Unit 5. Transport.
1.1
Basic Vocabulary – see V1, V2, V3 p. 142.
Additional Vocabulary
Text p.49 to eradicate, compulsory, luxurious/luxury
Ex. 8a (text A) to introduce (restrictions), to believe firmly
(text B) a pedestrian, an option
(text C) a traffic police unit, to fine / a fine, tough (a tough penalty), to speed , to drive carelessly.
Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences, using active vocabulary.
1. С какими проблемами сталкиваются водители машин? – Многочасовое стояние в хвосте пробки из-за огромного скопления транспорта в час пик возглавляет список проблем. Проблемы такого же масштаба – внезапный прокол шины или перекрытие дорожной полосы. 2. Согласно результатам опроса, проведенного среди автовладельцев, идеальная машина должна иметь восемь подушек безопасности, антиблокировочные тормоза, удобные ремни безопасности. 3. Почему задержали самолет? – Взлетная полоса в тумане. Кроме того, в такую погоду определенно будет большая турбулентность. 4. В ненастную погоду и при отливе такие суда, как паромы и баржи, находятся под угрозой затопления. 5. Раньше квадроциклы были роскошью. Только в 2000х годах они стали популярны у среднего класса. 6. Ограничения скорости, дорожные камеры, улицы с односторонним движением, дорожные знаки – это меры, которые должны положить конец несчастным случаям на дорогах. Однако именно введение этих ограничений вызывает много жалоб у водителей. 7. И водители, и пешеходы не могут не возмущаться скоплению крупных средств транспорта на дорогах, таких как грузовиков, фургонов, туристических автобусов. 8. Если мотоцикл и квадроцикл столкнутся на дороге, катастрофа будет невообразимая. У этих средств транспорта нет ни подушек безопасности, ни антиблокировочных тормозов. 9. B подразделениях дорожной полиции все твердо убеждены, что наилучший выбор решения проблемы дорожной безопасности – это введение ограничений и суровые наказания за нарушение закона. В частности, за превышение скорости и невнимательное управление автомобилем должны быть уплачены огромные штрафы.
5.2
Basic Vocabulary – see V4 p. 142
Additional Vocabulary
Ex. 1a (tr. 2.7) urban public transport
Ex. 3 a means of transport (pl. means), to respond to the (ever-faster) pace of smth., to aim to do smth./at doing smth., thrill-seeking.
Ex.4a (text A) to attract attention, to set up a company, to bring smth. within the reach of the general public, in the (not too) distant future, to become available to smb., to take advantage of smth., prices come down/up, get prices down/up, to enable smb. to do smth., eventually.
(text B) to affect/to be affected by smth., to diminish/ diminishing, to overcome difficulties, on board a car.
(text C) a human error, a technical fault.
Pay your attention to the following word combinations with attention:
1. to attract attention – привлекать внимание (к себе)
Sir Richard Branson attracted attention worldwide when he set up a company to bring space travel within the reach of the general public (Text A, p.50, lines 1-2).
2. to pay attention (to smth.) – обращать (свое) внимание на что-то
Students must pay their attention to the accuracy and fluency of their speech.
3. to draw smb.’s attention to smth. – обращать чье-то (чужое) внимание на что-то.
The teacher drew the attention of the students to the translation of emphatic structures.
Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences, using active vocabulary.
1. Не может быть, чтобы этот медиа-магнат стремился только к прибыли. Должно быть, он также участвует в благотворительных проектах. 2. Наверняка новые технические прорывы произойдут в недалеком будущем. 3. Может, причиной катастрофы были технические неполадки, но нельзя исключать и ошибку людей. 4. Тебе следует преодолевать трудности вместо того, чтобы жаловаться. Только тогда ты сможешь в конце концов преуспеть в жизни. 5. Изобретение нового средства транспорта требует слишком много усилий. Ты бы лучше занимался реальными проектами. 6. Тебе не следовало водить так невнимательно. Теперь придется заплатить штраф. 7. Современные технические достижения должны соответствовать все ускоряющемуся темпу жизни. Людям тоже приходится приспосабливаться к нему. 8. Баржи могут перевозить много коммерческих грузов. 9. Этот миллионер смог привлечь к себе всеобщее внимание своим огромным автопарком. 10. Господин мэр, можно мне обратить Ваше внимание на тот факт, что городской общественный транспорт не отвечает современному темпу жизни. - Мы должны взяться за это проблему и сделать ее первоочередной. 11. Обратите внимание, что не все смогут воспользоваться преимуществами новых технологий, пока их стоимость не упадет. 12. Не нужно было вызывать такси до аэропорта, туда ходит маршрутный автобус. Должно быть, ты зря потратил много денег. 13. Нам не нужно было в отделение ГАИ, поскольку мы не превышали скорость. Вместо этого мы пошли в роскошный ресторан.
