Index

Abbasid Empire 223 absolutism 36 Acheson, Dean 129–30

Adams, President John 38 Adas, Michael 138 advertising 181, 240

Afghanistan 174, 219, 220, 221, 222, 226, 239

Africa 171

Gandhian liberationism 145–6 poverty statistics 208 al-Qaeda bombings in 221

agrarian communities 65, 73, 142 agricultural recession 86

ahimsa (nonviolence) 142–6, 147, 156 Alexander II, Tsar 98, 99

Algeria 146–50 Alsace-Lorraine 72, 117 Althusser, Louis 4, 137 Amann, Max 118 American Civil War 77

American Revolution 3, 9, 19–20, 25 Americanization 186, 194–5, 211, 228, 231 anarchy 160, 203, 250–1n

ancien régime 20, 45, 64, 75 Anderson, Benedict 6, 9 animal rights 159 Anthony, Susan B. 161

anti-globalization protesters 62, 197, 199, 202–4, 214

anti-Semitism 60, 61, 68–71, 96, 116, 122–3, 217

Appadurai, Arjun 10

Arendt, Hannah 2, 3

Argentina 87, 95, 145

aristocracy 20–1, 41, 46, 51, 61, 75–6 Armenia 109

Aron, Raymond 129

Aryans 66, 67–9, 70, 90, 122, 125 Asian economic crisis 199–200, 202 Ataturk, Kemal 221

atheism 38, 46

ATTAC (Taxation of Financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens) 200–1, 205, 210

Attlee, Clement 154 Aung San Suu Kyi 145 Australia 218

Austria 76, 218 Austro-Hungarian Empire 86 authoritarianism 36 Azerbaidzhan 109

Azzam, Abdullah 219, 220, 227

Babeuf, Gracchus 22 Bacon, Francis 28 Bakunin, Mikhail 99 Balzac, Honoré de 65 Bamyeh, Mohammed 224

Bandung Conference (1955) 137 Barber, Benjamin 193

Barnett, Thomas P. M. 237–40 Barrès, Maurice 61, 65, 71–2, 73 Bauer, Bruno 39

Bavaria 115–16, 117 Beam, Louis 214

Bebel, August 77, 81, 82, 119, 187 Beethoven, Ludwig von 38 Belgium 81

Bell, Daniel 151–2, 177, 178 Bellamy, Richard 53, 56 Bello, Walden 201

Bergson, Henri 89, 119 Berlet, Chip 216 Berlusconi, Silvio 204

Bernhardi, General Friedrich von 90 Bernstein, Eduard 43, 80, 92–3, 100

Bildung 55

Billig, Michael 252n

Bin Laden, Osama 213, 219, 220–30 Bismarck, Prince Otto von 47, 76, 79–80 Black Bloc organization 203

black empowerment 146

Black Muslim organization 157 Black Panther Party 156–7

306

Index

Blair, Tony 197 Blanqui, Auguste 73 Bleyzer, Michael 236 Blocher, Christoph 218 blood purity 66–7, 123

Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich 67 Bobbio, Norberto 197–8

Bolivar, Simón 46

Bolshevism 98, 100–7, 109, 112, 115–16, 122, 123

Bonald, Louis de 21, 60, 65 Bonapartism 32, 35–6, 61, see also

Napoleon I Boot, Max 231 Born, Stephan 75 Bosnia 223

Bossi, Umberto 218 Boulanger, General 60, 61 Bourdieu, Pierre 6

bourgeois society 38–9, 47, 74, 76, 78, 79, 86, 87–8, 90, 93, 101–3, see also middle class

Bové, José 202

Bretton Woods system 132–3, 163, 192 Britain 228

House of Lords 91–2 labor movement 73, 81

liberalism 4–5, 12, 45, 49–59, 89 New Labor 197

parliamentary reform 50, 51, 52 Thatcherism 164, 168–9 Versailles Conference 86 working class 87

Brougham, Lord 52

Buchanan, Patrick 214, 216, 218, 229–30, 240

Buchheim, Hans 262n Buffon, Comte de 67

Bukharin, Nikolai 106, 108, 113 Bulgaria 109

Burke, Edmund 22, 26, 45–6, 60–1, 63, 119

Burke, Jason 219 Burma 145

Bush, George W. 3, 204, 213, 222, 231, 233–4, 242–3

Byrnes, Joseph 31

Cabanis, Pierre-Georges 35 Calhoun, Craig 160, 252n camera obscura 40, 103 Camus, Albert 269n Canada 87

Canovan, Margaret 214

capitalism 11, 40, 61, 80, 86, 163–4 belle époque 86–7

free-market 165–9, 178, 180–1, 185, 189–90, 192–3, 232, 234–7

industrial 8, 37

Keynesianism and 93, 153–4, 155, 163, 169

laissez faire 25, 53, 86, 89, 151, 153, 166, 231

liberalism 37, 53 working class and 88

Carmichael, Stokely 157 Carson, Rachel 161 Castro, Fidel 95, 137

Catholicism 20–1, 31, 35–6, 47, 65, 69 CCP (Chinese Communist Party) 171–4 Césaire, Aimé 139, 146, 156 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart 68, 124 Chambord, Comte de 44

