4. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.

6. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:

• One of these trends is the increasing...

• …building construction.-

• Human shelters were...

• ...is market by a number of trends.

• Over time temporary structures...

7. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:

• One of the ancient human activities is building construction.

• The present state of building construction is simple.

• In conclusion, modern building construction is a unimportant part of an industrial culture.

• Over time they evolved into such highly refined forms as the igloo.

• It draws upon research establishments that study clothes and performance, code officials.

Building Mechanisms

I. Read and translate the text "Building mechanisms"

Building mechanisms

There are many types of building mechanisms, but the most important

i are mixers, earth-moving machmery, and tower cranes. Mixers are the

' most important items of the concrete products industries. Usually both

batch and continuous mixers are used. A_r given charge of materials is

placed in the batch mixer, mixed and discharged before the next material

is added. Batch mixers are manufactured in a wide range of sizes and

with various combinations of mechanical features. In continuous mixers,

the proportioned materials are introduced in intervals.

It is not impossible to start on a construction job without a good deal of

w*preliminary leveling the site. To carry out this work must employ the

earth moving machinery. Site preparation and excavation are the most

fully mechanized of all the operations in building construction. Most

excavating machinery is slow moving and heavy and must be carried

from site to site on special transporters.

Tower cranes are considered to be a comparatively recent innovation and have already proved their worth. They consist of vertical mast--"⁰?** «t structure mounted on a wheeled chassis. The wheeled chassis is self­-propelled on railway track, o"-^ - х*-*е*

Almost everybody saw the construction of a building and followed its progress with interest. First the excavation is dig for the basement, and then the foundation walls below ground level are constructed; after this framework is erected and clothed with various finishing materials and protected by several coats of paint.

II. Give translation of the following words and phrases:

Mixer (n), earth-moving machinery, tower crane (n), concrete products industry, batch and continuous mixers, to mix and discharge (v), to manufacture (v), mechanical feature, proportioned materials are introduced in intervals, construction job, preliminary leveling the site, to carry out (v), site preparation and excavation, excavating machinery, vertical mast structure mounted on a wheeled chassis, self-propelled (adj), railway track.

III. Answer the questions.

1. What are the most important types of building mechanisms?

2. What is the most important item of the concrete products industries?

GRAMMAR

Неопределенные местоимения «много, мало, немного, несколько». Pronouns many, few, a few, much, little, a little.

К неопределенным местоимениям относятся также: all, every, neither, both, none, much, many, little, few.

Местоимения few, a little, much, many могут употребляться вместо some.

Have you any flowers? – I have some (a few) flowers (исчисляемые существительные).

Have you any milk? – I have some (a little) milk in the bottle (неисчисляемые существительные).

Местоимения many, few, a few употребляются с исчисляемыми существительными much, little, a little – с неисчисляемыми.

Many students took part in the conference. – Mного студентов приняло участие в конференции.

I have little time left. – У меня осталось мало времени.

Сочетание «a few» означает «несколько» и употребляется только с исчисляемыми существительными, с неисчисляемыми существительными употребляется сочетание «a little», которое означает «немного».

Will you give me a little water? Не дадите ли вы мне немного воды?

I bought a few apples. Я купил немного (несколько) яблок.

Местоимения “a few, a little” означают «немного, но достаточно», а местоимения «few, little» - “мало”.

Сравните:

I know little about painting. Я мало знаю о живописи.

I know a little about painting. Я кое-что знаю о живописи.

There are few flowers in my garden. В моем саду мало (почти нет) цветов.

There are a few flowers in my garden. В моем саду есть немного цветов.

С неисчисляемыми существительными: much, little, a little.

С исчисляемыми существительными: many, few, a few.

