II. Wales

Area: 8,018 sq.mi- 20,766 sq.km. Population-3,250,000 people (2007) Capital-Cardiff". Official language - Wales and English.

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Wales lies in the west of the England lowlands and is a hill country. The chief rivers of it are in the North: the Clyde, the Conway, the Duyryd, the Mawddach, the Terific , the Cledden, the Tai, the Towy, the Wysg.

The remoter parts of Wales shelter some animals and birds (узоқроқ, бошпана беради). Sea and land birds can be found there in great numbers.

The whole area of Wales may be subdivided into regions (бўлинади). The Welsh, Massiff, Industrial South Wales and the Welsh Borderland.

The Welsh Massiffis mainly plateau country with much moorland (торф ер). It is well known for its coal and rainy climate. Settlements and farmlands are largely concentrated in the valleys and along the coast (яшовчилар). There are rough pastures for sheep (текис ўтлоқлар). Sheep grazing employs few men and the plateaus of Wales are very sparsely populated (қуй бокиш, иш билан таъминлайди, кам сийракланганлар, озчилик ва Уэльс платоларида аҳоли сийрак).

The highest mountain of both England and Wales is Snowdon. It is 3,561 feet high. Carnedd Dafydd is 3427 feet-high. They are well know mountains of Wales.

The Welsh language and Welsh way of life are more predominant today in the North-West of Wales (Ҳукмронлик қилади).

The valleys are quite different from the uplands. The climate

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is milder (юмшоқроқ). At the high levels sheep farming is still of great importance, but in the lower valleys there is marked change from sheep to (ўзгариш бор, сезилади). There farmland is much richer and settlements are much larger. The climate is much better. There are many lakes in it. In Snowdonia there are numerous foxes and herds of wild goats, mountain ponies, otters, badgers (ёввойи эчкилар подаси, тоғ понилари, отлар, сувсарлар, бўрсиқлар). Rainfall is heavy in Wales. The most important towns of it are Colwyn, Bay, Landuduo, Pembroke, Carmmarthen, Aberystwyth and Conway. Aberystwyth is a resort. Carmouth and Pembroke are important centres for the farm land products of the South West.

The industrial South Wales is fairly densely populated (зич). This part of Wales is especially well known for the manufacture of ferrous metals and coal mining (қора металлар). The coal­mining is very prominent in South Wales. Coal mining started in the 13th century (бошланди). Thus high quality (юқори сифатли) and easy transportation made this region one of the biggest coal­mining centres in the world.

At the end of the 19 century the leading industry in South Wales was the iron industry. Next to the coal field iron ore is mined (ёнида темир рудаси қазиб олинади).

At one period Wales enjoyed a world monopoly in manufacture of tin-plate (фойдаланилди, оқ тунука). Now tin-plate works have been closed (тўхтатилган, беркитилган).

The biggest towns of the industrial South Wales are Cardiff, Swansea and Newport. About a third of all the people of the region live in these three towns.

Cardiff is the capital of Wales. It is situated near the mouth of the river Taff. The site was first occupied by a Roman fort (жой, Рим форти). Cardiff is very famous for its coal. Engineering in it includes ship-repairing and the making of railway wagons, oil engines, vehicles and electric gear (темир йўл вагонлари қуриш, моторлар, вагонлар, механизмлар). It is also known for a great range of light industry (катта типдаги енгил саноат).

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Swansea is a large city and there is a good port there. It is built at the mouth of the river Tawe. The town's origin dates from the 12^tn century (шаҳарнинт вужудга келиши, туғри келади). Now it is an important seat of copper tin plate and "zink industry” (мис. pyx металлари.) Besides there are important steelworks and light industries (пўлат эритиш заводлари).

New port is also located on a river—the Uzk (жойлашган). Its industries are not as varied as those of Cardiff (турлича). It has only ship repairing facilities and a modest shipbuilding industry. They all import crude petroleum pig-iron, steel bars, ores and timber (қайта ишланадитан нефть, қуйма чўян, пўлат, тўсиклар, рудалар, ёғоч материаллари). Their main exports are refined oil, steel manufactures, tin-plate, coal coke (тозаланган нефть, кокс кўмири).

The town — Milford Haven outputs about 59 million tons of petroleum a year (бензин ишлаб чиқаради). It is also one of the principal fishing parts of Wales.

The Welsh borderland is hilly but most of it is much lower than the Welsh Massif (чегараси). It is well farmed and there are comparatively few towns (таққослаганда). The climate of it is better than that in the heart of Wales.

It has good soil, therefore it is a notable farming area (ep, тупроқ, деҳқончиликка кулай жой).

Trees are numerous. They are a preminent feature of the scenery (чиройли кўриниш). Its pastures are chiefly used for cattle-grazing (ўтлоқлари, мол боқиш). The most extensive crops are wheat, barley, oat and mixed corn (кўп экиладиган экин, аралаш дон). The northern part of the country has large numbers of paultry (уй паррандалари). They produce eggs for the great urban markets (шаҳар бозорларига). Orchard fruit is typical here. The chief product is apples.

One of its towns Shrewsbury is an ancient town. Today it is a big urban centre with flourishing manufactures (ривожланаётган). They output vehicles and machine tools (машина асбоблари).

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The other town — Hereford is an important market centre. Its most prominent industries depend on local agriculture and include brewing, the canning of fruit and vegetables and flourmilling (боғлиқ маҳаллий пиво ишлаб чиқариш, олмани қайта ишлаш, меваларни консервалаш).