Chanda, Nayan 179 character-building 55–6, 58, 63, 142 Charles X, King of France 59 Chartism 52

Chateaubriand, François de 31 Chatterjee, Partha 141 Chauvin, Nicolas 91 chauvinism 96–7

Chavez, Hugo 214 Cheney, Dick 232, 243

Chernyshevsky, Nikolai 98, 99

Chiapas, Southern Mexico 199 Chile 95

China 3, 95, 136, 137, 138, 145, 171–4, 177, 197

Chirac, Jacques 204

Christian Right 243

Christianity 31, 47, 66, 70, 223, 228, 242–3

citizenship 7, 198, 209 Civil Code 36

civil disobedience 156

civil rights 55, 145, 155–63, 161 civil society 47, 201, 206

civilization(s) 138–9, 141–2, 144, 147, 226, 228, 242

class struggle 78, 80, 103, 173 Clausewitz, Carl von 134 climate change 210

Clinton, Bill 170, 190, 233 Clinton, Hillary Rodham 241 Cobden, Richard 51 Cohn-Bendit, Daniel 158

Cold War 2–3, 11, 95, 130, 133, 134–8, 174–7, 219

307

Index

collective identity 9, 206 collectivism 58, 89, 93, 113, 165–6 colonialism 57, 85, 86, 130, 134, 137,

138–50, 190 Comintern 109, 136 common good 165

communism 2–3, 6, 9, 38, 42, 48, 71, 95, 150, 151, 152, 171

Brezhnev Doctrine 159, 175 de-ideologized Chinese 171–4 German 115

Maoism 136–7

nonviolent challenge to 145 perestroika and glasnost 174–7 Russian 95–113

competition 89, 166 Comte, Auguste 254n

Condillac, Etienne de 26–7, 30, 38 Condorcet, Jean de 27

Connolly, William 7 consciousness

false 41, 42–3, 103, 245 national 83

political 101, 102, 104 conservatism 5, 6, 9, 10, 89, 151

Chateaubriand’s 31 compassionate 233 French 45, 59–73, 91, 217

nationalist extremism 91–2 neoconservatives 230–43 New Right 11, 91, 163–9, 197 religion and 47, 63

suffrage and 52

Conservative Party (UK) 13, 51, 91–2, 150, 164

Constant, Benjamin 34 constitutional monarchy 31, 59 constitutionalism 37

consumer activists 203

consumerism 11, 87–8, 153–4, 169, 178, 181, 228

CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) 157 corporations 86, 158, 181, 208, 214, 230

cyber-attacks against 202 transnational 181, 182, 184, 193, 209,

210

corruption 215, 216, 221, 223–4, 229 cosmopolitanism 198–9

coup d’états 22, 33, 34, 36, 114 CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet

Union) 97, 109, 112 crusades 223, 242

Cuba 95

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) 134

culture 247

glocalization 195, 277n homogenization 186, 194–5, 211, 228 immoral 228

national 57 Czechoslovakia 159

Dalton, Dennis 143

Darwin, Charles 68, 119, 121

Daunou, Pierre-Claude 23, 33

Davos, Switzerland 201, 203–4 Declaration of the Rights of Man and the

Citizen 25 decolonization 11, 138–50

decontestation 5, 30, 62, 75, 81, 211, 212 Gandhi 142–3

of globalization 181, 186–95, 207 left-right distinction 198

of liberty 53–4, 166

offensive and defensive jihad 227 Deming, Barbara 145

democracy 3, 5, 46, 54, 57, 63, 86, 90, 150, 191–2, 209

advance of 88 globalization and 191–3 populism and 214

United States and global expansion of 235–41

demonstrations 156, 159, 162, 197, 202–4, 214

denationalization 14 Deng Xiaoping 172–4, 177

deregulation 164, 168, 182, 188, 189, 234 Déroulède, Paul 60, 72

Descartes, René 29

despotism 23, 26, 55, 98, 142, 166 determinism 71–2, 90, 242 deterritorialization 183, 220 dictatorship 93, 95, 104–7, 124–5, 192 Diderot, Denis 25

digital revolution 180, 183, 195

direct action 90, 93, 156, 160, 202, 211 diversity 206, 209

division of labor 40, 41 Dobbs, Lou 218 doctrinaires 65

Dreyfus Affair 60, 69–70, 72 Drumont, Edouard 61, 70–1, 72, 122,

217

Du Bois, W. E. B. 156

Duara, Prasenjit 139 Dubcek, Alexander 159 Dumas, Alexandre 38 Dupuis, Charles 31