5.3
Additional Vocabulary
Ex. 4 era, nostalgia, gruelling, altitude, impeccable, a nomad, an icon, opulence.
Text - to counter, (absolutely) breathtaking, stylish, a highlight, scenic, unmatched, (extravagantly) elegant, a (train) car, a household name/word.
Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences, using active vocabulary.
1. Этот отель раньше был знаменит своим безупречным сервисом и непревзойденной роскошью. Кто-то, возможно, еще помнит его былое богатство. 2. Должно быть, твое путешествие было изнуряющим. Ты провел много часов на борту корабля в ненастную погоду. 3. Чтобы противостоять большой высоте и турбулентности, многие пассажиры должны были принять медикаменты на борту самолета. 4. Мы опоздали на свой поезд, так нам остается лишь наслаждаться живописными видами в ожидании следующего. 5. Путешествующие поездом через Сибирь могут наблюдать из окна вагона великолепный, захватывающий дух пейзаж. 6. Некоторые пожилые люди никак не приспособятся к все ускоряющемуся темпу жизни. Возможно, причина этому - ностальгия. 7. Не нужно быть миллионером, чтобы выглядеть стильно и иметь безупречные манеры. 8. Многие расхожие выражения, должно быть, появились благодаря популярным авторам, чьи книги получали огромный читательский отклик. 9. Моя бабушка никак не одобряла современную эпоху. Она все время называла ее эпохой магнатов и технологий, с ностальгией вспоминая прошедшую эпоху джентльменов с безупречными манерами и крайне элегантных дам. 10. Кульминацией путешествия через пустыню, безусловно, стала встреча с кочевниками. Нам даже не пришлось специально искать их.
Grammar
Modal Verbs
1. Modal Verbs Expressing Probability
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3 May can be used to express although clauses: She may be the boss, but that is no excuse for shouting like that. 4 May/might as well This describes the only thing left to do, something which the speaker is not enthusiastic about. Nobody else is going to turn up now for the lesson, so you may as well go home. |
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2. Modal Verbs Expressing Ability |
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3. Modal Verbs Expressing Advice/Mild Obligation |
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Note We use should / ought to + have + past participle to talk about an obligation in the past. We often indicate some criticism or regret: • He should / ought to have asked me before he took my bike. (I'm annoyed) • We should / ought to have taken a taxi when it rained. (I'm sorry we didn't) |
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4. Modal Verbs Expressing Obligation |
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4. We use mustn't to say that something is NOT ALLOWED and needn't (or don't need to) or don't have to to say that something is NOT NECESSARY: • You mustn't walk on the grass here. • You mustn't put anything on the shelves until the glue has set hard. • They proved that watching a chess match needn't be boring. • We needn't go into details now, but we seem to agree on the general principles. To give permission not to do something we can use either needn't or don't need to: You needn't/ don’t need to cut the grass, I'll do it later. To talk about a general necessity, we prefer don't need to: You don't need to be over 18 to get into a disco. |
5. When we say that it was not necessary to do something in the past, and it wasn't done, we use didn't need to or didn't have to. To show that we think something that was done was not, in fact, necessary we use need not have: • Chris and June phoned to say that they couldn't come to eat, so I didn't need/have to cook dinner. (= I didn't cook the dinner) • I needn't have cooked dinner. Just as it was ready, Chris and June phoned to say that they couldn't come to eat. (= I did cook the dinner) |
5. Modal Verbs Expressing Permission |
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6. Modal Verbs Expressing Willingness and Refusal |
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7. Modal Verbs Expressing Habit |
1. We can use will (for the present) and would (for the past) to talk about characteristic behaviour or habits, or about things that are or were always true: • Every day Dan will come home from work and turn on the TV. • During the war, people would eat all kinds of things that we don't eat now. • A baby will recognise its mother's voice soon after it is born. • Early passenger planes wouldn't hold more than 30 passengers. |
2. We don't use would in this way to talk about a particular occasion in the past. Compare: • Each time I gave him a problem he would solve it for me. and • Last night I gave him a problem and he solved it for me. {not ...he would solve it...) |
3. In speech, we can stress will or would to criticise people's characteristic behaviour or habits: • She will leave all the lights on in the house when she goes out. • I was happy when Sam left. He would talk about people behind their backs. When we use stressed would in this way, we can also use it to talk about a particular occasion in the past. We suggest that what happened was predictable because it was typical of a person's behaviour: • 'Jackie says she can't help because she's got a lot of work on.' 'Well she would say that – she always uses that excuse.' |
4. If we want to talk about things that happened repeatedly in the past, but don't happen now, we can use would or used to + infinitive. Used to is more common in informal English: • We would / used to lend him money when he was unemployed. • Tim would / used to visit his parents every other weekend. We use used to but not would when we talk about past states that have changed: • The factory used to be in the city centre. • I used to smoke heavily when I was at university. When we use would we need to mention a specific time or set of occasions. Compare: • We used to play in the garden, {not We would play...) • Whenever we went to my Uncle Frank's house, we would / used to play in the garden. |
5. We don't use either used to or would when we say exactly how many times something happened, how long something took, or that something happened at a particular time: • We visited Switzerland four times during the 1970s. • She went on holiday to the Bahamas last week. |
8. Modal Verbs Expressing Request |
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(from: Martin Hewings. English Grammar in Use – Advanced. Cambridge University Press, 7th ed.; Liz and John Soars. New Headway Upper-intermediate. The new edition. Student’s Book. Oxford University Press, 2009; Michael Vince. Advanced Language Practice. Macmillan, 2007)
Exercise 1. Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.
