1066 Was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. The year is considered by many historians to be a turning point in history due to various events.

Middle English is the period in the history of the English language between the late 11th and the late 15th century.

Middle English developed out of Late Old English in Norman England and was spoken throughout the Plantagenet era.

Magna Carta is an English charter, originally issued in the year 1215.

The 1215 charter required King John of England to proclaim certain liberties, and accept that his will was not arbitrary.

Magna Carta was the first document forced onto an English King by a group of the feudal barons, in an attempt to limit his powers by law and protect their privileges.

Wars of the Roses were a series of dynastic civil wars for the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the houses of Lancaster and York. The final victory went to Henry Tudor, who defeated the last Yorkist king Richard III and married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York to unite the two houses. The House of Tudor subsequently ruled England and Wales for 117 years.

Henry VIII  was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later King, of Ireland, as well as continuing the nominal claim by the English monarchs to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII.

Besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church.He was considered an attractive, educated and accomplished king in his prime and has a reputation as "one of the most charismatic rulers to sit on the English throne". Besides ruling with absolute power, he also engaged himself as an author and composer.

Protestantism is one of the major groupings within Christianity. It is a movement that began in Germany in the early 16th century as a reaction against medieval Roman Catholic doctrines. The doctrines of the various Protestant denominations  include justification by grace through faith alone, and the Bible as the supreme authority in matters of faith and morals".

Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England and the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The church considers itself within the tradition of Western Christianity and dates its formal establishment principally to the mission to England by St Augustine of Canterbury in AD 597.

Act of Supremacy The first Act of Supremacy was a piece of legislation that granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy, which means that he was declared the supreme head of the Church of England.

Henry's Act of Supremacy was repealed (1554) in the reign of his daughter, Mary I. It was reinstated by Mary's Protestant half-sister, Elizabeth I, when she ascended the throne. Elizabeth declared herself Supreme Governor of the Church of England, and instituted an Oath of Supremacy, requiring anyone taking public or church office to swear allegiance to the monarch as head of the Church and state. Anyone refusing to take the Oath could be charged with treason.

Anglicanism is a tradition within Christianity comprising churches with historical connections to the Church of England or similar beliefs, worship and church structures.  Adherents of Anglicanism are called Anglicans. The great majority of Anglicans are members of churches which are part of the international Anglican Communion. 

Queen Mary was the Queen of England and Ireland.

She was the only surviving child born of the ill-fated marriage of Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine of Aragon. Mary assembled a force in East Anglia, and successfully deposed Jane, who was ultimately beheaded.After Mary has married Philip of Spain, she became queen consort of Habsburg Spain.

As the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, Mary is remembered for her restoration of Roman Catholicism after the short-lived Protestant reign of her brother. Her Protestant opponents gave her the sobriquet of "Bloody Mary".

Queen Elizabeth I  was queen regnant of England and Ireland. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.

One of her first moves as queen was the establishing of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. ThisElizabethan Religious Settlement later evolved into today's Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir so as to continue the Tudor line. She never did, however, despite numerous courtships.

Puritanism were a significant grouping of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries. Puritanism in this sense was founded shortly after the accession of Elisabeth I as an activist movement within the Church of England. 

Charles I was King of England, King of Scotland, and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649, and is a saint in the Church of England. 

Charles's reign was characterized by religious conflicts. His failure to successfully aid Protestant forces during the Thirty Years' War, coupled with the fact that he married a Roman Catholic princess, generated deep mistrust concerning the king's dogma. 

Charles was defeated in the First Civil War (1642–45), after which Parliament expected him to accept its demands for a constitutional monarchy. He instead remained defiant by attempting to forge an alliance with Scotland and escaping to the Isle of Wight. This provoked the Second Civil War (1648–49) and a second defeat for Charles, who was subsequently captured, tried, convicted, and executed for high treason. The monarchy was then abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of England was declared.

Oliver Cromwell was an English military and political leader who was part of the joint republican, military and parliamentarian effort that overthrew the Stuart monarchy as a result of the "English Civil War," and was subsequently invited by his fellow leaders to assume a head of state role in 1653. As such, Cromwell ruled as "Lord Protector" for a five-year segment (1653-58) of the 11-year period of republican Commonwealth and protectorate rule of England, and nominally of Ireland, Wales and Scotland. As one of the commanders of the New Model Army, he played an important role in the defeat of the King's forces, the royalists in the English Civil War. After the execution ofKing Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, ruling as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.