308

Index

Dyson, Esther 170

Dzerzhinsky, Felix 106

Ebert, Friedrich 115, 117 economic crisis in Asia 199–200

economic integration 132, 164, 174 economic recession 86, 124, 164 economic recovery 153–4

education 23, 25, 32, 36, 51, 57, 75, 76, 104, 142, 162, 184

Egypt 34

Eisner, Kurt 115, 116

‘Electronic Herd’ 189–90, 191, 192 elites/elitism 32, 34, 57, 59, 88, 89, 215

globalization 197 intellectual 230 market globalism 184 power 236

emotionalism 4, 119–20 end-of-ideology thesis 3, 11, 150–5, 162,

177–8

Engels, Friedrich 2, 19, 24, 38–43, 75, 80, 81, 93, 101

Enlightenment 22, 23, 25, 28, 36, 55, 62, 64, 86, 156, 244

entrepreneurship 167, 168, 234 environmentalism 11, 145, 159, 161, 200,

203, 209, 210 Estonia 109

ethnic minorities 159, 160, 215 Eucken, Walter 167

eugenics 90

European Union 182, 248 evolution 89, 121 exceptionalism 46

America 240, 241 France 61–2 Russia 99, 112

Exxon-Mobil 182

EZLN (Zapatista Army of National Liberation) 199, 202

Fabian Society 167

Falk, Richard 235

false consciousness 41, 103

Fanon, Frantz 129, 130, 139, 146–50 Fanonism 157

fascism 6, 9, 61, 78, 91, 94, 118–19, 150, 151, 265n, see also Nazism

feminism 11, 145, 159, 161, 203, 215 Ferguson, Niall 68

feudalism 25, 40, 74 Feuerbach, Ludwig 39, 41 Fichte, Johann Gotttlieb 74

Fidelity Instruments 203 financial services 182, 192 Finnish Socialist Party 92 Flaubert, Gustave 65

FLN (National Liberation Front) 146 Fortuyn, Pim 218

Foucault, Michel 137 Fourier, Charles 73 France 5, 233

Alsace-Lorraine 72, 117 conservatism 45, 59–73, 91, 217 Dreyfus Affair 60, 69–70, 72 liberty 55

mass strikes in 1990s 200, 202 national populism 13 national-socialists 91 nationalist New Right 91 organized labor 73

populism 13, 218 Ruhr occupation 117

student protests 158–9, 167 working class 81, 87, see also French

Revolution Franklin, Benjamin 25

Franz Ferdinand, Archduke 230 Fredrickson, George 67

free-market capitalism 165–9, 178, 180–1, 185, 189–90, 192–3, 232, 234–7

free trade 53, 165–9, 208, 211, 214, 232, 234 Freeden, Michael 1, 5, 29–30, 50, 53, 167,

212

freedom of the press 25

French Revolution 1–2, 3, 9, 10, 25, 33, 45–7, 119

Charles Taylor on 130 ideology and 19–24 Maistre’s attack on 62 racism and 67

Freud, Sigmund 90

Friedan, Betty 161

Frieden, Jeffry 163

Friedman, Milton 164, 165, 167, 168, 178 Friedman, Thomas L. 170, 180, 184, 185–95,

196, 197, 204, 206–7, 211, 232–3, 241 Fukuyama, Francis 177–9, 185, 193, 195,

196, 232 Furedi, Frank 139

G-8 Economic Summits 202, 204–5

Galton, Sir Francis 90

Gambetta, Leon 70

Gandhi, Mahatma 130, 138, 139–46, 148,

156

Garten, Jeffrey 275n

309

Index

Garvey, Marcus 146, 156

GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 132

gays and lesbians 159, 215 General Motors 182 Gentile, Emilio 244

George, Susan 197, 201, 205–6, 207–11 Georgia 109

The German Ideology (Marx and Engels) 2, 37, 39–43, 81

Germanic race 68 Germany 39, 43, 109

Gobineau Society 68–9 Green Party 145 industrialization 87 New Center 197 revolution 115

social progress 55 socialism 73–83 Versailles Treaty 116–17

Young Hegelians 38, 39, 41, see also Nazism

GGBW (General German Brotherhood of Workers) 75, 78, 80

Giuliani, Carlo 204

Giuliani, Rudy 236

GJM (global justice movement) 197–212 global imaginary 170

Cold War 134–8 ideology 10–15

Third World liberationism 138–50 world war and 125, 129–34

Global War on Terror 3, 233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239–40, 242, 243, 246

globalization 11, 178–84, 246–7 American leadership of 234–41 backlash against 196–7

belle époque 86–7 comprehensive poll on 196 critique of 205–6, 207–11 Friedman on 185–95

‘Golden Straightjacket’ 189–90, 191 inexorability of 186–8

Muslim world 226 populism and 217

Glorious Revolution (1688) 49 Gobineau, Arthur de 61, 65–8, 71 Goebbels, Joseph 124

‘Golden Straightjacket’ 189–90, 191 Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah 266n Goldman Sachs 190

Goodman, Nelson 246

Gorbachev, Mikhail 174–7, 179–80, 181 Gougenot des Mousseaux, Henri-Roger 68

Gray, John 244

Great War (1914–18) 43, 82, 83, 85, 86, 94, 96, 114–15, 116, 129, 131, 138

Green, T. H. 52, 57, 58 Green parties 145, 205 Greenfeld, Liah 9

Greenpeace International 205 Grzybowski, Candido 170

Gu Hongming 139

Guevara, Che 130, 137, 139, 159 Guillotine, Joseph 21

Guizot, François 65

Gulf War (1991) 180, 221, 223 Gürtner, Franz 124

Habeck, Mary 225

Habermas, Jürgen 7 Habsburgs 76 Häckel, Ernst 90 Haider, Jörg 13, 218 Hale, Matt 214 Hammen, Oscar 43 Hanson, Pauline 218 Hardt, Michael 206 Harvey, David 174

