
- •§ 2. Forms of the passive. Passives can be formed in the following ways:
- •§ 3. Transitive and intransitive verbs.
- •§ 4. Uses of the passive.
- •I. Reading the Russian newspaper
- •1.1. Read the article, find key sentences and translate them into English. Покупатель всегда прав
- •1.2. Render the article using the active vocabulary.
- •Inherited income
- •I Reading the English newspaper
- •I.L. Read the newspaper article and decide what the do's and the don'ts for business communication of foreign partners are.
- •1.2. Memory Test.
- •1.3. Vocabulary.
- •I. Case study
- •I.L. Read the article, find key sentences and translate them into English. «Самостоятельный налоговый учет будет не нужен»
- •1.2. Render the article using the active vocabulary.
- •§ 2. The use of present participle:
- •§ 3. A present participle phrase replacing a main clause:
- •§ 4. A present participle phrase replacing a subordinate clause:
- •§ 5. The perfect participle (active):
- •Including underlying encouraging running
- •It is generally agreed that the banking system is malfunctioning, and the amount of credit outstanding is in steady decline.
- •I.L. Read the article, find key sentences and translate them into English.
- •1.2. Render the article using the active vocabulary.
- •In Search of Those Elusive Returns
- •I. Translation
- •I. Speak up
- •1.1. Answer the questions.
- •1.2. Discussion topics.
- •1.3. Read the paragraph from the text "Keynes revisited" and answer the questions.
- •§ 2. Functions:
- •§ 3. Use. The gerund can be used in the following ways:
- •5) Shambles; e) to rearrange especially so as to perform different work
- •I.L. Read the article, find key sentences and translate them into English.
- •1.2. Render the article using the active vocabulary.
- •§ 1. Inversion after adverbs. Sometimes in a sentence the normal subject-verb order can be reversed. Such cases are called inversion.
- •I.L. Read the article, find key sentences and translate them into English.
- •1.2. Render the article using the active vocabulary.
- •§ 2. The use of the causative for things. The causative is similar to the passive. We focus on what is done to something or someone, not on what is someone does.
- •§ 3. The use of the causative for people. The causative with verbs like coach, instruct, prepare, teach and train can refer to things we cause to be done to other people.
- •I.L. Read the article, find key sentences and translate them into English.
- •1.2. Render the article using the active vocabulary.
- •I.L. Read the Russian article and render it using the following words and expressions:
- •1.2. Questions for discussion.
- •International Trade
- •International Specialization
- •1.1. Interview.
- •1.2. Case study.
- •Include awardedbe worth suppliers
- •International Trade:
- •Учебник для вузов
§ 2. The use of present participle:
as adjectives: Existing rulebook, banking system, sweeping changes;
to form the continuous tenses: A further €200m would be written off against the private equity portfolio, which is currently running down, including € 100 m for goodwill impairment. For the past five years, the world's financial regulators have been working on a new set of rules for bank capital, called Basel 2;
'have' + object + present participle: We will have a new branch operating in June. All banks had people withdrawing their money after the crisis. I won '£ have them taking this loan;
a present participle can sometimes replace a relative pronoun + verb: People who wish to open accounts = people wishing to open account;
Present participles/participle phrases such as adding/pointing out/reminding/warning can introduce statements in indirect speech: The bank employee told me to fill in the form, reminding that a minimum deposit should be $ 250;
verbs of sensation 'see', 'hear', 'feel', 'smell', 'perceive* and the verbs 'listen to', 'notice', 'observe' and 'watch' can be followed by object + present participle: The bank manager watched his employees doing their job properly;
'catch/find/leave/keep' + object + present participle: He caught them stealing the money from the bank;
'go/come/spend/waste/be busy'. 'Go' and 'come' can be followed by the participles of verbs of physical activity (set expressions: e. g., the verb shop): He goes swimming every day. I am going shopping today. 'Spend/waste' + an expression of time or money + present participle: She spent a lot of money buying her clothes. He was busy writing a report.
§ 3. A present participle phrase replacing a main clause:
when two actions by the same subject occur simultaneously it is usually possible to express one of them by a present participle. He answered the questions. He presented the evidence. = He answered the questions presenting the evidence;
when one action is immediately followed by another by the same subject the first action can often be expressed by a present participle. The participle must be placed first: He cashed the cheque and paid all his debts. = Cashing the cheque he paid all his debts;
when the second action forms part of the first, or is a result of it we can express the second action by a present participle: She took a loan, buying a car.
§ 4. A present participle phrase replacing a subordinate clause:
♦ these constructions are chiefly found in written English. The present participle can replace 'as/since/because' + subject + verb, i. e., it can help to explain the action which follows: Knowing (As he knew) he wouldn't he able to find a bank on his journey he cashed his cheque;
note that 'being' at the beginning of a sentence will normally mean 'as he is/as he was': Being a student he was interested in foreign languages;
the subject of the participle need not be the same as the subject of the following verb: The day being fine, we decided to go the country.