Exercise 1. Put in necessary pronouns

1. That man drank so ... wine, and he smoked so ... cigarettes that he has a terrible headache today. 2. Mary must not eat too ... salt because she has problems with her blood pressure. 3. My mother says I eat too ... French fries and drink too ... beer. She wants her son to be healthy. 4. There is not too ... space in my flat. 5. There are ... new pictures in this room. 6. There are ... teachers at our school, and ... of them are women. 7. ... of these plays are quite new. 8. Thanks awfully for the books you sent me yesterday. — Don't mention it, it wasn't ... bother. 9. ... of her advice was useful. 10. He had ... pairs of socks. 11. Please don't put... pepper on the meat. 12. There were ... plates on the table. 13. I never eat ... bread with soup. 14. Why did you eat so ... ice cream? 15. She wrote us ... letters from the country. 16. ... of these students don't like to look up words in the dictionary. 17. ... in this work was too difficult for me. 18. ... of their answers were excellent. 19. ... of their conversation was about the institute.

Exercise 2. Translate from Russian into English

Мало домов, мало чая, мало чашек, мало яблок, мало окон, мало бумаги, мало кофе, мало статей, мало радости, мало супу, мало деревьев, мало травы, мало детей, мало игрушек, мало света, мало парт, мало колбасы, мало сока, мало книг, мало цветов, мало соли, мало друзей, мало дворцов.

Exercise 3. Put in little or few

1. Не has got ... friends. 2. I drink ... coffee. I don't like it. 3. We must hurry. We've got very ... time. 4. There are very ... scholarships for students in this university. 5. The Smiths have ... money. They aren't rich. 6. The theatre was almost empty. There were very ... people there. 7. There was ... lemonade in the bottle. There were ... peaches in the basket. 8. I have ... time, so I can't go with you. 9. He has ... English books. 10. There is ... ink in my pen. Have you got any ink? 11. There are ... bears in the zoo. 12. Tom Canty was the son of poor parents and had very ... clothes. 13. There is too ... soup in my plate. Give me some more, please. 14. The children returned from the wood very sad because they had found very ... mushrooms. 15. There was too ... light in the room, and I could not read. 16. There are very ... people who don't know that the Earth is round.

Exercise 4. Put in much, many, little or few

1. Robert wrote so ... letters that he's never going to write a letter again. 2. She ate so ... ice cream that she's going to have a sore throat. 3. There is ... mayonnaise in Vera's kitchen. She has to go to the supermarket and buy some. 4. There are ... cookies in the box. I should have bought them last Monday. 5. Does your sister read ... ? — Yes, she does. And your brother? — Oh, he doesn't. He has so ... books, but he reads very ... . 6. Have you ... work to do today? — No, not very ... .7. Walk quicker, please. We have very ... time. 8. I am sorry to say, I have read very ... books by Walter Scott. 9. My brother is a young teacher. Every day he spends ... time preparing for his lessons. 10.I know very ... about this writer. It is the first book I am reading. 11. The pupils of our class ask ... questions at the lesson. They want to know everything. 12. You do not make ... mistakes in your spelling. Do you work hard at it? — Oh, yes, I do, I work very ....

Exercise 5. Translate into English

Немного денег, мало денег, несколько стульев, мало стульев, несколько песен, мало песен, немного веселья, мало веселья, мало мальчиков, немного воды, несколько человек, мало воды, мало воздуха, мало столов, несколько минут, несколько кошек, мало травы, немного удачи, несколько дней, мало работы, немного соли, несколько ложек, мало света, мало окон, несколько машин, немного сахару, мало яиц, мало сыра.

Exercise 6. Put in much, many, little, few, a little или a few.

1.When we walked ... farther down the road, we met another group of students. 2. Have you got ... ink in your pen? 3. At the conference we met... people whom we knew well. 4. There are very ... old houses left in our street. Most of them have already been pulled down. 5. If you have ... spare time, look through this book. You will find ... stories there which are rather interesting. 6. There are ... things here which I cannot understand. 7. Shall I bring ... more chalk? — No, thank you. There is ... chalk on the desk. I hope that will be enough for our lesson. 8. He had ... English books at home, so he had to go to the library for more books. 9. She gave him ... water to wash his hands and face. 10. I'd like to say ... words about my journey. 11.After the play everybody felt... tired. 12. Let's stay here ... longer: it is such a nice place. 13.There were ... new words in the text, and Peter spent ... time learning them. 14. There was ... hay in the barn, and the children could not play there. 15. There was ... water in the river, and they decided to cross it. 16. My mother knows German ... and she can help you with the translation of this letter.

Unit10

BUILDING MATERIALS

Before-Reading