Hatzfeld, Countess Sophie von 77 Havel, Vaclav 145

Hayek, Friedrich August 165–9, 178, 183, 188

Hayekism 185, 187, 189, 231 Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory 262n Hedetoft, Ulf and Hjort, Mette 14 Hedges, Chris 243

Hegel, Georg W. F. 38, 47, 77, 79, 178 Held, David 198

Helvétius, Claude Adrien 25, 32 Helvétius, Madame 26, 27 hereditary determinism 90 Hindenburg, Paul von 117

historical materialism 41–3, 90, 103, 187 history 54

end of 177–8

materialist concept of 41–3, 90, 103, 187 power of ideas in 166

racial struggle 68 tipping points in 7, 130

Hitler, Adolf 2, 4, 68, 71, 84, 95, 120, 124, 134

anti-Semitism 116

arrest and imprisonment 118 Beer Hall Putsch 114, 117–18

Mein Kampf (My Struggle) 104, 118, 120–4, 125

nonaggression treaty with Stalin 113

310

Index

Ho Chi Minh 137, 171 Hobhouse, L. T. 52, 57, 58–9 Hobsbawm, Eric 8, 84–5, 87, 162 Holland 218

Holocaust 125, 266n

Holy Roman Empire 36, 74 Hua Guofeng 172, 173 human rights 95, 145, 203 humanism 149, 160 Humboldt, Alexander von 55 Hungary 109 hypermasculinity 93

ICT 180, 183, 195 idealism 37, 38 ideology 134–5

consensus 152–3, 155 as derisive term 38 disparaging 1–3

end-of-ideology thesis 3, 11, 150–5, 162, 177–8

fascism 118–20

French Revolution and 19–24 George W. Bush and 242 global imaginary 10–15

Lenin’s rehabilitation of 102–4, 106 Marx and Engels on 38–40, 40–1, 103 multiple usages of 38

Napoleon and 35–7, 38 national imaginary 8–10

neutral and critical conceptions of 3–5 new 137–8, 159–69

popularized 119–20 propaganda 104 reformulation 171–7 religion and 243–6 revolution and 19–43 scientific analysis and 24 social imaginary and 6–8 ’superscience’ 30

Tracy and 27–32, 103 Ignatieff, Michael 241 Ignatius of Loyola 70

IMF (International Monetary Fund) 132, 184, 188, 190, 200, 209

immigration 215, 216, 240 imperial globalism 13, 191, 230–41 imperialism 85, 86, 138, 147, 228 India 139–46

individualism 37, 49, 53–4, 54, 71–2, 167, 237, 238

individuality 55–6, 57, 58, 62 industrial capitalism 8, 37 Industrial Revolution 37, 50

industrialization 39, 59, 65, 73, 74, 85, 87, 96

inflation 154, 163–4 intellectualism 101, 104, 107, 237 interest rates 154, 164

internationalism 73, 78, 81–2, 92, 137 Gandhi on 145

Hayek 168

Marxism 78, 108–9, 110, 111

TNC (transnational corporations) 181, 182, 184, 193

Internet 183, 192, 222 Iran 86, 234

Iraq 220, 221, 233, 234, 236, 239, 242 Ireland 55, 58–9

irrationalism 89, 90, 120 Islam 219–20, 220, 222, 223–7

Islamic Jihad (Egyptian group) 221 Israel 223, 228

Italy 33, 55, 81, 131, 204–5, 218

Jacobinism 21–2, 23, 33, 34, 46, 99 Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig 74

James, C. L. R. 156

Japan 133, 138, 139 Jaurés, Jean 69 al-Jazeera television 222 Jefferson, Thomas 25, 38 Jesuits 70

Jesus Christ 31 jet travel 247

Jews 88, 96, 122–3, 228 jihad 220, 224, 226–7

jihadist globalism 3, 13, 14, 191, 218–30, 240, 241–2, 243, 244

Johnson, Chalmers 219 Johnson, Lyndon 159

justice globalism 12, 14, 177, 190, 193, 194, 197–212, 213–14

Kagan, Robert 232

Kahr, Gustav Ritter von 114, 118

Kaldor, Mary 201

Kamenev, Lev 108, 110

Kant, Immanuel 45, 119, 209

Kaplan, Robert 236

Katsiaficas, George 162

Kautsky, Karl 80, 81, 102

Kelly, Petra 145

Kennedy, Emmet 34

Kennedy, Robert 158

Kenya 221

Kenyatta, Jomo 156

Kerry, John 241

311

Index

Kershaw, Ian 120

Keynes, John Maynard 93, 153–4, 155, 163,

169

Kim Il-Song 137

King, Martin Luther 145, 155–6, 157–8,

161, 167

Kirkpatrick, Jeane J. 95

Kirov, Sergei 112

Kissinger, Henry 129

Klein, Naomi 201

Kolakowski, Leszek 42, 105, 111

Korean War 134

Kouyaté, Tiémoho Garan 156

Kristol, Irving 169

Kristol, William 232

Lafayette, Marquise de 25, 26

laissez faire 25, 53, 86, 89, 151, 153, 166, 231

language 29–30, 30, 52 Laqueur, Walter 96

Lassalle, Ferdinand 44, 47, 77–81 Lavosier, Antoine 24

Lawrence, Bruce 222 Le Bon, Gustave 89–90

Le Pen, Jean-Marie 13, 218 leadership 124, 215 League of Nations 86

Lebensraum (living space) 123–4 legislation 36, 50, 51, 52, 73, 183 Legitimism 61