The Glorious Revolution also called the Revolution of 1688, is the name of the overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians with William of Orange. William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascending the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England.

The expression "Glorious Revolution" was first used by John Hampden in late 1689, and is an expression that is still used by the British Parliament.The Glorious Revolution is also occasionally termed the Bloodless Revolution.

Bill of Rights is a list of the most important rights of the citizens of a country. The purpose of these bills is to protect those rights against infringement.

Act of Settlement is an act of the Parliament of England that was passed in 1701 to settle the succession to the English throne on the Electress Sophia of Hanover and her Protestant heirs. The act was later extended to Scotland, as a result of theTreaty of Union, enacted in the Acts of Union 1707 before it was ever needed. Along with the Bill of Rights 1689, it remains today one of the main constitutional laws governing the succession to not only the throne of the United Kingdom, but, following British colonialism, the resultant doctrine of reception, and independence, also to those of the other Commonwealth realms, whether by willing deference to the act as a British statute or as a patriated part of the particular realm's constitution.

Orangemen is a Protestant organization based mainly in Northern Ireland and Scotland, though it has lodges throughout the Commonwealth and United States. Its name is a tribute to Dutch-born Protestant William of Orange, who defeated the army of Catholic James II at the Battle of the Boyne .

The Act of Union were two Parliamentary Acts - the Union with Scotland Act  and the Union with England Act . The Acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland into a single, united kingdom named "Great Britain".

Robert Walpole 1st Earl of Orford, known as Sir Robert Walpole, was a British statesman who is generally regarded as having been the first Prime Minister of Great Britain.

Walpole served during the reigns of George I and George II. His tenure is normally dated from 1721 when he obtained the post of First Lord of the Treasury; others date it from 1730 when he became the sole and undisputed leader of the Cabinet.

potato famine was a famine caused by potato blight that struck the Scottish Highlands in the 1840s. In the mid-19th century, most crofters in the Highlands of Scotland were very dependent on potatoes as a source of food. In the Highlands, in 1846, potato crops were blighted. Crops failed, and the following winter was especially cold and snowy. It caused over 1.7 million people to leave Scotland during the period 1846–52.

viceroys  is a royal official who runs a country, colony, or city province  in the name of and as representative of the monarch. The term derives from the Latin prefix vice-, meaning "in the place of" and the French word roi, meaning king.

Queen Victoria  was the monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death.

Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward. She inherited the throne at the age of 18 after her father's three elder brothers died without surviving legitimate issue. Privately, she attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments. Publicly, she became a national icon, and was identified with strict standards of personal morality.

Suffragettes It derives from the term "suffragist," which proponents of women's "suffrage," or right to vote, originally adopted. They wanted to be involved in the running of the country and they wanted to be treated as equals to men. In Britain, "suffragist" is generally used solely to identify members of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies.

Irish Free State was the state established as a dominion under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by the British government and Irish representatives exactly twelve months beforehand. On the day the Irish Free State was established, it comprised the entire island of Ireland, but Northern Ireland almost immediately exercised its right under the treaty to remove itself from the new state. The Irish Free State effectively replaced both the self-proclaimed Irish Republic and the Provisional Government of Southern Ireland. W. T. Cosgrave, the first President of the Irish Free State had led both of these "governments" since August 1922.

The Irish Free State came to an end in 1937, when the citizens voted by referendum to replace the 1922 constitution. It was succeeded by the sovereign, modern state of Ireland.

"Grand Alliance" The organization, which was founded in 1686 as the League of Augsburg, was known as the "Grand Alliance" after England joined the League. It was originally formed in an attempt to halt Louis XIV of France's expansions.

Irish Republican Army was an Irish republican revolutionary military organisation. It was descended from the Irish Republican Brotherhood. In 1919, the Irish Republic that had been proclaimed during the Easter Rising was formally established by an elected assembly, and the Irish Volunteers were recognised as its legitimate army. Thereafter, the IRA waged a guerrilla campaign against British rule in Ireland in the 1919–21 Irish War of Independence.