11.Lexical and grammatical aspects of the word. Types of grammatical meaning.

Proceeding from the differences in linguistic signs we claim that word-signs be subdivided into two principal groups: lexical words and grammatical words.

Lexical words are the linguistic signs which possess denotative ability. They are denotators of extralingual objects and phenomena, objec­tive and subjective: a window, a country, to judge, etc. Their function consists in nominating or designating the denoted objects and phenomena. The nominative character of denotative words, which correlate with notions and have full denotative content, helps to distinguish

nominative words from non-nominative ones. Lexical words in contrast to “grammatical words’’are nominative units which function as lingual nominators of denoted referents.

The term “notional”, however acceptable it might be, is not probably exact because, in fact, all words, this way or another, correlate with notions. But the correlative notions may be different, and the ways of correlation may differ too. The term seems somewhat misleading. Grammar resorts to it but interprets it conventionally as a designation of denotative units only.

Grammatical words are also linguistic signs but they possess signi­ficative ability. They are significators of general conceptual notions.

They do not designate or nominate them as the word “significate” itself does.

They may or may not have reference to objective reality.If they have any, grammatical words are said to possess certain referential and reflective ability. The significative character of the main stock of grammatical words is obvious. This results from their function of signification, i.e. the representation of general conceptual notions (ca­tegories) not in the way of nominating but by signifying or marking them grammatically. Hence, it is the way of lingual representation and the nature of conceptual referents, significative generic notions or ca­tegories, that predetermine the specific lingual function of signi­fication. Nomination and signification are correlative and distinctive they lie at the basis of differentiating lexical words from grammatical ones.

Since grammatical words are devoid of nominative power they can be characteristically qualified as “function-words”, i. e. words at­tributed with particular functional design such as to signify concep­tual categories, to form up language units in their function and rela­tionships or to provide orientation in speech situations. The functiona­lity of grammatical words makes it necessary to regard them together with other grammatical devices of linguistic means of expression. Both types of words are bilateral entities having their content and expression sides.

The notion of ‘grammatical meaning’.

The word combines in its semantic structure two meanings – lexical and grammatical. Lexical meaning is the individual meaning of the word (e.g. table). Grammatical meaning is the meaning of the whole class or a subclass. For example, the class of nouns has the grammatical meaning of thingness. If we take a noun (table) we may say that it possesses its individual lexical meaning (it corresponds to a definite piece of furniture) and the grammatical meaning of thingness (this is the meaning of the whole class). Besides, the noun ‘table’ has the grammatical meaning of a subclass – countableness. Any verb combines its individual lexical meaning with the grammatical meaning of verbiality – the ability to denote actions or states. An adjective combines its individual lexical meaning with the grammatical meaning of the whole class of adjectives – qualitativeness – the ability to denote qualities. Adverbs possess the grammatical meaning of adverbiality – the ability to denote quality of qualities.

There are some classes of words that are devoid of any lexical meaning and possess the grammatical meaning only. This can be explained by the fact that they have no referents in the objective reality. All function words belong to this group – articles, particles, prepositions, etc.

Types of grammatical meaning.

The grammatical meaning may be explicit and implicit. The implicit grammatical meaning is not expressed formally (e.g. the word table does not contain any hints in its form as to it being inanimate). The explicit grammatical meaning is always marked morphologically – it has its marker. In the word cats the grammatical meaning of plurality is shown in the form of the noun; cat’s – here the grammatical meaning of possessiveness is shown by the form ‘s; is asked – shows the explicit grammatical meaning of passiveness.

The implicit grammatical meaning may be of two types – general and dependent. The general grammatical meaning is the meaning of the whole word-class, of a part of speech (e.g. nouns – the general grammatical meaning of thingness). The dependent grammatical meaning is the meaning of a subclass within the same part of speech. For instance, any verb possesses the dependent grammatical meaning of transitivity/intransitivity, terminativeness/non-terminativeness, stativeness/non-stativeness; nouns have the dependent grammatical meaning of contableness/uncountableness and animateness/inanimateness. The most important thing about the dependent grammatical meaning is that it influences the realization of grammatical categories restricting them to a subclass. Thus the dependent grammatical meaning of countableness/uncountableness influences the realization of the grammatical category of number as the number category is realized only within the subclass of countable nouns, the grammatical meaning of animateness/inanimateness influences the realization of the grammatical category of case, teminativeness/non-terminativeness - the category of tense, transitivity/intransitivity – the category of voice.

GRAMMATICAL MEANING

EXPLICIT IMPLICIT

GENERAL DEPENDENT