Leibnizian optimism 24 Lemare, Alexander 36

Lenin, Vladimir 84, 93, 97–110, 112, 115, 172, 174

Levien, Max 115 Levinè, Eugen 115, 116 Levitt, Theodore 180–1 Liang Qichao 139 Liberal Party 51

liberalism 4, 6, 9, 10, 13, 32, 46–7, 63, 151 British 12, 45, 49–59, 89

conservatism 64 end of 150

inter-wars decline 85–6, 88 religion and 47

socialism against 77, 78–9 Tracy’s 31

victory over communism 178 liberationism 46, 57, 102, 109, 130, 139,

199

black 155–8

Third World 139–50, 151, 223 liberty 25, 37, 53–5, 62, 139, 166

Liebknecht, Karl 81, 115 Lifton, Robert Jay 234 Ligachev, Yegor 176 Linné, Carl von 66, 67

Lipset, Seymour Martin 152 literacy 51

literature 48, 65

Locke, John 27, 28, 30, 49–50 Louis-Philippe, King 59, 65 Ludendorff, Erich 117, 118 Luxemburg, Rosa 97, 115

McDonald’s 191, 203

Mcfarlane, Robert 236 McKinsey & Company 190 McKissick, Floyd 157 macroeconomics 153–4, 163–4 MAI (Multilateral Agreement on

Investment) 201 Maine, Henry 268n

Maistre, Joseph de 45–6, 60, 61, 62–5, 217 MAK (Maktab al-Khidamat) 219

Malcolm X 157 Mandela, Nelson 146 Manent, Pierre 20

Manicheanism 215, 226, 228, 242 Mao Zedong 136, 171, 172, 173 Maoism 95

Marat, Jean-Paul 22

Marcos, Subcomandante 199 Marcuse, Herbert 160 Marinetti, Filippo 90

market globalism 12–13, 14, 177, 181, 184–96, 217, 242

following 9/11 230 imperialism 232–5, 240–1 jihadist globalism and 228 justice globalism and 196–212

Marshall, T. H. 155 Martov, Yulii 98 Martynov, Alexander 100 martyrdom 22, 225

Marx, Karl 2, 6, 19, 24, 38–43, 47, 74–5, 77, 80, 81, 101, 245

Marxism 42, 78, 80–1, 83, 90, 97, 141, 151 antimarket rhetoric 209 characterization of the state 79 historical materialism 41–3, 90, 103, 187 internationalism 108–9, 111

Millerand Affair 93

national socialism and 113–14 Marxism-Leninism 98, 100–13, 136, 158,

176, 178

materialism 39, 141, 225, 228

312

Index

Maurras, Charles 62, 73

media 50, 51, 69, 88, 184, 203, 214, 218, 222, 228

Mensheviks 98, 106, 107 meritocracy 36, 53 Merquior, José 65 Merrill Lynch 185, 190

metaphysics 23, 24, 26, 33–7, 42, 245 Mexico 199

Mexico City 159

MIC (military-industrial complex) 191, 240 middle class 37, 193

character 56 consumption 154 feminism and 161 franchise 51, 52

liberalism 52–3, see also bourgeois society militarism 93, 94, 236

Mill, James 56

Mill, John Stuart 38, 44, 45, 52, 53, 59, 62, 139

Millerand, Alexandre 93, 120 Mitsubishi 182

Mittelman, James 184 modernity 7–8, 160 Mohamad, Mahatir 188–9 monarchy 20–1, 31, 44, 60, 65

British 51 constitutional 59 French 63–4 Germany 76

Montesquieu, Baron de 25, 63 morality 31, 32, 36

Mosse, George 45

Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo 145 MPS (Mont Pelerin Society) 167, 168 multi-issue framing 199, 200

multiculturalism 10, 198, 215, 216, 237, 238

Muravchik, Joshua 83 Mussolini, Benito 94, 118

Naess, Arne 145

NAFTA 182, 199 Nairn, Tom 8

Napoleon I, Emperor 2, 6, 19, 24, 33–7, 95, 245

Napoleon III, Emperor (formerly Louis Napoleon) 59

nation-states 11, 12, 14–15, 48, 56, 182 defined in racial terms 90

Friedman on 190 globalization and 182–3 Lassalle’s glorification of 79

nineteenth century 73–4 ‘United Nations’ model 135–6

National Alliance (neo-Nazi group) 214 national exceptionalism see exceptionalism national imaginary 12, 32, 90, 139, 144,