a) I don't think you could/should tell anyone yet.
b) I couldn't/shouldn't possibly leave without paying.
c) That mustn't/can't be the hotel Jane told us about.
d) There are times when the traffic here can/could be really heavy.
e) We are enjoying our holiday, though the weather could/must be better.
f) You couldn't/shouldn't really be sitting here.
g) You could/may be older than me, but that doesn't mean you're cleverer.
h) You might/should like to look over these papers if you have time.
I) I'm afraid that nobody should/would help me in that kind of situation,
Exercise 2. Put one suitable word in each space. Contractions (can't) count as one word.
Bill: This (1) be the house, I suppose, number 16 Elland Way.
Jane: I pictured it as being much bigger, from the estate agent's description.
Bill: Well, we'd (2) go inside.
Jane: We (3) as well. Wait a minute. I (4) to just find my glasses. I (5) see a thing without them.
Bill: I don't think much of it from the outside, to be honest.
Jane: Yes, it (6) certainly do with a coat of paint or two.
Bill: Rather you than me! I (7) like to have to paint it all! And the gutters (8) replacing.
Jane: I (9) think they haven't been replaced since the house was built.
Bill: They (10) really be replaced every four years ideally.
Jane: And I don't like that big ivy plant growing up the side. Ivy (11) get in the brickwork and cause all sorts of damage.
Bill: I wonder if there's a lock on that big downstairs window? It looks very easy to break in to.
Jane: There's (12) to be one, surely.
Bill: Well, (13) we go inside?
Jane: Do we (14) to? I think I've seen enough already. I (15) possibly live here.
Exercise 3. Choose the sentence a or b that is closest in meaning to the sentence given.
a) It's possible that we'll know the answers tomorrow.
A We may know the answers tomorrow.
B We should know the answers tomorrow.
b) I don't think you should ring him now. It's rather late
A You might not ring him now. It's rather late.
B You'd better not ring him now. It's rather late.
c) You needn't come if you don't want to
A You won't come if you don't want to.
B You don't have to come if you don't want to.
d) I think it's wrong for you to work so hard
A You don't have to work so hard.
B You shouldn't work so hard.
e) Perhaps these are the keys
A These might be the keys.
B These must be the keys.
f) It would be wrong for us to lock the cat in the house for a week
A We'd better not lock the cat in the house for a week.
B We can't lock the cat in the house for a week.
g) It's possible that the decision will be announced next week
A The decision might be announced next week.
B The decision will be announced next week.
h) Although I try hard, I can never solve The Times' crossword
A Try as I may, I can never solve 'The Times' crossword.
B Try as I can, I may never solve 'The Times' crossword.
I) I know. Why don't we go out to eat instead?
A I know. We must go out to eat instead.
B I know. We could go out to eat instead.
Exercise 4. Complete each sentence with one of the phrases from the box.
a) The heating comes on automatically. You don’t have to turn it on.
b) Of course I'll help! I… let you do it on your own.
c) It's a lovely hotel. And the staff… more helpful.
d) George… it there if he has stayed there for so long.
e) You… right, but I'm still not convinced.
f) We… go in this museum. There's nothing else to do.
g) I love these trees. Without them the garden… the same.
h) There's the phone call I was expecting. It …George.
I) Thanks. And now you just …sign on the dotted line.
j) Try as …, I simply couldn't open the lid.
Exercise 5. Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.
a) That can't have been/shouldn't have been Nick that you saw.
b) You must have given/might have given me a hand!
c) I caught a later train because I had to see/must have seen a client.
d) I suppose Bill should have lost/might have lost his way.
e) I didn't refuse the cake, as it should have been/would have been rude.
f) I don't know who rang, but it could have been/must have been Jim.
g) It was odd that you should have bought/would have bought the same car.
h) I asked them to leave but they might not/wouldn't go.
i) It's a pity you didn't ask because I can't help/could have helped you.
j) It's your own fault, you can't have/shouldn't have gone to bed so late.