V. Classification of Borrowings According to the Language from which

They were Borrowed

a) Romanic borrowings (Latin and Greek). Zhey appeared in English during

the Middle English period due to the Great Revival of Learning:

memorandum, minimum, maximum, veto;

b) French borrowings: words relating to government – administer, empire;

words relating to military affairs: soldier, battle; words relating to

jurisprudence: advocate, barrister; words relating to fashion: luxary,

coat; words relating to jewelry: emerald, pearl; words relating to food

and cooking: dinner, appetite;

c) Italian borrowings: bank, bankrupt (the 14th century); volcano, bronze,

manifesto, bulletin (the 17th century); various musical terms – falsetto,

solo, duet; gazette, incognito (the 20th century);

d) Spanish borrowings: trade terms – cargo, embargo; names of dances and

musical instruments – tango, rumba, guitar; names of vegetables and

fruit;

e) Scandinavian borrowings. There are 700 of them. they are such nouns as

bull, cake, egg, knife; such adjectives as flat, ill, happy; such verbs as

call, die, guess; pronouns and connective words same, both, though;

pronominal forms they, them, their;

f) German borrowings. There are 800 of them: geological terms – zink,

quarts, gneiss; words denoting objects used in everyday life –

kindergarten., lobby, rucksack; units borrowed in the period of the

Second World War – SS-man, Luftwaffe, Bundeswehr; ; units borrowed

after the period of the Second World War – Ostarbeaiter, Volkswagen;

g) Dutch borrowings. There are about 2000 of them. They were mainly

borrowed in the 14th century: freight, skipper, pump (they are mainly

nautical terms);

h) Russian borrowings: words connected with trade relations – sterlet,

Vodka, pood, copeck, rouble; words which came into English trough

Russian literature of the 19th century – zemstvo, volost, moujik; words

connected with political system – udarnik, collective farm, Soviet power,

five-year plan.