185, 193–4 9/11 and 240 Bonapartism 35

destabilization of 183, 226

The German Ideology 43 Hitler and 123 ideology 8–10

Marxism-Leninism 98, 100–13 Nazism 123

political translations of 44–83 populism and 217

racist articulation of 67–8 Soviet republics 176 totalitarianism 94

transformation to global imaginary 135–6 weakening 247

in working class terms 77–8 World War and 131–2

National Institute of Arts and Sciences, Paris 2, 23–4, 27–8, 31–2, 33, 34, 35

national liberationism 46, 57, 102, 130, 139, 199

Third World 139–50, 151, 223 wars of 109

national self-determination 37, 86, 97–8 national socialism 71, 73, 83, 91, see also

Nazism

nationalism 48, 132, 230 Islam 226

nonviolent Indian 144–5 populism and 218 radical-conservative 69 rise of new 90–1

nationality German 74

Lenin’s theory of 97–8, 108 liberal conception of 63 Locke on 44, 45, 56–7

New Liberalism 57–9 principle of 90

nationalization 154 natural law 26 natural rights 49, 156 naturalization 236

Nazism 2, 4, 48, 68, 71, 91, 113–26 Negri, Antonio 206 neoconservatives 230–43

neoliberalism 164–5, 168–9, 174, 188, 190, 199, 201, 235, 241

313

Index

NEP (New Economic Policies) 108 Nevskii, Alexander 112

New Economy 182

New Left 11, 136–7, 155–63, 197, 198, 199, 209–10

New Liberalism 52, 57–9, 89, 93, 153 New-New Left 199–212

New Right 11, 91, 163–9, 197

new social movements 11, 159–63, 201–2 New World Order 12, 177, 178, 185, 186,

197, 205, 248 New Zealand 218

Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia 95–6 Nietzsche, Friedrich 89, 119 Nigeria 145

Nike 182

Nixon, Richard 163, 169 Nkrumah, Kwame 130, 139, 146

nonviolence 139–46, 147, 156–7, 209 NOW (National Organization for

Women) 161

NSDAP (National Socialist Workers’ Party) see Nazis

NSS (National Security Strategy) 234 nuclear weapons 133–4

Nussbaum, Martha 198 Nye, Joseph S. 284n Nyerere, Julius 130

Ogoni people 145 Omar, Mullah 221

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 164

Organization of Afro-American Unity 157 Orléanism 59–60, 61

Ottoman Empire 86, 91, 223 outsourcing 182

Owen, Robert 73

pacifism 147, 158, 203, see also Gandhi; nonviolence

Padmore, George 156 Pakistan 219 Palestine 145, 223 Pamuk, Orhan 48

Paris Commune 59–60, 91

patriotism 19, 25, 26, 35, 52, 91, 145, 150 France 64

Germany 74, 77 Jews and 71 Lorraine 72 Russia 112–13

Pearson, Karl 90

peasantry 66, 96, 102, 107, 136

Pecheux, Michel 250n People’s Power Movement 145 Perle, Richard 232

Peron, Juan 214

Peter the Great, Tsar 112 Peters, Winston 218 Philippines 145 Phillips, Kevin 243 Pinochet, Augusto 95 Pius VI, Pope 21

Plato 104

Platonic elitism 32 plebiscites 35, 36, 59 Plekhanov, Georgii 97, 98 Ploetz, Alfred 90 pluralism 206, 215

PNAC (Project for a New American Century) 232

Podhoretz, Norman 169, 232, 236–7 Poincaré, Raymond 117 political-cultural consensus 152–3, 155 political economy 38, 39

politics 32, 92

concrete agenda 30, 32, 35, 49, 56–7, 215 deterritorialization 183

left-right distinction 22–3, 197–8 mass 88, 89–90

opportunism 120, 124 populists 215

religion and 201, 244–5 right-wing 36, 61, 89, 95, 114, 215 rights 26, 155

popular sovereignty 23, 35, 36, 51, 54–5, 63, 73, 224

populism 13, 214–18, 223–4, 225, 229–30, 240

Populists (Russian) 98, 142 Porta, Donatella della 206 poverty statistics 208 power 143, 232–3, 284n Prasad, Monica 168

privatization 164, 168–9, 182, 188 Pro-Democracy Movement 145 proletariat 87–8, 97, 98–9

Chinese 136 dictatorship of the 104–7 German 74–83

revolutionized 99–101, 102, 108, 110–11 theoretical education of 104, see also

working class

propaganda 104, 112, 116, 117–18, 122 protectionism 87, 132

Protestantism 156 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph 73

314

Index

Providence 25, 62, 64 Prussia 38, 76 psychology 24, 146 public happiness 23, 26 public opinion 23, 34, 88

Purishkevich, Vladimir 96

al-Qaeda 218–19, 221, 225–6, 228, 240, 241 attacks 2001 3, 13, 191, 228–9

Qutb, Muhammad 220

Qutb, Sayyid 224–5, 227

race 9, 10 discrimination 145

equality and 26, 145, 155–63 riots 158

Racial Hygiene Society 90 racial purity 66–7, 121–2, 123

racial superiority 85, 90, 125, 147 racism 61, 66–8, 90, 132, 140, 156 rationalism 22, 27, 36, 49, 64, 94 Reagan, Ronald 164, 168–9, 189, 236 Reform Act (1832) 50, 51, 52 regulation 211

religion 9, 13 conservatism and 47, 63 French conservatism 60 French Revolution 21–2 ideology and 4, 45–8 Marxism 39

minority groups 160 Napoleon and 35–6 political 20–1, 244 populism and 216 return of 241–6 socialism and 47

Tracy’s contempt for 31, see also Catholicism; Christianity; Islam

Rémond, René 61 Rémusat, Charles de 65

republicanism 19–20, 21–2, 32, 34, 36, 65

resistance movements 85, 117 revolution(s) 52, 93–4, 98, 99

1848 75, 76 black 157 China 136 France 59, 65 Germany 115

ideology and 19–43, 45–6 industrial 37, 50 international 108–9, 111

Russian 102, 105, see also French Revolution

right-wing politics 36, 61, 89, 95, 114, 215

RMA (‘Revolution in Military Affairs’) 180

Robert Paxton 118–19

Robertson, Roland 11–12, 274n, 277n Robespierre, Maximilien 21, 104 romanticism 37, 38, 39

Rosenberg, Alfred 68

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 20, 62, 119 Roy, Oliver 225, 226

royal despotism 23, 26

RSDLP (Russian Social Democratic Labor Party) 97, 98, 101

Rueff, Jacques 167 rule of law 94, 166

Rumsfeld, Donald 232, 237 Rupert, Mark 275n

Russia 87, 91, 95–6, 96, 138, 202, see also Soviet Union

Russian Revolution 102, 105

Saddam Hussein 220 Saint-Simon, Henri de 73 Samuelson, Paul 164 Sanger, Margaret 161 Sassen, Saskia 1, 12

Saudi Arabia 219, 220–1, 223 Savarkar, V. D. 141

Scarlett, Sir James 52 Schemann, Ludwig 68–9 Schröder, Gerhard 197 Schulze-Delitzsch, Hermann 76

scientific socialism 24, 42, 81, 103, 209 SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership

Conference) 155–6

Seattle, anti-WTO protests 202, 203, 214 Second World War 2, 112–13, 125, 129–34,

139

secularism 13, 21–2, 32, 45, 243–4, 245 self-improvement 63

Senghor, Lamine 139, 156 Senghor, Léopold 156 sensations 27, 28–9 Serbia 233

shari’a law 221, 225 Shaw, Martin 231 Shils, Edward 162 Siemens 182

Sieyès, Emmanuel-Joseph 33, 34, 45 Singer, Peter 242

Sklair, Leslie 275n Slavs 95, 99 Smiles, Samuel 56

315

Index

Smith, Adam 65 Smith, Anthony 8

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) 157

social contract 49, 63 Social Darwinism 68, 89

social democracy 43, 60, 75, 77, 81–2, 102, 150, 151, 173

Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 80, 82, 92–3

social imaginary 11, 64, 87, 120, 168, 215 French Revolution 21–2

ideology 6–8

populism and 217, 230 transformations 130–1 social justice 165, 198, 209

social movements 11, 50–1, 59, 159–63, 198–9, 201–2

social sciences 2, 68

socialism 6, 9, 47, 71, 89, 101–2, 138, 195

Gandhian 141–2

German 45, 73–83

Hayek and 167, 169 with a human face 159 humanist 160 inevitability of 187 national 71, 73, 83, 91 religion and 47

revisionism 92–3, 100, 103

‘socialism in one country’ thesis 109–13, 171, 176

state 154

solidarity 4, 209, 224, 234 Somalia 223

Sorel, Georges 90, 93, 119 Soros, George 202

South Africa 132, 139, 140, 146, 158 South America 46, 95, 171 sovereignty 10, 12, 19–20

globalization and 182–3 Islamic 224–5, 227

popular 23, 35, 36, 51, 54–5, 63, 73, 224

Soviet Union 94–5, 95–113, 98, 134–6, 137–8, 171

Afghanistan, invasion of 174, 219, 220, 221

Brezhnev Doctrine 159, 175 collapse of 197, 222

perestroika and glasnost 174–7, see also

Cold War; Russia Spain 55, 66, 81 Spencer, Herbert 52, 119

stagflation 164, 168

Stalin, Joseph 2, 84, 97, 99, 105, 107–8, 109, 172

on the atom bomb 133

selective citations from Lenin 110–12 socialism in one country 109–13, 171,

176

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady 161 state

accountability 210 centralization 36 interventionism 58, 89, 154, 165

violence 105–7, 112, 113, 124–5, see also nation–states

Steenson, Gary 83

Sternhell, Zeev 61

Stiglitz, Joseph 233, 275n, 278n Stirner, Max 39

Stolypin, Peter 96 strikes 146, 200, 202

student radical movements 158–9, 160, 162–3, 167, 203

Sudan 221

suffrage 51, 52, 59, 65, 79, 88 Sukarno, President 137

Sun Yat-Sen 138 superpower syndrome 234 Sweden 150

Switzerland 201, 203–4, 218

Taggart, Paul 215

Tagore, Rabindranath 139 Taliban 221, 222

Talmon, J. L. 64 Tanzania 221 Tarrow, Sidney 198 tawhid 220, 224, 227

taxation 36, 200–1, 210, 234 Taylor, Charles 1, 6, 130

technological innovation 50, 133, 137–8, 173, 178, 180, 183, 186, 192

terrorism 210

9/11 attacks 3, 13, 191, 218–19, 228–9, 230, 233–4, 239

1970s 171

Thatcher, Margaret 164, 168–9, 187, 189 Thiers, Adolphe 60

think tanks 169

Third World 137, 139, 144, 151, 159 debt 190, 200, 203, 210 decolonization 11, 138–50

national liberation 138–51, 157, 223 Thompson, John 4

Thornton, William 235–6

316

Index

Tilly, Charles 50

Tingsten, Herbert 150–1, 155, 178 Tito, Marshall 137

TNC (transnational corporations) 181, 182, 184, 193, 209, 210

Tobin, James 201, 210 Tocqueville, Alexis de 54

Tories 13, 46, 51, see also Conservative Party total war 94

totalitarianism 2, 3, 48, 94–5, 104–5, 151, 152, 209, 227

Hayek on 165 Nazism 124–5 religious 241–2

Russian communism 95–113

Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude Destutt, Comte de 1–2, 6, 19, 24–32, 34, 37, 38–9, 40, 41, 103, 245

trade unionism 73, 90, 92, 100, 101, 169, 200

traditionalism 36 Transnational Institute 205

Tricontinental Conference, Havanna 137 Trotsky, Leon 108, 109–10, 111

Truman, President Harry 133 trust 52, 142, 173

truth 27–9, 30, 32, 72, 143 Tucker, Robert 99 al-Turabi, Hassan 221 tyranny of the majority 54

Ukraine 109 ultraroyalism 63, 65, 217

umma 220, 222, 223–7, 229 unemployment 154, 164, 165, 200 United Nations 222

Development Program 208 Security Council 233

United States 38, 152, 191

Bin Laden’s view of 222–3, 228 Bolivar and 46

Bretton Woods system 132 civil rights 155–8, 159, 161

Congress, seating arrangement 23 De Tocqueville’s social critique of 54 economic dominance 190–1, 231,

235

global spread of American culture 186, 194–5, 211, 228, 231

globalization 190–2, 193–4 Great Depression 124 hard-power approach 233, 237

imperial globalism 13, 158, 230–41 industrialization 87

isolationism 247

mid-1970s decline of influence 171 military-industrial complex 191, 240 national security 230–4, 237, 238, 240 New World Order 178

9/11 terrorist attacks (2001) 3, 13, 191, 218–19, 228–9, 230, 233–4, 239

Oil Shock 163–4

populism 214, 216–17, 218, 229–30, 240

racist belief systems 132, 155 Reaganism 164, 168–9 unilateralism 233–4

World Trade Center attack 219, see also Cold War

utopianism 38, 141, 142, 167, 168, 169

Versailles Conference (1919) 86 Versailles Treaty (1918) 116–17 Vietnam War 157–8, 171 Villar, Manuel 187

violence 89, 90, 93–4

assassinations 98, 99, 157, 158, 171, 230

decolonization by means of 146–50 Gandhi’s rejection of 142–6, 147 GJM 202

power and 143

state 105–7, 112, 113, 172

during street demonstrations 202, 203, 204–5

on women 161 Volcker, Paul 164 Volkswagen 182 Voltaire 25 voluntarism 103, 136

Wagner, Richard 68 Wal-Mart 182 Waldeck-Rousseau, René 93 Walesa, Lech 145

War on Terror see Global War on Terror Washington Consensus 190

WEF (World Economic Forum) 201, 204 welfarism 4–5, 93, 152–5

New Right 164, 165, 167, 169 Westad, Odd Arne 135

What Is to Be Done? (Lenin) 98, 99, 103–4, 107

Whigs 13, 46, 51

Wilhelm, King of Prussia 76 Wilson, President Woodrow 86 Witte, Sergei 96

Wolfowitz, Paul 232

317

Index

workers’ associations 73, 75, 76, 77, 80, 82

working class 44, 52, 209 franchise 88

French 59 German 74–83

Industrial Revolution 37, 50 labor organization 73–5 Russian 96, see also proletariat

World Bank 132, 184, 188, 190, 208 WSF (World Social Forum) 201, 205, 206,

210

WTO (World Trade Organization) 184, 190, 197, 200, 202–3, 209, 210

Yanayev, Gennady 177 Yazov, Dmitry 177 Yeltsin, Boris 177 Young, Robert 85, 146

Young Hegelians 38, 39, 41 Yousef, Ramzi 219

youth 93, 162–3, see also student radical movements

Zapata, Emiliano 199 Zapatistas 199, 202

al-Zawahiri, Ayman 221, 225, 226, 227, 228 Zinoviev, Grigori 108, 110, 112

Zola, Emile 69

318